Solid-State Lighting Research
`and Development
`Multi-Year
`Program Plan
`
`April 2014 (Updated May 2014)
`
`Prepared for:
`Solid-State Lighting Program
`Building Technologies Office
`Office of Energy Efficiency and
` Renewable Energy
`U.S. Department of Energy
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`DOE/EE-1089
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`Page 1 of 104
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`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1036
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`DISCLAIMER
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` This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
`Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
`employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty,
`express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
`usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use
`would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
`process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily
`constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government
`or any agency, contractor, or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed
`herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency
`thereof.
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`Authors
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`Norman Bardsley
`Stephen Bland
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`Lisa Pattison
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`Morgan Pattison
`Kelsey Stober
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`Fred Welsh
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`Mary Yamada
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` Bardsley Consulting
` SB Consulting
` SSLS, Inc.
` SSLS, Inc.
` Navigant Consulting, Inc.
` Radcliffe Advisors, Inc.
` Navigant Consulting, Inc.
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`Multi-Year Program Plan
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`E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
`
`According to a recent United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) report, lighting consumed
`about 18 percent of the total site electricity use in 2010 in the U.S. A second DOE report also finds
`that by 2025, solid-state lighting (SSL) technology offers the potential to save 217 terawatt-hours
`(TWh), or about one-third of current site electricity consumption used for lighting in the U.S. This
`projected savings corresponds to about 2.5 quadrillion British thermal units, of primary energy
`generation, which is approximately equal to the projected electricity generation of wind power and
`twelve times that of solar power in 2025. At a price of $0.10/kilowatt-hour, this would correspond to
`an annual dollar savings of $21.7 billion.
`
`The energy savings projections assume significant progress in the realization of efficient SSL
`sources, as well as widespread market adoption. Specifically, by 2025, SSL sources would need to
`realize a luminaire efficacy of 200 lumens per watt (lm/W) and market penetration, in terms of lumen-
`hours, of about 60 percent to achieve the 217 TWh energy savings potential. These formidable, but
`achievable, targets require a number of scientific and technical improvements.
`
`During the past year, SSL has shown some very significant advances:
`
`• Adoption of SSL products continues to increase. For 2013, the installed base of
`light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in the U.S. has increased in all LED applications,
`more than doubling from 2012 to about 105 million units.
`• Correspondingly, the annual energy cost savings from LEDs more than doubled in
`2013 from the previous year, increasing to $1.8 billion. That is enough money to
`pay the annual lighting electricity bill for over 14 million U.S. homes.
`• Cree and Philips have both announced the development of luminaire prototypes
`that have achieved efficacies of 200 lm/W, demonstrating the feasibility of
`reaching these performance levels.
`• LG Chem has commercialized organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panels with
`efficacy levels of 60 lm/W and a color rendering index of 90.
`• Konica Minolta has developed a prototype OLED panel with an efficacy of 131
`lm/W and lumen maintenance, L50, of 55,000 hours at 1,000 candelas per square
`meter for a device with an area of 15 square centimeters. They have also
`developed a flexible OLED panel with a thickness of only 70 micrometers.
`• LED A-lamp pricing continues to decline, with non-dimmable 60W A19
`replacement lamps now available for as little as $10 per bulb and dimmable lamps
`for as little as $13 per bulb. The price drops even further in regions with utility
`rebates.
`• The City of Los Angeles has completed a four-year, citywide street lighting
`replacement program and has installed over 140,000 LED streetlights. The total
`installed base of U.S. outdoor area and roadway LEDs exceeds 3.3 million.
`
`DOE's support for SSL is composed of three tightly integrated activities: Competitive Research and
`Development (R&D), Market-Based Technology Advancement, and Market Engagement.1 The first
`of these activities supports competitively awarded, cost-shared R&D projects to develop advances in
`efficacy and performance that might not otherwise happen without DOE funding. Three areas of
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`1 For more information about the SSL Program see: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/about.html
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`Multi-Year Program Plan
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`research are supported: Core Technology Research, Product Development, and Manufacturing
`R&D.
`
`Core Technology Research projects focus on applied research for technology development, with
`particular emphasis on meeting efficacy, performance, and cost targets. Product Development
`projects use knowledge gained from basic or applied research to develop or improve commercially
`viable materials, devices, or systems. This document, the DOE SSL Multi-Year Program Plan
`(MYPP), specifically addresses these two areas of research and serves to provide analysis and
`direction in support of advancing SSL technology. A companion document, the DOE SSL
`Manufacturing R&D Roadmap, addresses the third area of research and concentrates on what is
`needed to assure that high-quality, reduced cost products will be available in quantity and on time to
`meet rapidly rising demand.
`
`The MYPP is updated annually, reflecting progress towards the goals and the shifting R&D priorities.
`The document provides a view of the global market for SSL and discusses in detail the barriers to
`adoption, particularly with regard to associated technology developments. Section 2 reviews
`applications where SSL is rapidly gaining traction and areas in which LEDs or OLEDs may have
`particular advantages. One of the greatest of the barriers to adoption is selling price, so the
`discussion of economic considerations gets special attention. SSL will probably always be more
`expensive than conventional lighting on a first-cost basis; however, higher operating efficiency and
`longer operating lifetimes (reduced maintenance/replacement costs) ensure that LED lighting is
`highly competitive on a life-cycle basis.
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`Section 3 examines the current state of the art for SSL technology, and includes sections on source
`efficacy, luminaire performance, and reliability. The various factors affecting source efficacy for LED
`packages and OLED panels are discussed and likely practical limits are identified. A detailed
`analysis is presented on the maximum projected source efficacies for warm white and cool white
`LED packages using a variety of architectures. Possible routes to achieving a goal of 250 lm/W are
`described and the key technological enablers are identified. An equivalent analysis for OLEDs
`identifies the various trade-offs that must be made in the design of an OLED panel to meet a goal of
`190 lm/W. The incorporation of such components into luminaires involves additional losses and
`limits the ultimate efficacies achievable for SSL luminaires. These limits are analyzed, discussed,
`and compared to the state of the art for existing SSL products. From this analysis, we are able to
`identify the key scientific and technical breakthroughs required and use this information to help
`prioritize the research actions. Consideration is also given to SSL reliability and lifetime, the
`relationship between SSL and sustainability, and the status of global SSL R&D.
`
`In Section 4, we derive LED and OLED performance projections, overarching DOE SSL Program
`milestones, and specific, priority R&D tasks and targets that will contribute to the achievement of the
`projections and milestones. The priority R&D tasks are identified based on inputs from technology
`experts and participants at the 2014 DOE SSL R&D Workshop, held from January 28th to 30th in
`Tampa, Florida. Each task, where possible, includes specific metrics, current status, and goals
`against which we can track progress. Additionally, projections of progress towards the program
`efficacy goals are discussed and compared to current performance.
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`Three Core Technology Research tasks and two Product Development R&D tasks have been
`identified as priorities for LED lighting, while two Core Technology Research tasks and two Product
`Development R&D tasks have been identified for OLED lighting. These priorities, listed in the
`following table, were selected based on written input, discussions during the R&D Workshop, more
`detailed discussions within a selected focus group, and internal DOE discussions.
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`LED
`Core Technology Research
`A.1.2 Emitter Materials Research
`A.1.3 Down-Converters
`A.8.1 Light Quality Research
`Product Development
`B.6.3 System Reliability and Lifetime
`B.6.4 Novel LED Luminaire Systems
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`OLED
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`C.1.2 Stable White Devices
`C.6.3 Novel Light Extraction and Utilization
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`D.6.3 Panel Light Extraction
`D.4.2 OLED Luminaire
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`Basic background material on LEDs and OLEDs, definitions of component parts, and information on
`DOE programs, metrics, and goals can also be found in in the report. Details of the legislation and
`policies defining the program are not included in this document but links to them may be found on
`the DOE’s SSL website.1
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`Multi-Year Program Plan
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`Multi-Year Program Plan
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`S O L I D - S T A T E L I G H T I N G R E S E A R C H A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
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`T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
`1
`INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
`2 MARKET AND APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................... 5
`2.1 Global Lighting Market.................................................................................................. 5
`2.1.1 United States ........................................................................................................... 7
`2.1.2 Asia .......................................................................................................................... 8
`2.1.3 Europe ..................................................................................................................... 9
`2.1.4 Rest of the World ................................................................................................... 11
`2.1.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 11
`2.2 Applications for Solid-State Lighting .......................................................................... 12
`2.2.1 LED Replacement Lamps ..................................................................................... 14
`2.2.2 LED Luminaires ..................................................................................................... 14
`2.2.3 Outdoor LED Lamps and Luminaires .................................................................... 15
`2.2.4 OLED Luminaires .................................................................................................. 15
`2.2.5 Emerging Applications ........................................................................................... 16
`2.3 Economic Considerations ........................................................................................... 17
`2.3.1 Cost of Lighting Sources ....................................................................................... 17
`2.3.2 LED Package Prices .............................................................................................. 18
`2.3.3 LED Lamp and Luminaire Prices........................................................................... 20
`2.3.4 OLED Panel and Luminaire Prices ....................................................................... 22
`2.3.5 Summary ............................................................................................................... 23
`2.4 Other Barriers to Adoption .......................................................................................... 23
`3 TECHNOLOGY STATUS ................................................................................................ 26
`3.1 Source Efficacy ........................................................................................................... 26
`3.1.1 LED Package Efficacy ........................................................................................... 26
`3.1.2 OLED Panel Efficacy ............................................................................................. 36
`3.2 Luminaire Performance .............................................................................................. 41
`3.3 SSL Reliability and Lifetime ........................................................................................ 47
`3.4 SSL Sustainability ....................................................................................................... 49
`3.5 Global R&D Efforts in SSL ......................................................................................... 51
`3.5.1 LED-Based SSL Technology ................................................................................. 51
`3.5.2 OLED-Based SSL Technology .............................................................................. 52
`4 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN .................................................................... 55
`4.1 Goals and Projections ................................................................................................ 55
`4.1.1 Efficacy Projections for LEDs ................................................................................ 55
`4.1.2 Efficacy Projections for OLEDs ............................................................................. 57
`4.2 Milestones and Interim Goals ..................................................................................... 59
`4.3 Critical Priorities and Tasks ........................................................................................ 62
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`4.4 LED Priority R&D Tasks ............................................................................................. 63
`4.4.1 LED Core Technology Research Tasks ................................................................ 63
`4.4.2 LED Product Development Tasks ......................................................................... 66
`4.5 OLED Priority R&D Tasks .......................................................................................... 68
`4.5.1 OLED Core Technology Research Tasks ............................................................. 68
`4.5.2 OLED Product Development Tasks ...................................................................... 70
`4.6 Current SSL Project Portfolio ..................................................................................... 71
`5 APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. 76
`5.1 Program Organization ................................................................................................ 76
`5.1.1 DOE Solid-State Lighting Program Goals ............................................................. 76
`5.1.2 Significant SSL Program Accomplishments to Date ............................................. 77
`5.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................... 78
`5.2.1 Light-Emitting Diodes ............................................................................................ 78
`5.2.2 Organic Light-Emitting Diodes ............................................................................... 81
`5.2.3 Summary of LED Applications ............................................................................... 82
`5.3 MYPP Task Structure ................................................................................................. 83
`5.4 Patents ........................................................................................................................ 90
`6 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 91
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`T A B L E O F F I G U R E S
`Figure 1.1 2025 Projected Electricity Savings from SSL [3] .................................................................. 1
`Figure 2.1 Global Commercial Lighting Revenue Forecast, 2013-2020 [23] ........................................ 6
`Figure 2.2 Forecast of Shipments of Commercial Lamps and Luminaires, 2013-2020 [23] ................. 7
`Figure 2.3 U.S. Lighting Inventory, Electricity Consumption, and Lumen Production, 2010 ................ 7
`Figure 2.4 U.S. Migration Toward Energy-Efficient Light [1] [2] [24] ..................................................... 8
`Figure 2.5 Market Penetration of LED Lighting in China, 2010-2013 [26] ............................................ 9
`Figure 2.6 European Union Tertiary Lighting Stock Light Output, Teralumen-hours/year [27] ........... 10
`Figure 2.7 U.K. Residential Electricity Demand for Lighting [28] ........................................................ 11
`Figure 2.8 OLED Panel-based Luminaires Configured as 2-D (left) and 3-D (Right) Light Sculptures
`.............................................................................................................................................................. 16
`Figure 2.9 Price-Efficacy Trade-off for LED Packages at 35 A/cm2 and 25°C .................................... 19
`Figure 2.10 A19 Replacement Lamp Price Projection (60W Equivalent; Dimmable) ......................... 21
`Figure 2.11 K-Blade and Bonsai Table Lamps .................................................................................... 23
`Figure 3.1 Typical Simulated Optical Spectra for Each Approach Compared to Black-Body Curve
`(3000K, 85 CRI, R9>0) ......................................................................................................................... 28
`Figure 3.2 Warm-White pc-LED Package Loss Channels and Efficiencies ........................................ 33
`Figure 3.3 Warm-White RGB cm-LED Package Loss Channels and Efficiencies .............................. 35
`Figure 3.4 Emission Spectra from OLED Panels [48] ......................................................................... 37
`Figure 3.5 OLED Panel Loss Channels and Efficiencies .................................................................... 41
`Figure 3.6 Comparison of SSL and Incumbent Light Source Efficacies ............................................. 42
`Figure 3.7 LED Luminaire Efficiency Factors ...................................................................................... 44
`Figure 3.8 OLED Luminaires from Acuity, Selux, and Takahata Electronics ...................................... 47
`Figure 3.9 Energy Consumption Comparison from DOE LCA Study [54] ........................................... 50
`Figure 4.1 White-Light PC-LED Package Efficacy Projections for Commercial Product .................... 56
`Figure 4.2 White-Light OLED Panel Efficacy Projections .................................................................... 58
`Figure 4.3 DOE SSL Total Portfolio Summary, April 2014 .................................................................. 72
`Figure 4.4 Funding of SSL R&D Project Portfolio by Funder, April 2014 ............................................ 73
`Figure 4.5 DOE SSL Total Portfolio Summary by Recipient Group, April 2014.................................. 73
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`L I S T O F T A B L E S
`Table 2.1 U.S. Installed Base and Energy Savings of LED Lighting by Application [7] ...................... 13
`Table 2.2 Comparison of Typical Market Prices for Various Lighting Sources ................................... 17
`Table 2.3 Summary of LED Package Price and Performance Projections ......................................... 20
`Table 2.4 Typical Specifications and Prices for LED-Based Replacement Lamps ............................. 22
`Table 3.1 Estimated Efficacies for aN RGB cm-LED with CCT of 3000K and CRI of 85 (R9>0) ........ 29
`Table 3.2 Estimated Efficacies for aN RGBA cm-LED with CCT of 3000K and CRI of 85 (R9>0) ..... 29
`Table 3.3 Estimated Efficacies for a pc-LED with CCT of 3000K and CRI of 85 (R9>0) .................... 30
`Table 3.4 Estimated Efficacies OF a Hybrid-LED with CCT of 3000K and CRI of 85 (R9>0) ............. 31
`Table 3.5 Summary of Warm-White pc-LED Package Efficiencies and Efficacies ............................. 34
`Table 3.6 Summary of Warm-White cm-LED Package Efficiencies and Efficacies ............................ 36
`Table 3.7 OLED Laboratory Panels Reported in 2013 and 2014 ........................................................ 40
`Table 3.8 Components of OLED Panel Efficacy.................................................................................. 40
`Table 3.9 SSL Performance Compared to Other Lighting Technologies ............................................ 43
`Table 3.10 Breakdown of Warm-White1 LED Luminaire Efficiency Projections .................................. 45
`Table 3.11 Breakdown of OLED Luminaire Efficiency Projections ..................................................... 46
`Table 4.1 Comparison of Projections for LED Package Efficacy (lm/W) with the Outcome of Analyses
`Reported in Section 3.1.1 .................................................................................................................... 57
`Table 4.2 LG Chem Performance Roadmap at 3,000 cd/m2 ............................................................... 57
`Table 4.3 Progress Projections For OLED Commercial Panel Efficacy (lm/W) .................................. 59
`Table 4.4 LED Package and Luminaire Milestones ............................................................................ 60
`Table 4.5 OLED Panel and Luminaire Milestones .............................................................................. 61
`Table 4.6 Priority R&D Tasks............................................................................................................... 63
`Table 4.7 Assumptions for Wavelength and Color as Used in the Task Descriptions ........................ 63
`Table 4.8 SSL R&D Portfolio: Core Technology Research Projects, April 2014 ................................ 74
`Table 4.9 SSL R&D Portfolio: Product Development Projects, April 2014 .......................................... 74
`Table 4.10 SSL R&D Portfolio: Current Research Projects, April 2014 .............................................. 75
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`Multi-Year Program Plan
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`1 INTRODUCTION
`According to a recent United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) report, lighting consumed
`about 18 percent of the total site electricity use in 2010 in the U.S [1]. A second DOE report also
`finds that by 2025, solid-state lighting (SSL) technology offers the potential to save 217 terawatt-
`hours (TWh), or about one-third of current site electricity consumption used for lighting in the U.S.
`This projected savings in site energy consumption would correspond to about 2.5 quadrillion British
`thermal units (Btus), or “quads”, of primary energy generation, which is approximately equal to the
`projected electricity generation of wind power and twelve times that of solar power in 2025 (as
`shown in Figure 1.1). At a price of $0.10/kilowatt-hour, this would correspond to an annual dollar
`savings of $21.7 billion [2].
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`217 TWh
`The 2025 Projected Electricity
`Savings from Solid-State Lighting
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`100%
`2025 Projected Wind Power
`Electricity Generation
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`12X
`2025 Projected Solar Power
`Electricity Generation
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`20 Million
`U.S. Household Electricity Use
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`FIGURE 1.1 2025 PROJECTED ELECTRICITY SAVINGS FROM SSL [3]
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`This demonstrates that SSL provides a significant opportunity to reduce energy consumption,
`thereby improving domestic energy security and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S.
`Department of Energy has responded to this opportunity with the formation of the Solid-State
`Lighting Program.
`
`By 2025, the goal of the DOE SSL Program is to develop advanced solid-state lighting
`technologies that — compared to conventional lighting technologies — are much more energy
`efficient, longer lasting, and cost competitive by targeting a product system efficiency of 50
`percent with lighting that accurately reproduces sunlight spectrum.
`
`
`
`The energy savings projections assume significant progress in efficient SSL sources, as well as
`widespread market adoption. Specifically, by 2025, this analysis assumes SSL sources will reach a
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`luminaire efficacy of 200 lumens per watt (lm/W) and market penetration, in terms of lumen-hours, of
`about 60 percent. These are formidable but achievable targets. An analysis of the scientific and
`technical improvements necessary to achieve the 200 lm/W performance level is provided in
`Section 3. As we will discuss, significant progress has already been made, and market adoption is
`rapidly gaining momentum through product cost reductions, quality improvements, and consumer
`education [4].
`
`The potential benefits described in the previous paragraphs are based on likely developments in
`inorganic light emitting diode (LED) technology. DOE also supports research and development
`(R&D) in organic light emitting diode (OLED) technology. While OLED technology is not quite at the
`level of LED performance or cost-competitiveness, OLEDs offer profoundly different lighting
`capabilities that can complement LED sources. OLEDs can be large-area, low-brightness sources
`that could eventually be produced on large-area flexible sheets at low cost, whereas LEDs are small,
`high-brightness sources produced by semiconductor manufacturing processes. Analysis of OLED
`technology also shows a path to high efficacy, approaching that of LEDs. The combination of low-
`brightness and high-brightness sources can enable more effective utilization of light, further
`improving energy savings by using less light to achieve the target lighting levels (known as light
`utilization).
`
`This SSL R&D Multi-Year Program Plan (MYPP) strongly emphasizes improving lighting system
`efficiency, but also addresses other performance requirements that influence market adoption such
`as product life, color quality, color stability, and electronic control. Technology developments
`discussed in this document are also expected to be consistent with a path toward lower costs in
`order to promote higher levels of adoption. In addition, advancements in energy efficiency of the
`lighting products will also contribute to cost reductions. It has been estimated that one-third of the
`cost reduction of LED sources is due to improved efficiency, which not only yields more lumens per
`watt but also, effectively, more lumens per manufactured material or cost.
`
`There are two companion documents to the DOE SSL MYPP. The Market-based Technology
`Advancement Multi-Year Plan addresses other initiatives to promote adoption such as product
`quality testing (Caliper), innovative product competitions (Next Generation Luminaires), and
`deployment activities (Gateway). The DOE SSL Manufacturing Roadmap concentrates on what is
`needed to assure that high-quality, reduced-cost products will be available in quantity and on time to
`meet rapidly rising demand [5] [6].
`
`During the past year, SSL has shown some very significant advances:
`
`• Adoption of SSL products continues to increase. For 2013, the installed base of
`LEDs in the U.S. has increased in all LED applications, more than doubling from
`2012 to about 105 million units [7].
`• Correspondingly, the annual energy cost savings from LEDs more than doubled in
`2013 from the previous year, increasing to $1.8 billion. That is enough money to
`pay the annual lighting electricity bill for over 14 million U.S. homes [7].
`• Cree and Philips have both announced the development of luminaire prototypes
`that have achieved efficacies of 200 lm/W, demonstrating the feasibility of
`reaching these performance levels [8] [9].
`• LG Chem has commercialized organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panels with
`efficacy levels of 60 lm/W and color rendering index (CRI) of 90.
`• Konica Minolta has developed a prototype OLED panel with an efficacy of 131
`lm/W and lumen maintenance, L50, of 55,000 hours at 1,000 candelas per square
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`meter (cd/m2) for a device with an area of 15 square centimeters (cm2). They
`have also developed a flexible OLED panel with a thickness of only 70
`micrometers [10].
`• LED A-lamp pricing continues to decline, with non-dimmable, 60W A19
`replacement lamps now available for as little as $10 per bulb and dimmable lamps
`for as little as $13 per bulb. The price drops even further in regions with utility
`rebates.
`• The City of Los Angeles has completed a four-year, citywide street lighting
`replacement program and has installed over 140,000 LED streetlights. The total
`installed base of U.S. outdoor area and roadway LEDs exceeds 3.3 million [7].
`
`SSL has progressed rapidly over the past few years to the point that SSL is assumed by many to
`become the dominant lighting technology by 2025 [2]. However, there are still many technical and
`market opportunities for reaching the full performance and adoption potential of SSL more rapidly.
`Some of these opportunities are listed below:
`
`• While LED lights now have a lower cost of ownership in many applications, the first cost of
`LED lighting discourages adoption. Advancements in more efficient technologies and
`manufacturing can further reduce the first cost. There is also a corresponding opportunity to
`educate consumers to look beyond the first cost and consider the full cost of ownership in
`their purchasing decision.
`• Power supply units for OLEDs and LEDs that are small, efficient, and low cost are needed.
`There is an opportunity to reduce waste, improve recyclability, and upgradability with
`appropriate designs.
`• Uncertainties in product lifetime and reliability are also barriers to adoption. Lumen
`maintenance of LED-based lighting products is becoming better understood; however,
`predicting catastrophic failure and unacceptable color shift is still difficult and requires new
`research and an improved testing and modeling framework.
`• LED replacement products for a 100W A19 incandescent lamp are still not widely available.
`• The development of new lighting form factors beyond replacement lamps and luminaires that
`take full advantage of SSL technology has not yet widely occurred. SSL beneficial form
`factors and systems that take advantage of the inherent controllability of SSL are expected to
`enable further efficiency, cost, and lighting performance improvements.
`• For OLEDs, the development of control over the beam shape would allow one to increase
`the effectiveness of light delivery and to provide contrasting light levels.
`• Next generation lighting opportunities are becoming more abundant and demand for
`customizable, controllable lighting is increasing.
`
`The MYPP serves to provide analysis and direction in support of advancing SSL technology. The
`document is organized into the following sections. Section 2 provides a view of the global market for
`SSL and discusses in detail the barriers to adoption, particularly with regard to associated
`technology developments. The section on lighting applications reviews where SSL is rapidly gaining
`traction and areas in which LEDs or OLEDs may have particular advantages. The greatest of the
`barriers to adoption is selling price, so the discussion of economic considerations ge