Designed for
`
`Microsoft®
`Windows NT®
`Windows®95
`
`Over
`2,300
`New Terms
`
`I
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, cover
`
`

`

`
`
`“Today’s culture is computerized, and
`
`computerized culture means continuous
`
`vocabulary updates. The Microsoft
`
`Language (1987) and
`
`Virtual Realism (1997)
`
`Press Computer Dictionary is the
`perfectway to clear up a puzzling word
`or phrase in computer culture.”
`Michael Helm, Ph.D.,
`author of Electric
`
`mspress.microsoft.com
`
`Microsoft Press publishes quality end—
`
`usertraining, reference, and technical
`information books and interactive
`
`products that make using Microsoft“
`
`software easier, more enjoyable, and
`
`more productive—to help you start
`
`faster and go farther with Microsoft
`
`technology.
`
`Visit the Microsoft Press Web site at
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page i
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page i
`
`

`

`C D/
`
`/D!mter
`
`Third Edition
`
`MicrosoftoPress
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page ii
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 10 9 8 7
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
`mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directlnput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page iii
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`Dictiommamry
`of Computer Terms
`
`ASCII Character Set
`
`520
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`
`524
`
`i~’,, i,i ~,~ ~i~ t ~,~I-
`
`EBCDIC Character Set
`
`5211
`
`Numeric Equivalents
`
`534
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page iv
`
`

`

`which have speeds of 500 kilobits per second
`(Kbps), can generally transmit data faster than cur-
`rent conventional modems. See also coaxial cable,
`modem.
`cabling diagram \k~’bo-l~ng d~’a-gram\ n. A
`plan that shows the path of cables that attach com-
`puter system components or peripherals. Cabling
`diagrams are particularly important for explaining
`the connection of disk drives to a disk controller.
`cache \kash\ n. A special memo13r subsystem in
`which frequently used data values are duplicated
`for quick access. A memory cache stores the con-
`tents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the
`addresses where these data items are stored. When
`the processor references an address in memory, the
`cache checks to see whether it holds that address.
`If it does hold the address, the data is returned to
`the processor; if it does not, a regular memory
`access occurs. A cache is useful when RAM accesses
`are slow compared with the microprocessor speed,
`because cache memow is always faster than main
`RAM memory. See also disk cache, wait state.
`cache card \kash" k~rd\ n. An expansion card
`that increases a system’s cache memory. See also
`cache, expansion board.
`cache memory \kash" mere’or-e\ n. See cache.
`CAD \kad, C’A-D*\ n. Acronym for computer-
`aided design. A syste~n of programs and worksta-
`tions used in designing engineering, architectural,
`and scientific models ranging from simple tools to
`buildings, aircraft, integrated circuits, and mole-
`cules. Various CAD applications create objects in
`two or three dimensions, presenting the results as
`wire-frame "skeletons," as more substantial models
`with shaded surfaces, or as solid objects. Some pro-
`grams can also rotate or resize models, show inte-
`rior views, generate lists of materials required for
`construction, and perform other allied functions.
`CAD programs rely on mathematics, often requi>
`ing the computing power of a high-performance
`workstation. See also CAD/CAM, I-CASE.
`CAD/CAM \kad’kam, C-A-D’C-A-M’\ n. Acronym
`for compute>aided design/computer-aided man-
`ufacturing. The use of computers in both the
`design and manufacture of a product. With CAD/
`CAM, a product, such as a machine part, is
`designed with a CAD program and the finished
`design is translated into a set of instructions that
`
`can be transmitted to and used by the machines
`dedicated to fabrication, assembly, and process
`control. See also CAD, I-CASE.
`(;ADD \C’A-D-D", kad-D’\ n. See computer-aided
`design and drafting.
`caddy \kad’{\ n. A plastic carrier that holds a CD-
`ROM and is inserted into a CD-ROM drive. Some
`personal computers, especially older models, have
`CD-ROM drives that require the use of a caddy.
`Most current CD-ROM drives do not require a
`caddy. See the illustration.
`
`Caddy.
`
`CAE \C’A-E’\ n. Acronym for computer-aided
`engineering. An application that enables the user
`to perform engineering tests and analyses on
`designs created with a computer. In some
`instances, capabilities such as logic testing that are
`generally attributed to CAE applications are also
`part of CAD programs, so the distinction between
`CAD and CAE is not a hard-and-fast one. See also
`CAD, I-CASE.
`CAI \C’A-I’\ n. Acronym for compute>aided (or
`compute>assisted) instruction. An educational
`program designed to serve as a teaching tool. CAI
`programs typically use tutorials, drills, and ques-
`tion-and-answer sessions to present a topic and to
`test the student’s comprehension. CAI programs
`are excellent aids for presenting factual material
`and for allowing studeiats to pace their learning
`speed. Subjects and complexity range from begin-
`ning arithmetic to advanced mathematics, science,
`history, computer studies, and specialized topics.
`See also I-CASE. Compare CBT, CMI.
`CAL \C’A-L’\ n. Acronym for computer-assisted
`(or computer-augmented) learning. See CAI.
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 72
`
`

`

`information being accessed. Still others base their
`charges on the number of time units used, the time
`or distance involved per connection, the band-
`width of each connected session, or some combi-
`nation of the preceding criteria. See also connect
`time.
`connection \ ka-nek’shan\ n. A physical link via
`wire, radio, fiber-optic cable, or other medium
`between two or more communications devices.
`connectionless \ko-nek’shan-las\ adj. In commu-
`nications, of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a
`method of data transmission that does not require
`a direct connection between two nodes on one or
`more networks. Connectionless communication is
`achieved by passing, or routing, data packets, each
`of which contains a source and destination address,
`through the nodes until the destination is reached.
`See also node (definition 2), packet (definition 2).
`Compare connection-oriented.
`connection-oriented \ka-nek*shan-6r’~-ent-ad\
`adj. In communications, of, pertaining to, or char-
`acteristic of a method of data transmission that
`requires a direct connection between two nodes on
`one or more networks. Compare connectionless.
`connectivity \ka-nek’tiv’o-t~\ n. 1. The nature of
`the connection between a user’s computer and
`another computer, such as a server or a host com-
`puter on the Internet or a network. This may
`describe the quality of the circuit or telephone
`line, the degree of freedom from noise, or the
`bandwidth of the communications devices. 2. The
`ability of hardware devices or software packages
`to transmit data between other devices or pack-
`ages. 3. The ability of hardware devices, software
`packages, or a computer itself to work with net-
`work devices or with other hardware devices, soft-
`ware packages, or a computer over a network
`connection.
`connectoid \ka-nek’toid’\ n. In Windows 95 and
`Windows NT, an icon representing a dial-up net-
`working connection that will also execute a script
`for logging onto the network dialed.
`connector \ ka-nek’tar" \ n. 1. In hardware, a cou-
`pler used to join cables or to join a cable to a
`device (for example, an RS-232-C connector used
`to join a modem cable to a computer). Most con-
`nector types are available in one of two genders--
`male or female. A male connector is characterized
`
`by one or more exposed pins; a female connector
`is. characterized by one or more receptacles
`designed to accept the pins on the male connec-
`tor. See also DB connector, DIN connector. 2. In
`programming, a circular symbol used in a flow-
`chart to indicate a break, as to another page.
`connect time \ka-nekt" t~m’\ n. The amount of
`time during which a user is actively connected to
`a remote computer. On commercial systems, the
`connect time is one means of calculating how
`much money the user must pay for using the sys-
`tem. See also connect charge.
`consistency check \kan-si’stan-s~ chek’\ n. A
`survey to verify that items of data conform to cer-
`tain formats, bounds, and other parameters and
`are not internally contradictory. Compare com-
`pleteness check.
`console \kon’s61\ n. A control unit, such as a ter-
`minal, through which a user communicates with a
`computer. In microcomputers, the console is the
`cabinet that houses the main components and
`controls of the system, sometimes including the
`screen, the keyboard, or both. With the MS-DOS
`operating system, the console is the primary input
`(keyboard) and primary output (screen) device, as
`evidenced by the device name CON. See also
`CON, system console.
`constant \kon’stant\ n. A named item that retains
`a consistent value throughout the execution of a
`program, as opposed to a variable, which can
`have its value changed during execution. Compare
`variable.
`constant expression \kon’stant eks-presh’an\ n.
`An expression that is composed only of constants
`and, hence, whose value does not change during
`program execution. Compare variable expression.
`constellation \kon’sta-l~’shan\ n. In communica-
`tions, a pattern representing the possible states of
`a carrier wave, each of which is associated with a
`particular bit combination. A constellation shows
`the number of states that can be recognized as
`.unique changes in a communications signal and
`thus the maximum number of bits that can be
`encoded in a single change (equivalent to 1 baud,
`or one event). See the illustration.
`constraint \kan-str~nt’\ n. In programming, a
`restriction on the solutions that are acceptable for
`a problem.
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 114
`
`

`

`direct cable connection \dor-ekt" k~’bl ko-
`nek’shon\ n. A link between the I/0 ports of
`two computers that uses a single cable rather
`than a modem or other active interface device.
`In most cases, a direct cable connection requires
`a null modem cable.
`direct-connect modem \d~r-ekt’ka-nekt m6"dam\
`n. A modem that uses standard telephone wire
`and connectors and plugs directly into a telephone
`jack, eliminating the need for an intermediary tele-
`phone. Compare acoustic coupler.
`direct-coupled transistor logic \ dar-ekt’ka-pld
`tranz-i’star loj’ik\ n. A circuit design that uses
`transistors and resistors only, with the transistors
`directly connected to each other. This design was
`used in the earliest commercial integrated circuits.
`The switching speed and power consumption of
`such circuits are about average. Acronym: DCTL
`(D’C-T-L’).
`direct current \dar-ekt" kur%nt\ n. Electrical cur-
`rent whose direction of flow does not reverse. The
`current may stop or change amplitude, but it
`always flows in the same di,ection. Acronym: DC
`(D-C’). Compare alternating current.
`direct digital color proof \dar-ekt" dij’i-tal ko’lar
`proof’\ n. A test sheet produced by a lower-cost
`output device, such as a color laser printer, to
`serve as an approximation of what the final image
`will look like when produced on professional-
`quality printing equipment. A direct digital color
`proof does not involve color separation, as in tra-
`
`ditional proofs. Instead, a direct digital color proof
`is printed in all colors at one time on a single page,
`resulting in somewhat lower quality compared
`with traditional separation methods but having the
`advantages of increased speed and reduced cost.
`Acronym: DDCP (D’D-C-P~). Also called digital
`proof. See also color separation (definition 1).
`Direct Graphics Interface Specification \ dor-
`ekt" graf’iks in’t~r-f~s spes-o-f~-kZshan\ n. See
`DGIS.
`Directlnput \dar-ekt" in’put\ n. An application
`programming interface for joysticks and similar
`pointing devices in Windows 95.
`direction key \ dor-ek’shon k~" \ n. See arrow key.
`direct memory access \dar-ekt" mem-~r-~ ak’ses\
`n. Memory access that does not involve the micro-
`processor and is frequently used for data transfer
`directly between memory and an "intelligent"
`peripheral device, such as a disk drive. Acronym:
`DMA (D’M-A’).
`directory \dar-ek’tar’~\ n. A catalog for filenames
`and other directories stored on a disk. A directory
`is a way of organizing and grouping the files so
`that the user is not overwhelmed by a long list of
`them. The topmost directory is called the root
`directory; the directories within a directory are
`called subdirectoribs. Depending on how an oper-
`ating system supports directories, filenames in a
`directory can be viewed and ordered in various
`ways for example, alphabetically, by dgte, by
`size, or as icons in a graphical user interface.
`
`An example of a directory list.
`
`I’g, ll
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 148
`
`

`

`What the user views as a directory is supported in
`the operating system by tables of data, stored on
`the disk, that indicate characteristics and the loca-
`tion of each file. In the Macintosh and Windows
`95 operating systems, directories are called fold-
`ers.
`Directory Access Protocol \dor-ek’tar-~ ak-ses
`pr6"ta-kol\ n. The protocol that governs commu-
`nications between X.500 clients and servers. See
`also CCITT X series.
`
`Directory Client Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ kE’ont fi’jant\
`n. See DUA.
`Directory Information Base \dor-ek’tar-~ in-far-
`
`mfi’shan b~s’\ n. See DIB (definition 2).
`directory path \dor-ek’tor-e path’\ n. See path-
`name.
`directory replication \dar-ek’tar-~ re-pla-k~’-
`shah\ n. The copying of a master set of directories
`from a server (called an export server) to specified
`servers or workstations (called import computers)
`in the same or other domains. Replication simpli-
`fies the task of maintaining identical sets of direc-
`tories and files on multiple computers because
`only a single master copy of the data must be
`
`maintained. See also directory, server.
`Directory Server Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ sar’var ~’jont\
`n. See DSA.
`directory service \dar-ek’tar-~ sor’vas\ n. A ser-
`vice on a network that returns mail addresses of
`other users or enables a user to locate hosts and
`services.
`
`Directory System Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ si’stam
`fi’jant\ n. See DSA.
`directory tree \ dar-ek’tor-a trY" \ n. A graphic dis-
`play listing the directories and subdirectories on a
`hard disk in tree form, with subdirectories shown
`as branches of the main directory. See the illustra-
`tion. See also branch (definition 1), directory, tree
`structure.
`Directory User Agent \dor-ek’tor-~ y~’zar ~’jant\
`n. See DUA.
`direct processing \dor-ekt" pros’e-s~ng\ n. Pro-
`cessing of data as it is received by the system, as
`opposed to deferred processing, in which data is
`stored in blocks before processing. Compare
`deferred processing.
`~lirect read after write \dar-ekt" rSd af-tor Et’\ n.
`See DRAW.
`
`Directory tree. An example of a directory tree
`
`shown in Windows Explorer.
`
`direct read during write \dar-ekt" r{d dor-~ng
`rit’\ n. See DRDW.
`direct sequence \dar-ekt" s~’kwans\ n. In spread
`spectrum communication, a form of modulation in
`which a carrier is modulated by a series of binary
`pulses. See also modulation (definition 1), spread
`spectrum.
`direct view storage tube \ dar-ekt" W~ st6r’oj
`t<~b\ n. A type of cathode-ray tube (CRT) in
`which the screen can retain images for a long time
`and in which a beam of electrons from an electron
`gun can be moved arbitrarily across the screen sur-
`face (as opposed to a standard cathode-ray tube,
`in which the electron beam ismoved in a specific
`pattern). This type of CRT is capable of displaying
`a precise, detailed image without requiring any
`screen refresh. However, once the image is drawn,
`it cannot be changed without a complete erasing
`of the screen. Acronym: DVST (D’V-S-T’). Also
`called storage tube. Compare CRT.
`DirectX \dar-ekt’X’\ n. Windows 95 software that
`gives applications direct access to a computer’s
`sound and graphics hardware.
`dirty \dar’t~\ adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteris-
`tic of a communications line that is hampered by
`excessive noise, degrading the quality of the sig-
`nal. See also noise (definition 2).
`dirty bit \dar’te bit’\ n. A bit used to mark modi-
`fied data in a cache so that the modifications may
`be carried over to primary memory. See also bit,
`cache.
`
`dirtypower \dar’t~ pou’ar\ n. A power source
`that can cause damage to electronic components,
`
`14!l
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 149
`
`

`

`Device
`
`IRQ
`
`8259A
`
`Microprocessor
`
`Yes
`
`N(
`
`bus
`
`Flowchart.
`
`various operations. These symbols are connected
`by lines and arrows to indicate the flow of data or
`control from one point to another. Flowcharts are
`used both as aids in showing the -way a proposed
`program will work and as a means of understand-
`
`ing the operations of an existing program. See the
`illustration.
`.fl.us \dot-F-L’dot-U-S’\ n. On the Internet, the
`major geographic domain specifying that an
`address is located in Florida, United States.
`flush1 \flush\ adj. Aligned in a certain way on
`
`the screen or on paper. Flush left, for example,
`means aligned on the left side; flush right means
`aligned on the right side. See also align (defini-
`tion 1).
`flush2 \flush\ vb. To clear a portion of memory.
`For example, to flush a disk file buffer is to save
`its contents on disk and then clear the buffer for
`filling again.
`flux \fluks\ n. 1. The total strength of a magnetic,
`electric, or radiation field over a given area. 2. A
`chemical used to aid the binding of solder to elec-
`trical conductors.
`flux reversal \fluks" r0-var’sal\ n. The change in
`orientation of the minute magnetic particles on the
`surface of a disk or tape toward one of two mag-
`netic poles. The two different alignments are used
`to represent binalT 1 and binary 0 for data storage:
`a flux reversal typically represents a binary 1, and
`no reversal represents a binary 0.
`.fm \dot’F-M’\ n. On the Intemet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Micronesia.
`FM \F-M’\ n. See frequency modulation.
`FM encoding \F-M" en-k6"d{ng\ n. See frequency
`modulation encoding.
`.fo \dot’F-O’\ n. On the Intemet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in the Faeroe Islands.
`focus \f6"kus,\ vb. In television and raster-scan
`displays, to make an electron beam converge at a
`single point on the inner surface of the screen.
`FOCUS \f6"kus, F’O-C-U-S’\ n. See Federation on
`Computing in the United States.
`FOD \F’O-D’\ n. See fax on demand.
`folder \f61"dor\ n. In the Mac OS, Windows 95,
`and other operating systems, a container for’ pro-
`
`grams and files in graphical user interfaces, sym-
`bolized on the screen by a graphical image (icon)
`of a file folder. This container is called a directory
`in other systems, such as MS-DOS and UNIX. A
`folder is a means of organizing programs and
`documents on a disk and can hold both files and
`
`202
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 202
`
`

`

`additional folders. It first appeared commercially
`in Apple Computer’s Lisa in 1983 and in the Apple
`Macintosh in 1984. See also directory.
`folio \f6"1~-6"\ n. A printed page number.
`follow-up \fol’6-up’\ n. A post to a newsgroup
`that replies to an article. The follow-up has the
`same subject line as the original article, with the
`prefix "Re:" attached. An article and all of its fol-
`low-ups, in the order they were received, consti-
`tute a thread, which a user can read together using
`a newsreader.
`font \font\ n. A set of characters of the same type-
`face (such as Garamond), style (such as italic), and
`weight (such as bold). A font consists of all the
`characters available in a particular style and weight
`for a particular design; a typeface consists of the
`design itself. Fonts are used by computers for on-
`screen displays and by printers for hard-copy out-
`put. In both cases, the fonts are stored either as bit
`maps (patterns of dots) or as outlines (defined by
`a set of mathematical formulas). Even if the system
`cannot simulate different typefaces on the screen,
`application programs may be able to send infor-
`mation about typeface and style to a printer, which
`can then reproduce the font if a font description is
`available. See also bit map, font generator.
`font card \font" k~rd\ n. See font cartridge, RUM
`card.
`font cartridge \font" Mir’trij\ n. A plug-in unit
`available for some printers that contains fonts in
`several different styles and sizes. Font cartridges;
`like downloadable fonts, enable a printer to pro-
`duce characters in sizes and styles other than those
`created by the fonts built into it. Also called font
`card. See also RUM cartridge.
`Font/DA Mover \font’D-A~ m~’var\ n. An appli-
`cation for older Apple Macintosh systems that
`allows the user to install screen fonts and desk
`accessories.
`font editor \font" ed’a-tor\ n. A utility program
`that enables the user to modify existing fonts or to
`create and save new ones. Such an application
`commonly works with a screen representation of
`the font, with a representation that can be down-
`loaded to a PostScript or other printer, or with
`both. See also PostScript font, screen font.
`font family \font" fam’a-l~\ n. The set of available
`fonts representing Variations of a single typeface.
`
`For example, Times Roman and Times Roman
`Italic are members of the same font family. When
`the user indicates "italic," the system selects the
`correct italic font for the font family, with its char-
`acteristic appearance. If there is no italic font in
`the family, the system simply slants, or "obliques,"
`the corresponding roman character. See also italic,
`roman.
`font generator \font" jen’ar-fi-tar\ n. A program
`that transforms built-in character outlines into bit
`maps (patterns of dots) of the style and size
`required for a printed document. Font generators
`work by scaling a character outline to size; often
`they can also expand or compress the characters
`they generate. Some font generators store the
`resultant characters on disk; others send them
`directly to the printer.
`font number \font" num’bar\ n. The number by
`which an application or operating system inter-
`nally identifies a given font. On the Apple Macin-
`tosh, for example, fonts can be identified by their
`exact names as well as their font numbers, and a
`font number can be changed if the font is installed
`in a system already having a font with that num-
`ber. See also font.
`font page \font" p~j\ n. A portion of video mem-
`ory reserved for holding programmer-specified
`character definition tables (sets of character pat-
`terns) used for displaying text on the screen on
`IBM Multi-Color Graphics Array video systems.
`font size \font" sTz\ n. The point size of a set of
`characters in a particular typeface. See also point1
`(definition 1).
`font suitcase \font" s~t’k~s\ n. A file on Macin-
`tosh computers that contains one or more fonts or
`desk accessories. Such files are indicated in early
`versions of the operating system with the icon of
`a suitcase marked with a capital A. From System
`7.0 onward, this icon is used to denote individual
`fonts.
`foo \f~\ n. A string used by programmers in
`place of more specific information. Variables or
`functions in code examples intended to demon-
`strate syntax, as well as temporary scratch files,
`may all appear with the name foo. Likewise, a pro-
`grammer may type rod to test a string input han-
`dler. If a second placeholder string is needed, it
`will often be bar, suggesting that the origin of both
`
`203
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 203
`
`

`

`with UNIX shell accounts, are likely to encounter
`status codes while using the Web or FTP. See also
`HTTP status codes.
`step-frame \step’frfim\ n. The process of captur-
`ing video images one frame at a time. This process
`is used by computers that are too slow to capture
`analog video images in real time.
`stepper motor \step’or m6"tar\ n. A mechanical
`device that rotates only a fixed distance each time
`it receives an electrical pulse.
`step-rate time \step’r~t tTm’\ n. The time
`required to move a disk actuator arm from one
`track to the next. See also actuator, stepper motor.
`StickyKeys \stik’E-kez’\ n. An accessibility fea-
`ture built into Macintosh computers and available
`for Windows and DOS that causes modifier keys
`such as Shift, Control, or Alt to "stay on" after they
`are pressed, eliminating the need to press multiple
`keys simultaneously. This feature facilitates the
`use of modifier keys by users who are unable to
`hold down one key while pressing another.
`stochastic \st0-kas*tik’\ adj. Based on random
`occurrences. For example, a stochastic model
`describes a system by taking into account chance
`events as well as planned events.
`stop bit \s~op" bit\ n. In asynchronous transmis-
`sion, a bit that signals the end of a character. In
`early electromechanical teleprinters, the stop bit
`provided time for the receiving mechanism to
`coast back to the idle position and, depending on
`the mechanism, had a duration of 1, 1.5, or 2 data
`bits. See also asynchronous transmission.
`storage \st6r’0j\ n. In computing, any device in or
`on which information can be kept. Microcomput-
`ers have two main types of storage: random access
`memory (RAM) and disk drives and other external
`storage media. Other types of storage include
`read-only memory (RUM) and buffers.
`storage device \st6r’aj da-v$s’\ n. An apparatus
`for recording computer data in permanent or semi-
`permanent form. When a distinction is made
`between primary (main) storage devices and sec-
`ondary (auxiliary) storage devices, the former
`refers to random access memory (RAM) and the
`latter refers to disk drives and other external
`devices.
`storage location \st6r*aj 16-kfi’shon\ n. The posi-
`tion at which a particular item can be found--
`
`either an addressed location or a uniquely identi-
`fied location on a disk, tape, or similar medium.
`storage media \st6r’aj me’de-a\ n. The various
`types of physical material on which data bits are
`written and stored, such as floppy disks, hard
`disks, tape, and optical discs.
`storage tube \st6r’aj t~b’\ n. See direct view
`storage tube.
`store-and-forward \ st6r’ond-f6r’ward\ n. A
`message-passing technique used on communica-
`tions networks in which a message is held tempo-
`rarily at a collecting station before being forwarded
`to its destination.
`stored program concept \st6rd pr6"gram kon’-
`sept\ n. A system architecture scheme, credited
`largely to the mathematician John yon Neumann,
`in which both programs and data are in direct-
`access storage (random access memory, or RAM),
`thereby allowing code and data to be treated inter-
`changeably. See also yon Neumann architecture.
`storefront \st6r’front\ n. See virtual storefront.
`STP \S’T-P*\ n. Acronym for shielded twisted pair.
`A cable consisting of one or more twisted pairs of
`wires and a sheath of foil and copper braid. The
`twists protect the pairs from interference by each
`other, and the shielding protects the pairs from
`interference from outside. Therefore, STP cable
`can be used for high-speed transmission over long
`distances. See also twisted-pair cable. Compare
`UTP.
`straight-line code \str~t’lTn k6d’\ n. Program
`code that follows a direct sequence of statements
`rather than skipping ahead or jumping back via
`transfer statements such as GOTO and JUMP. See
`also GOTO statement, jump instruction. Compare
`spaghetti code.
`stream cipher \strem" sT’far\ n. A method for
`encrypting a data sequence of unlimited length
`using a key of fixed length. See also key (definition
`3). Compare block cipher.
`streaming \stre*meng\ n. In magnetic tape stor-
`age devices, a low-cost technique to control the
`motion of the tape by removing tape buffers.
`Although streaming tape compromises start/stop
`performance, it achieves highly reliable storage
`and retrieval of data, and is useful when a steady
`supply of data is required by a particular applica-
`tion or computer.
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1128, page 450
`
`

`

`newsgroup camp.unix.wizards provides answers
`to many user questions.
`unknown host \un’n6n h6st’\ n. A response to a
`request for a connection to a server that indicates
`that the network is unable to find the specified
`address. See also server (definition 1).
`unknown recipients \un’n6n ra-sip’~-ants\ n. A
`response to an e-mail message that indicates that
`the mail server is unable to identify one or more
`of the destination addresses.
`unload \un-16d’\ vb. 1. To remove a storage
`medium, such as a tape or disk, from its drive.
`2. To remove software from system memory. See
`also memory.
`unmoderated \un’mod’or-fi-tad\ adj. Of, pertain-
`ing to, or characteristic of a newsgroup or mailing
`list in which all articles or messages received by
`the server are automatically available or distrib-
`uted to all subscribers. Compare moderated.
`unmount \un-mount’\ vb. To remove a disk or
`tape from active use. Compare mount.
`unpack \un-pak’\ vb. To restore packed data to its
`original format. Compare pack.
`unpopulated board \un-po’pya-l~-t~d b6rd’\ n.
`A circuit board whose sockets are elnpty. Compare
`fully populated board.
`unread \un-red’\ adj. 1. Of, pertaining to, or
`being an article in a newsgroup that a user has not
`yet received. Newsreader client programs distin-
`guish between "read" and "unread" articles for
`each user and download only unread articles from
`the server. 2. Of, pertaining to, or being an e-mail
`message that a user has received but has not yet
`opened in an e-mail program.
`unrecoverable error \un-ra-ka’var-a-bl gtr’ar\ n.
`A fatal error--one that a program is unable to
`recover from without the use of external recovery
`techniques. Compare recoverable error.
`unroll \un-r61"\ adj. See inline (definition 1).
`unset \un-set’\ vb. To make the value of a bit posi-
`tion equal to 0 (zero). Compare sett (definition 1).
`unshieldedcable \un’sh~l-dad k~bl\ n. Cable
`that is not surrounded with a metal shield. If the
`wires in an unshielded cable are not at least
`twisted around each other in pairs, the signals
`they carry have no protection from interference
`by external electromagnetic fields. Consequently,
`unshielded cable should be used only over very
`
`short distances. Compare coaxial cable, ribbon
`cable, twisted-pair cable, UTP.
`unshielded twisted pair \un’sh~l-dod twis’tad
`
`p~r\ n. See UTP.
`unsubscribe \un’sub-skrib’\ vb. 1. In a news-
`reader client program, to remove a newsgroup
`from the list of newsgroups to which one sub-
`scribes. See also newsgroup. 2. To remove a recipi-
`ent from a mailing list. See also mailing list.
`untar1 \un-t~r’\ n. A utility, available for systems
`
`in addition to UNIX, for separating the individual
`files out of an archive assembled using the UNIX
`tar program. Compare tar1.
`untar2 \un-t~ir’\ vb. To separate the individual
`
`files out of an archive assembled with the UNIX
`tar program. Compare tar2.
`unzip \un-zip’\ vb. To uncompress an archive file
`that has been compressed by a program such as
`compress, gzip, or PKZIP.
`up \ up\ adj. Functioning and availa