(12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT)
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`(19) World Intellectual Property Organization
`International Bureau
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`(43) International Publication Date
`19 April 2001 (19.04.2001)
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`(10) International Publication Number
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`WO 01/27939 A1
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`(51) International Patent Classification7:
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`G21K 1/04
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`(21) International Application Number:
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`PCT/USOO/28023
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`(22) International Filing Date: 9 October 2000 (09.10.2000)
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`(25) Filing Language:
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`(26) Publication Language:
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`English
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`English
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`(30) Priority Data:
`60/158,638
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`8 October 1999 (08.10.1999)
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`US
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`(71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): THE
`REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
`[US/US]; 1111 Franklin Street, 12th Floor, Oakland, CA
`94607 (US).
`
`(72) Inventor; and
`(75) Inventor/Applicant (for US only): WALLACE, Robert,
`E. [US/US]; 3439 Mentone Avenue, #1, Los Angeles, CA
`90034-4713 (US).
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`(74) Agent: BERLINER, Robert; Fulbright & Jaworskj
`L.L.P., 29th Floor, 865 S. Figueroa Street, Los Angeles,
`CA 900172576 (US).
`
`(81) Designated States (national): AE, AG, AL, AM, AT, AU,
`AZ, BA, BB, BG, BR, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CN, CR, CU, CZ,
`DE, DK, DM, DZ, EE. ES, FI. GB. GD, GE, GH, GM, HR.
`HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KP, KR, KZ, LC, LK, LR,
`LS, LT, LU, LV, MA, MD, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, M2,
`NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, SE, SG, SI, SK, SL, TJ, TM,
`TR, 'IT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VN, YU, ZA, ZW.
`
`(84) Designated States (regional): ARIPO patent (GH, GM,
`KE, LS, MW, MZ, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZW), Eurasian
`patent (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, TJ, TM), European
`patent (AT, BE, CH, CY, DE, DK, ES, FI, FR, GB, GR, IE,
`IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, SE), OAPI patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG,
`CI, CM, GA, GN, GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG).
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`Published:
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`A— With international search report.
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`For two-letter codes and other abbreviations, refer to the "Guid-
`ance Notes on Codes andAbbreviations ” appearing at the begin—
`ning ofeach regular issue of the PCT Gazette,
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`(54) Title: MULTIPLE-LAYER, MULTIPLE-LEAF, INTENSITY MODULATING, COMPENSATOR FOR RADIATION THER-
`APY MACHINES
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`a ”35'”
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`26
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`13. 15
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`01/27939A1
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`(57) Abstract: A general purpose, re—usable, multiple—leaf radiation intensity modulation compensator device comprising of multi—
`O ple layers (14, 24, 34,...N4) that allows manual and/or systematically controlled radiation intensity as a function of position in the
`cross—section of a radiotherapy beam (2), providing both field shape and cross-field intensity modulation (101) for photon (X-ray
`W and y—ray) sources.
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`W0 (ll/27939
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`PCT/USOO/28023
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`MULTIPLE-LAYER, MULTIPLE-LEAF, INTENSITY MODULATING,
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`COMPENSATOR FOR RADIATION THERAPY MACHINES
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`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
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`This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No.
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`60/158,638, filed October 8, 1999.
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`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
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`The field of this invention is compensators for radiation therapy.
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`BACKGROUND IN COMPARISON TO THE INVENTION
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`Tissue compensation is a well-known and well-described principal and
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`method in practiced radiation therapy of tumors. (Geis, et. al., Medical Physics
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`23(7):} 199-1205 (1996); Ma, et. al., Physics in Medicine and Biology 43(6): 1629-
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`43 (1998); Xia, et. al., Medical Physics 25(8):1424-34 (1998); Ellis, F., Brit. J.
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`Radiology 33:404, 1960; Hall, E.J. and Oliver, R., Brit. J. Radiology 34:43, 1961;
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`Sundbom, L., Acta Radiol [Ther] (Stockholm) 2:189, 1964; Van De Geijn, J., Brit. J.
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`Radiol. 38:865, 1965.) Initially conceived to achieve a uniform intensity dose in a
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`plane perpendicular to the direction of a radiation beam, compensator devices have a
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`long history used in conjunction with collimated rectangular field shaped beams.
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`Compensator devices have been thus manufactured in set circumstances for a given
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`small number of radiation beams. Such devices are not, by design, reusable.
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`Conformal radiation therapy is the established application of multiple,
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`intersecting shaped radiation beams comprised of fields shaped, in two dimensions,
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`to geometrically conform to the shape of a target from the viewpoint of the origin of
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`the radiation beam. A conformal radiation field is a geometrical construct. The
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`confluence of a number of such fields can lead to a radiation dose distribution that
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`conforms to the convex hull surface enclosing a targeted tumor volume. An intensity
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`modulated, compensated beam is a field with cross-field, position dependent,
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`intensity. The present invention, a multi—layer, multi-leaf compensator, MLMLC, is a
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`device capable of both forms of field shaping, by geometry and by intensity. Using
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`forward and inverse treatment planning techniques, intensity maps in such a field can
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`be constructed to avoid sensitive non-target structures. The confluence of a number
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`of such fields can lead to a radiation dose distribution that conforms to the concave
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`surface enclosing the volume of a targeted tumor, while minimizing dose to sensitive
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`normal structures that are interposed in the applied radiation field(s) and while
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`maximizing the target dose homogeneity. This is a significant goal in clinical
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`radiotherapy where radiologically involved normal tissue(s) and organs must be
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`spared debilitating radiation dose while delivering tumoricidal radiation dose to a
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`defined target.
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`Radiation field shaping using full-attenuation, multiple-leaf collimation,
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`MLC, systems are known that are devised to programmatically block radiation beams
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`to create fields that geometrically conform to target dimensions. [USSS91983 to Yao,
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`J.Y.; U. S. Patent No.4987309 to Klaser, et. a1; U. S. Patent No.4868843 to Nunan,
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`et. a1.; U. S. Patent No.4754l47 to Maughan. et. a1.; U. S. Patent No.4534052 to
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`Milcamps, J .; European Patent No. 853808A2 to Pastyr, et. a1.; European Patent No.
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`751532A1 to Yao, J.Y.; European Patent No. 387921B1 to Pastyr, et. a1.;
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`International Patent Application No. 9713255A2
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`to Pastyr, et. a1.; U. S. Patent
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`patent Application No. No.4794629 to Pastyr, et. a1.; U. S. Patent No.4672212 to
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`Brahme, et. al.; International Patent Application No. 09917305A1 Ein-Gal, M.) It is
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`also known to use full—attenuation, multi-leaf collimators in sequential field shapes to
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`approximate spatial intensity modulation through dynamic and static multi-step,
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`temporal modulation of field shape. (Geis, et. al., supra; Ma, et. al., supra; Xia, et.
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`al., supra.) This procedure requires more elapsed time to deliver radiation from any
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`particular direction than for simple conformal irradiation. In the present invention,
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`the MLMLC device accomplishes conformal geometric shaping and intensity
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`modulation in time par with the time taken to deliver radiation to a single conformal
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`shaped field. Therefore, with respect to intensity modulation, operational advantage
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`is gained by MLMLC device(s) over MLC systems in reducing the time to optimally
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`treat any specific target with reduced significant dose to normal surrounding tissue(s).
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`A multi-leaf device, MLC or MLMLC, is a radiation beam collimation device
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`that provides shaped fields through the agency of independently positioned divergent
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`or plane parallel plates that provide full or partial attenuation of a photon source
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`spectrum and that enter a rectangular radiation beam from sides perpendicular to the
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`direction of a beam central ray-line customarily directed toward a target. Such leave-
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`plates are positioned under programmatic control or by manual techniques. The
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`MLMLC provides intensity modulation of a radiation beam within a defined “open”
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`field shape by placement of one or more partially attenuating leaves into the open
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`area of a photon beam. In the present invention, full attenuation for shaping is
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`accomplished by the interposition of all layers of the MLMLC between the radiation
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`source and a test point in space. In the MLC, this is accomplished with the
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`interposition of full attenuation leaves. In the MLC, field intensity modulation is
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`accomplished employing one or both of two principal methods: by temporal
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`modulation via independently moving leaves, and by temporal modulation via
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`,
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`superposition of appropriately shaped sub-field segments that may block parts of the
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`“open” field for a fraction of the time required to deliver the highest intensity portion
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`of the field. The time to accomplish the number of steps for static placement of MLC
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`leaves or the time required for the dynamic motion of the MLC leaves is generally
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`greater than the time to deliver a proscribed radiation dose in the highest intensity
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`portion of the open field. Furthermore, the dynamic or static, inter-segment motion
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`of fully attenuating MLC leaves requires either full servo control or significant
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`manual labor in the implementation of a prescribed custom-designed therapy regime.
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`In contrast, a manually configured MLMLC device can, in principle, provide delivery
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`of all modulated doses in time on the order of the amount of time required to deliver
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`prescribed radiation dose in the open field, at substantially less costly than a servo
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`controlled MLC device in achieving the same therapeutic goal.
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`Yao (U. S. Patent No.5591983, European Patent No. 751532Al) described a
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`two layer multileaf collimator that reduced radiation leakage between adjacent leaves
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`without the requirement of precise machine fabrication. In the Yao devices, leafs are
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`positioned to shape a radiation field. This is an improvement over a two-layer
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`multileaf collimator described by Nunan (U. S. Patent No.4868844) where the leaves
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`of each layer occupied the same vertical space, one over the other, aligned on the
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`interleaf gaps, and providing no relief of radiation leakage through the gaps.
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`In the
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`Nunan devices, a pair of leaves are moved together to block a portion of the radiation
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`beam and relative to each other so that the upper leaf extends further than the lower
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`leaf. The relative position of the leaf ends mitigates broadening of the leaf-end
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`radiation penumbra by approximating the divergence of the radiation beam. Ein—Gal
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`(International Patent Application No. 09917305Al) described a two layer collimation
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`system, comprising orthogonal leaf motion in the upper layer relative to the lower
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`layer, that is described as improving the ability of a MLC system to conform to
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`complex shaped targets. Similarly, an improvement in spatial sampling of a desired
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`field shape is achieved by Vilsmeier, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.5 889834) using a MLC
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`having an array of leaves of selected width, providing greatest resolution nearest field
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`center. Pastyr, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.4794629) describe an MLC device providing
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`high spatial resolution using uniform leaf width. Siochi, et. al. (U. S. Patent
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`No.5724403) describe a system using an MLC leaf bank opposed by a monolithic
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`collimator, which is used in conjunction with a wedge filter, to provide one—
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`dimensional intensity modulation across a radiation field.
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`Swerdlof, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.5351280) describes a two layer multi—leaf
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`collimator similar in conception to that of Yao, yet capable of adjusting beam
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`intensity in a tomographic teletherapy unit by temporal modulation.
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`In the Swerdlof,
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`et. al. devices, full attenuation leafs in each of the two layers are construed to move
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`independently of all other leafs. Leafs in a given layer are separated by gaps nearly
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`the dimension of the leaf in the layer above or below. This reduces friction while
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`mitigating inter—leaf radiation leakage. By adjusting the leaf velocity during
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`irradiation, a variable radiation fluence intensity can be obtained via temporal
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`modulation. Swerdlof, et. al. devices differ from the present invention in several
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`significant ways. The MLMLC device is comprised of several layers of partially
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`attenuating leafs that, when arranged in the path of a segment of a radiation beam,
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`provide a desired intensity. The MLMLC device can be realized to provide a greater
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`latitude of beam intensity than the former in similar elapsed time. The MLMLC
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`device is comprised of multiple layers of partially attenuating leafs, each leaf bank
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`offset by at most one half the width of the leaf width, similar to the invention of Yao.
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`The device can be realized using selected leaf widths providing variable spatial
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`resolution, similar to that described by Vilsmeier. In the MLMLC, variable
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`attenuation at positions within the radiation field is accomplished by the static or
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`dynamic arrangement of selected leafs in a stack in the path of the radiation beam.
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`Maugham, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.4754147) described a device that is in
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`principle capable of variable attenuation, yet was conceived solely as a field shaping
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`device using opposed arrays of nested-rod collimating elements. Nunan, et. al. (U. S.
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`Patent No.4868843) described an MLC invention that provides field shaping through
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`the agency of multiple leaf collimation, with the addition of wedge shaped
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`compensator finger-leafs articulated along the length of individual leafs of the MLC.
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`Devices that embody the Nunan et. al. feature, provide two dimensional intensity
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`modulation and beam compensation in a design that is similar in conception to the
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`later device of Siochi, et. al. The MLMLC device of the present invention differs
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`significantly in form and in function from that described by Nunan, et. al.
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`In the
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`latter device, the compensator finger leafs extended from the end of the field shaping
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`collimator leafs, restrict position and effective intensity modulation when the field
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`shape dictates that opposing collimator leaf ends reside in close proximity. The
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`MLMLC device provides for a full range of intensity modulation at all field positions
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`and may be realized as a mechanical adjunct to the field shaping system.
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`It is an object of the invention to provide a radiation intensity modulation
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`compensator which avoids issues of radiation leakage and interleaf friction while
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`improving the ability to accurately define both the desired field shape and the field
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`intensity distribution.
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`It is a further object of the invention to reduce the time required for the
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`operational application of intensity modulation techniques in radiation treatment of
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`tumors to equivalency with times required for treatment using uncompensated shaped
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`fields alone.
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`It is a yet further object of the invention to provide intensity modulation in
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`radiation treatment at a reduced cost.
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`It is an even further object of the invention to include methods for its use, the
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`determination of, and the establishment of leaf patterns.
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`It is a further object of the invention to include methods for the design of
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`devices that embody the invention.
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`SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
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`The present invention comprises a multiple layer multileaf compensator for
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`selectively attenuating radiation intensity in predetermined regions of a radiation
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`beam as used in the practice of medical radiation therapy. The compensator includes
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`first, second, and further layers of a plurality of elongated radiation blocking leaves,
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`providing a different degree of beam attenuation in each layer or in combination of
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`layers. The leaves of each layer are arranged adjacent to one another so as to form
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`two opposed rows of adj acently positioned leaves and are movable in a longitudinal
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`direction (Y) which is generally transverse to the direction of the radiation beam so as
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`to define radiation beam intensity shaping in the field passing through different
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`combinations of partially attenuating leafs in overlying layers. The layers are
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`arranged one above the other in the beam direction and offset in the lateral direction
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`(X) which is generally transverse to the beam direction and orthgonal to the
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`longitudinal direction (Y) so that spaces between adjacent leaves of any layer are
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`positioned over and under, respectively, leaves of adjacent layers.
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`The first advantage of placing the interleaf gaps of one layer below those of
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`another layer and not necessarily in line of sight to the radiation source with the
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`interleaf gaps of any other layer is that a looser fit between adjacent leaves of any one
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`layer can be tolerated. The second advantage of such an arrangement of layers,
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`leaves, and gaps is that interleaf radiation leakage is minimized for the multiple layer
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`multileaf compensator. This has the salutary effect of reducing interleaf friction,
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`thereby reducing the strength and accuracy requirements on actuators to
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`independently position individual leaves and thereafter maintain the positions. The
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`ability to accurately place leaves of any layer to conform to any irregular shape is
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`thereby improved. The staggering of leaves among layers has the beneficial effect of
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`providing a smoother representation of a cross-field intensity function, due to the
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`superposition of radiation penumbrae. Finally, the arrangement of leaves in layers
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`leads to a modular design that can reduce costs in tooling, manufacturing, and
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`maintenance.
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`These advantages as well as other features of the present invention will be
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`apparent from the description of the preferred embodiment of the invention and by
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`the claims.
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`For a better understanding of the present invention, reference should be made
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`to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings.
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`BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
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`FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view, relative to a radiation source and relative
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`to an irradiated volume, of a multiple layer, multileaf compensator device constructed
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`in accordance with the present invention;
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`FIG. 2 illustrates a multiple layer, multileaf compensator device constructed
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`in accordance with the present invention, as seen from the leaf ends;
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`FIG. 3 illustrates an elevation View of the device shown in FIG. 2;
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`FIG. 4 illustrates a View of representative layers comprising the device shown
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`in FIG. 2, as seen from the perspective of the radiation source.
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`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
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`FIG. 1 shows an abstracted view of a radiation therapy unit of conventional
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`design, having a collimated source of radiation 1 from which emitted rays 2 diverge
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`in the direction of the irradiated volume 3, typically a patient undergoing a
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`therapeutic procedure. The rays from the source pass through the multiple layer,
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`multileaf compensator constructed in accordance with the present invention and
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`which is attached to the realization of the abstracted radiation producing machine. At
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`each of multiple levels, rays pass unabated through the open areas 16, 26, 36, up to
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`N6 formed by the leaves 10,11, 20,21, 30,31,
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`N0, N1 in banks 14,15, 24,25,
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`34,35,
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`N4,N5, of the first, second, third and Nth layers of the compensator. A ray
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`may pass through a leaf in a bank of leaves in each layer of the device and thereby be
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`reduced in intensity due to absorption in the intervening material of the occluding
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`leaves. In this manner, a source of high energy photon radiation having
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`representative uniform intensity 100 within the collimated aperture, may be altered in
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`the region of the irradiated volume 3 to have a representative compensated intensity
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`distribution 101 through the agency of the present invention.
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`FIGURES 2, 2a, and 2b show perspective views of the device as seen from
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`the ends of the leaves. Rays 2 emanating from the radiation source 1 and passing
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`through the multiple layer multileaf compensator having all leaves retracted form a
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`field on some maximal dimension 5 at a plane within the irradiated volume 3. A
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`nominal maximum field dimension of 26cm by 40cm, at the field definition distance,
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`would be applicable to a large majority of radiation therapeutic applications. Using
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`uniform lcm wide leaves, the maximal field can be accomplished using 26 leaves.
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`Layers of leaves are supported by plates and standards 4. As shown, the device is
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`comprised of N layers of leaves of either non-uniform thickness, as shown in FIG 2
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`and 2a, or of uniform thickness, FIG 2b, each arrangement providing variable
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`attenuation in different quantized steps yet by the same principle of the present
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`invention. In each layer, leaves 10,11, 20,21, 30,31,
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`N0,N1, in two banks 14,15,
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`24,25, 34,35,
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`N4,N5, move in opposition across the field transverse dimension.
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`In
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`each layer, leaves may have uniform width, Wm = w“, or variable width in accord
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`with the principle of Vilsmeier, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.5889834). Leaves of adjacent
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`layers may have gaps arranged to minimize leakage 8 using variable widths, or by
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`using uniform widths 9. Leaves are constructed of a suitable material, for example
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`tungsten, that is both effective in attenuating high energy photon, but also that can be
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`manufactured in a standardized manner.
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`FIG. 3 shows an elevation view from the side of the multiple layer multileaf
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`compensator where it is apparent that individual leaves 10,11, 20,21, 30,31,
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`N0,N1, of uniform or non-uniform thickness, can be placed independent of leaves in
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`any of the layers in the device. Positioning of leaves using mechanical cut-out bucks
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`has been described by Maughan, et. al. (U. S. Patent No.4754147) and by Pastyr, et.
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`al. (U. S. Patent No.4794629) or using automated means similar in conception to that
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`of Leavitt, et. a1. (U. S. Patent No.5]60847). The application of a buck 17,18, 27,28,
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`37,38,
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`N7,N8, to banks 14,15, 24,25, 34,35,
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`N4,N5, in layers, positions leaves
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`10,11, 20,21, 30,31,
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`N0,N1 in pre-determined positions appropriate for a given
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`component radiation field in a treatment. The figure also shows an arrangement of
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`leaves that provides differential compensation along individual rays 2 emanating
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`from the radiation source through both leaves and open areas 16,
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`N6.
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`FIG. 4 shows the shapes of irregular open areas 16,
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`N6 in each layer of the
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`device, as seen from the source of radiation, and the shaped mechanical bucks 17,18,
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`N7,N8 for setting the device manually. Although the leaves are shown as being
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`set by manual means, actuators of a previously described type may be used to
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`position and hold in place, the individual leaves of each layer. The operation of
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`leaves in any layer is as is conventional in prior art single layer multileaf collimator
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`arrangements.
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`What has been shown and described herein is a novel radiation treatment
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`system that both overcomes problems in prior art and improves the functionality of
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`automated radiation compensation for intensity modulated radiation therapy.
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`Changes, modifications, variations, and other uses and applications of the subject
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`invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the
`
`specification and its accompanying drawings, which disclose preferred embodiments
`
`thereof. For example, in an alternate embodiment, leaf thickness in each layer may
`
`5
`
`be selected to provide at most fractional attenuation significantly different from that
`
`required for field shaping. In a further additional alternate embodiment, the nested
`
`rod collimator of Maughan, et. a1. (U. S. Patent No.4754l47) can be made to provide
`
`compensation through the use of two dimensionally milled bucks. Additionally,
`
`various design changes can be made to leaf shape and dimension. All such changes,
`
`10 modifications, variations, and other uses and applications which do not depart from
`
`the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by this patent, which is
`
`limited only by the claims that follow.
`
`10
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 11 of 20
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`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 11 of 20
`
`

`

`WO 01/27939
`
`PCT/USOO/28023
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`CLAIMS
`
`1. A radiation emitting apparatus, comprising:
`
`a source of radiation for providing a substantially unshaped and un-
`
`compensated radiation beam in a given beam direction, and
`
`a compensator for shaping and modulating said radiation beam, said
`
`compensator comprising a plurality of layers, each having a plurality of elongated
`
`radiation blocking leaves, a frame for supporting said leaves, and moving means for
`
`moving said leaves, said leaves being arranged in layers so as to form paired opposed
`
`rows of adjacently positioned leaves being movable by said moving means in a
`
`longitudinal direction (Y) which is generally transverse to the beam direction so as to
`
`define a radiation beam attenuating field through the leaves and the area between the
`
`opposed ends of the leaves, the leaves of said layers being arranged one above the
`
`other in the beam direction and offset in the lateral (X) direction generally transverse
`
`to the beam direction and orthogonal to the longitudinal direction (Y), so that spaces
`
`between adjacent leaves of any two adjacent layers are positioned over or under the
`
`leaves of the mating level and so that no spaces of a layer align with those of any
`
`10
`
`15
`
`other layer;
`
`2.
`
`The radiation emitting apparatus of claim 1, wherein each row of said
`
`compensator leaves comprises a plurality of adjacently positioned relatively narrow
`
`20
`
`leaves of divergent geometry.
`
`3.
`
`The radiation emitting apparatus of claim 1, wherein said compensator leaves
`
`are of uniform width.
`
`4.
`
`The radiation emitting apparatus of claim 1, wherein said compensator leaves
`
`25
`
`are of non-uniform width.
`
`11
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 12 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 12 of 20
`
`

`

`WO 01/27939
`
`PCT/USOO/28023
`
`5.
`
`The radiation emitting apparatus of claim 1, wherein each row of said
`
`compensator leaves comprises a plurality of adj acently positioned relatively narrow
`
`leaves of divergent geometry and of uniform or non-uniform width.
`
`6.
`
`The radiation emitting apparatus of claim 1, wherein each row of said
`
`compensator leaves is a source of radiation for providing a substantially unshaped
`
`and un-compensated radiation beam in a given beam direction.
`
`7.
`
`A compensator for shaping and modulating a radiation beam, said
`
`compensator comprising a plurality of layers, each having a plurality of elongated
`
`radiation blocking leaves, a frame for supporting said leaves, and moving means for
`
`moving said leaves, said leaves being arranged in layers so as to form paired opposed
`
`rows of adj acently positioned leaves being movable by said moving means in a
`
`longitudinal direction (Y) which is generally transverse to the beam direction so as to
`
`define a radiation beam attenuating field through the leaves and the area between the
`
`opposed ends of the leaves, the leaves of said layers being arranged one above the
`
`other in the beam direction and offset in the lateral (X) direction generally transverse
`
`to the beam direction and orthogonal to the longitudinal direction (Y), so that spaces
`
`between adjacent leaves of any two adjacent layers are positioned over or under the
`
`leaves of the mating level and so that no spaces of a layer align with those of any
`
`other layer;
`
`8.
`
`The compensator of claim 7, wherein each row of said compensator leaves
`
`comprises a plurality of adjacently positioned relatively narrow leaves of divergent
`
`geometry.
`
`9.
`
`The compensator of claim 7, wherein said compensator leaves are of uniform
`
`width.
`
`10.
`
`The compensator of claim 7, wherein said compensator leaves are of non-
`
`12
`
`10
`
`15
`
`20
`
`25
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 13 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 13 of 20
`
`

`

`WO 01/27939
`
`PCT/US00/28023
`
`uniform width.
`
`11.
`
`The compensator of claim 7, wherein each row of said compensator leaves
`
`comprises a plurality of adjacently positioned relatively narrow leaves of divergent
`
`geometry and of uniform or non—uniform width.
`
`12.
`
`The compensator of claim 7, wherein each row of said compensator leaves is
`
`a source of radiation for providing a substantially unshaped and un-compensa’ted
`
`radiation beam in a given beam direction.
`
`13.
`
`A method for shaping and modulating a radiation beam, comprising:
`
`arranging a plurality layers, each having a plurality of elongated radiation
`
`blocking leaves, in layers one above the other so as to form paired opposed rows of
`
`adj acently positioned leaves;
`
`moving said plurality of leaves in a longitudinal direction (Y) which is
`
`generally transverse to the beam direction so as to define a radiation beam attenuating
`
`field through the leaves and the area between the opposed ends of the leaves, said
`
`layers being arranged in the beam direction and offset in the lateral (X) direction
`
`generally transverse to the beam direction and orthogonal to the longitudinal
`
`direction (Y), so that spaces between adjacent leaves of any two adjacent layers are
`
`positioned over or under the leaves of the mating level and so that no spaces of a
`
`layer align with those of any other layer;
`
`10
`
`15
`
`2O
`
`14.
`
`The method of claim 13, wherein in each said row, the compensator leaves
`
`are relatively narrow leaves of divergent geometry.
`
`15.
`
`The method of claim 13, wherein said compensator leaves are of uniform
`
`width.
`
`25
`
`16.
`
`The method of claim 13, wherein said compensator leaves are of non-uniform
`
`13
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 14 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 14 of 20
`
`

`

`WO 01/27939
`
`PCT/USOO/28023
`
`width.
`
`17.
`
`The method of claim 13, wherein the compensator leaves are of uniform
`
`width.
`
`5
`
`18.
`
`The method of claim 13, wherein the compensator leaves are of non-uniform
`
`width.
`
`19.
`
`The method of claim 7, wherein each row of said compensator leaves is a
`
`source of radiation for providing a substantially unshaped and un-compensated
`
`radiation beam in a given beam direction.
`
`14
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 15 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 15 of 20
`
`

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`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 16 of 20
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`

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`WO 01/27939
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`PCT/U800/28023
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`2/4
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`
`ViewRay Exhibit 101 3
`Page 17 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 17 of 20
`
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`WO 01/27939
`
`PCT/USOO/28023
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`3/4
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`ViewRay Exhibit 101 3
`Page 18 of 20
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`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 18 of 20
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`WO 01/27939
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`PCT/U500/28023
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`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 19 of 20
`
`ViewRay Exhibit 1013
`Page 19 of 20
`
`

`

`
`
`INTERNATIONAL SEARCH REPORT
`International application No.
`
`PCT/USOO/28023
`
`A.
`CLASSIFICATION OF SUBJECT MATTER
`
`
`IPC(7)
`:G21K 1/04
`US CL :378/65. 152
`According to International Patent Classification (IPC) or to both national classification and IPC
`B.
`FIELDS SEARCHED
`
`
`
`
`
`Minimum documentation searched (classification system followed by classification symbols)
`U.S.
`:
`378/65, 147, 150, 152, 160; 250/5051
`
`Documentation searched other than minimum documentation to the extent that such documents are included in the fields searched
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Electronic data base consulted during the international search (name of data base and, where practicable, search terms used)
`
`C.
`
`DOCUMENTS CONSIDERED TO BE RELEVANT
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Citation of document, with indication. where appropriate, of the relevant passages
`
`US 5,591,983 A (YAO) 07 January 1997 (07.01.1997), figure 4.
`
`Relevant to claim No.
`
`7,
`6,
`1,3,
`12