Design & Engineering Services
`
`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit
`Billboards
`
`ET 08.12 Report
`
`Prepared by:
`
`Design & Engineering Services
`Customer Service Business Unit
`Southern California Edison
`
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 1 of 58
`
`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1018
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Acknowledgements
`Southern California Edison’s Design & Engineering Services (DES) group is responsible for
`this project. It was developed as part of Southern California Edison’s Emerging Technology
`program under internal project number ET 08.12. DES project manager, Jack Melnyk,
`conducted this technology evaluation with overall guidance and management from Juan
`Menendez. Integrated Lighting Concepts gathered the data and ADM Associates, Inc.
`prepared this report for Southern California Edison. For more information on this project,
`contact jack.melnyk@sce.com.
`
`Disclaimer
`
`This report was developed by SCE and funded by California utility customers under the
`auspices of the California Public Utilities Commission. Reproduction or distribution of the
`whole or any part of the contents of this document without the express written permission
`of SCE is prohibited. This work was performed with reasonable care and in accordance with
`professional standards. However, neither SCE nor any entity performing the work pursuant
`to SCE’s authority make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with regard
`to this report, the merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose of the results of the
`work, or any analyses, or conclusions contained in this report. The results reflected in the
`work are generally representative of operating conditions; however, the results in any other
`situation may vary depending upon particular operating conditions.
`
`
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 2 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
`
`CCD
`
`CMH
`
`CCT
`
`CRI
`
`EB
`
`fc
`
`HID
`
`HPS
`
`IES
`
`ILC
`
`LED
`
`LDD
`
`LLD
`
`LLF
`
`lm
`
`LPD
`
`LPW
`
`MH
`
`mW
`
`kW
`
`kWh
`
`nm
`
`NPV
`
`PSMH
`
`ROI
`
`SCE
`
`Charge Coupled Device
`
`Ceramic Metal Halide
`Correlated Color Temperature1
`
`Color Rendering Index
`
`Electronic Ballast
`
`Footcandle
`
`High Intensity Discharge
`
`High Pressure Sodium
`
`Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
`
`Integrated Lighting Concepts, Inc.
`
`Light Emitting Diodes
`
`Lamp Dirt Depreciation
`
`Lamp Lumen Depreciation
`
`Light Loss Factor
`
`Lumen
`
`Lighting Power Density
`
`Lumens per watt
`
`Metal Halide
`
`milliwatt
`
`kilowatt
`
`kilowatt-hour
`
`nanometer
`
`Net Present Value
`
`Pulse Start Metal Halide
`
`Return on Investment
`
`Southern California Edison Company
`
`SCLTC
`
`Southern California Lighting Technology Center
`
`W
`
`watt
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`
`Page i
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 3 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`FIGURES
`Figure 1. Photometric testing at the outdoor facility .........................6
`Figure 2. Integrating sphere used for light output measurements at
`SCLTC ..................................................................... 12
`Figure 3. Six surveyed billboards illuminated by various lighting
`solutions .................................................................. 33
`Figure 4. Light Output vs. Ambient Temperature for Standard and
`Amalgam T5 Linear Fluorescent Lamps ......................... 45
`Figure 5. The latest lumen dirt depreciation curve for outdoor
`fixtures .................................................................... 47
`
`
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`
`Page ii
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 4 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`TABLES
`
`Table 1. Recommended Billboard Illuminance and Power Usage .........7 
`Table 2. Warm-Up Times For Various Light Sources........................ 12 
`Table 3. Manufacturers' Specifications For The Various Sources And
`Ballasts.................................................................... 15 
`Table 4. SCLTC Measurement Results For Lamp/Ballast/Fixture
`Combinations............................................................ 16 
`Table 5. Measured and Simulated Light Outputs and Uniformities..... 17 
`Table 6. Visual Impact of the Baseline and Five "Class Winner"
`Fixture Configurations ................................................ 18 
`Table 7. Performance of the Two Baseline and Six "Class Winner"
`Fixture Configurations ................................................ 19 
`Table 8. Costs For Two Baseline and Six "Class Winner" Fixture
`Configurations .......................................................... 20 
`Table 9. 20-Year Net Present Value Costs For The Various
`Candidate Fixtures..................................................... 23 
`Table 10. 20-YearSimple Annualized Return on Investment For The
`Various Candidate Fixtures ......................................... 24 
`Table 11. The Percentage of Billboards That Will Need Servicing vs.
`The Number of Fixtures Per Billboard and The Average
`Lamp Life ................................................................. 26 
`Table 12. Rankings For Two Baseline and Five "Class Winner"
`Fixture Configuration ................................................. 27 
`
`
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`
`Page iii
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 5 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`CONTENTS
`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY _______________________________________________ 2 
`
`INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________________ 3 
`Background of Billboard Illumination .........................................3 
`Alternatives to First Generation Metal Halide Lamps ...............4 
`Energy Efficiency Regulations..............................................4 
`Project Objectives ..................................................................4 
`Methodology..........................................................................5 
`Test Sites..............................................................................5 
`Lighting Recommendations And Baseline Lighting Characteristics ..6 
`Recommended Illumination Levels .......................................6 
`Power Requirements ..........................................................7 
`Achieving the Lighting Recommendations ..................................7 
`Baseline Technology ...............................................................7 
`Alternative Lighting Solutions...................................................9 
`Metal Halide Systems.........................................................9 
`Induction Systems.............................................................9 
`LED Systems ....................................................................9 
`Linear Fluorescent Systems .............................................. 10 
`
`TECHNICAL APPROACH ____________________________________________ 11 
`Lab Tests at the SCLTC ......................................................... 11 
`Field Measurements.............................................................. 12 
`Light Level Simulations ......................................................... 13 
`Hours of Operation ............................................................... 13 
`Visual Impact Survey............................................................ 13 
`Illuminance Recordings ......................................................... 14 
`
`RESULTS ________________________________________________________ 15 
`Results from SCLTC .............................................................. 15 
`Results from Field Light Level Measurements............................ 16 
`Visual Impact Survey Results................................................. 18 
`
`DISCUSSION _____________________________________________________ 19 
`Short List of Most Competitive Fixtures.................................... 19 
`Economics........................................................................... 22 
`Operation of Extant Billboard Lighting Stock........................ 25 
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`
`Page iv
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 6 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`Durability Considerations....................................................... 26 
`Overall Competitiveness........................................................ 27 
`Other Considerations ............................................................ 28 
`
`CONCLUSION____________________________________________________ 30 
`
`RECOMMENDATIONS ______________________________________________ 31 
`
`APPENDIX A: PHOTOGRAPHS OF LIT BILLBOARDS _________________________ 32 
`
`APPENDIX B: VISUAL IMPACT SURVEY__________________________________ 34 
`
`APPENDIX C: LUMINANCE CAMERA STUDY______________________________ 44 
`
`APPENDIX D: AMALGAM LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS_____________________ 45 
`
`APPENDIX E: DETERMINATION OF LIGHT LOSS FACTORS ____________________ 46 
`
`APPENDIX F: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ___________________________________ 48 
`
`APPENDIX G: RESULTS OF BARE LAMP TESTS AT SCLTC_____________________ 50 
`Item 01 – 330W Pulse Start / Probe Start Ceramic Metal Halide .. 50 
`Item 02 – 400W Pulse Start Metal Halide................................. 50 
`
`REFERENCES _____________________________________________________ 51 
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`
`Page v
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 7 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
`
`Southern California Edison’s (SCE) Emerging Technology Program assesses technologies
`that have the potential to reduce electric energy use. This report assesses the energy
`savings potential and attendant visual impacts of four advanced lighting sources and
`systems used to externally light billboards.
`
`The main objectives of this project are to determine:
`(cid:132)
`
`Available lighting energy savings from the new and improved systems vs. baseline
`metal halide systems.
`
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`(cid:132)
`
`Light levels and uniformity provided by the new systems.
`
`Visual impacts, as determined by a subjective survey of users of various new
`systems.
`
`Correlation of the subjective survey results to the objective energy and photometric
`results.
`
`In September 2009 12 sign lighting systems, baseline and new source, were designed,
`procured, prepared, and assembled for lab, field, and subjective survey tests.
`
`A cross-section of manufacturers was invited to participate. Each was given requirements
`for meeting benchmarks for target light levels and uniformities based on the
`recommendations of Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IES) as well as the
`present baseline of the customer. This yielded 15 lab and 15 field tests, which produced a
`baseline as well as five source class winners. The visual impacts of the baseline and source
`class winners were surveyed in late November 2009, completing the project.
`One hundred and sixty-eight footcandle (fc) measurements were taken, per field test,
`uniformly on a 14’h x 48’w billboard. The billboard was lit at various times by several metal
`halide, linear fluorescent, induction fluorescent, and LED light-sets. One lighting solution
`had the highest visual impact, best average and maintained illuminance levels as well as the
`lowest 20-year lifecycle cost. This lighting solution consisted of two fixtures, each housing a
`400 watt (W) Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) source and magnetic ballast. This solution
`resulted in approximately 951 kilowatt hour (kWh) annual energy savings per billboard
`compared to the most likely Baseline lighting configuration, and 1,283 kWh annual energy
`savings against the Title 24 requirement. In addition to identifying a market-available
`lighting solution that may save 951 kWh per billboard in SCE service territory, two other
`worthy candidates were discovered in this report. The first is a lighting configuration that
`uses 16 amalgam fluorescent lamps (four lamps per fixture and four fixtures) and provides
`comparable performance and energy savings to the aforementioned CMH configuration at a
`similar cost. The second is a LED-based system that can outperform all candidate lighting
`systems in most categories except cost. The abundance of market-available and cost-
`effective (or, soon to be cost-effective) lighting solutions suggests that the California Title
`24 lighting power density allowance of 2.3 watts per square foot of signage can be reduced
`to 2.0 W/ft2 or even lower with minimal economic impact on the operators of lighted
`billboards in California. Economic life cycle cost analyses conducted in support of this study
`indicate that the efficient lighting solutions are cost-effective for newly constructed
`billboards and also can act as a retrofit to existing billboards.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`Page 2
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 8 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The purpose of this study is to characterize the performance of the baseline and various
`new sources to externally lit billboards. Probe start metal halide (MH), standard color
`rendering and high color rendering index (CRI)2, quartz pulse start metal halide (PSMH),
`and ceramic metal halide (CMH), a high CRI source, all were tested with magnetic ballasts.
`Electronic ballasts (EB), standard CRI, PSMH, and linear fluorescent amalgam T5HO
`systems, were tested. Induction fluorescent and LED systems were also tested. Finally, new
`330W CMH lamps are available to directly replace (no ballast change required) 400W MH or
`PSMH lamps. These 330W lamps were lab and field tested.
`
`BACKGROUND OF BILLBOARD ILLUMINATION
`
`The primary purpose of billboard lighting is to capture attention and deliver a product
`or idea message to motorists. Billboard illumination strives to maintain, at nighttime,
`the same impression that a billboard imparts to motorists during daytime. It does so
`by maintaining the juxtaposition of the typically bright, bold colors that comprise
`most billboard signage. Additional important design considerations are:
`(cid:132)
`Minimizing maintenance costs by reducing the frequency of lamp replacement
`and increasing the ease of accessing the fixture.
`Minimizing any potential shadows that may be cast on the billboards during
`daytime by the light fixtures.
`Minimizing light trespass to the sides of the sign and upward light pollution.
`
`(cid:132)
`
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`Preventing excessive light from billboard (a light source itself) to the
`observer’s eye
`
`Improving energy efficiency
`
`(cid:132)
`Due to their extended life and low operating costs (energy efficiency); high intensity
`discharge (HID) sources have dominated the outdoor illumination market. Initially,
`high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps dominated most of the outdoor lighting market,
`but because of poor CRI they weren’t often used for signage. MH lamps, with their
`much improved light quality, were restricted to high-end applications due to their
`shorter life, and lower luminous efficacy. Billboard illumination is one of the “high-
`end” markets, where the need for high color rendering has naturally led to a market
`dominated by MH lamps. The MH lamps have several notable drawbacks, such as an
`undesirable shift in light color and poor lumen maintenance. Most light sources grow
`dimmer with age, and an illumination metric called lumen maintenance describes the
`severity of this effect. MH lamps achieve 48% of initial light levels at the end of their
`service lives and their lumen maintenance is 0.48. Much of the billboard lighting
`market relies on first generation MH lamps. Other sources, and newer generations of
`MH lamps (PSMH, CMH, and high CRI PSMH) demonstrate marked improvement in
`lumen maintenance.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`Page 3
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 9 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`(cid:138)
`
`(cid:138)
`
`ALTERNATIVES TO FIRST GENERATION METAL HALIDE LAMPS
`Advancements in lighting technologies allowed for several alternatives to standard
`probe-start MH lamps that are appropriate for illuminating billboards. These include:
`(cid:138)
`Pulse-Start Metal Halide (PSMH) Lamps: These are second generation MH
`lamps that provide higher luminous efficacies and better lumen maintenance
`than probe start MH lamps. PSMH lamps are approaching 100 lumens per
`watt (lm/W) in luminous efficacy. High CRI versions are also available and
`were tested.
`Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) and high CRI quartz PSMH (HPSMH) Lamps:
`These are third generation MH lamps, have the highest CRI of all gas
`discharge lamps, and retain light levels and color stability better than other
`gas discharge lamps. Moreover, the luminous efficacies of CMH and PSMH
`lamps have luminous efficacies at or near 90 lm/W. With these attributes, the
`duo is poised to supplant HPS, MH, and PSMH as the dominant HID light
`sources where high CRI is important.
`Light Emitting Diodes (LED): LED has recently entered the outdoor lighting
`market and is rapidly improving. LED has a long lifetime (50,000 to 150,000
`hours3), design lumen depreciation of about 30% in the 40,000 to 50,000
`hours range, high bare-chip luminous efficacy (85 to 108 lumens per watt
`(LPW)), and high CRI (70 to 80+).
`High Efficiency T5HO Fluorescent Light Fixtures: These have similar efficacies
`and better color rendering than LED, and at a fraction of the cost. The lamps
`also feature lifetimes from 20,000 to 35,000 hours, and low lumen
`depreciation.
`Induction Fluorescent Lamps: These were invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891
`but the design was not used for almost 100 years. Modern induction lamps
`came to market in the early 1990’s and boasted luminous efficacies of about
`70 lm/W, having good color rendering at about 80, and system lifetimes of
`100,000 hours.
`
`(cid:138)
`
`(cid:138)
`
`ENERGY EFFICIENCY REGULATIONS
`Both 2005 and 2008 California Title 24 regulations require that all externally
`illuminated outdoor signage either comply with a maximum wattage allowance of 2.3
`W/ft2
` or limit the usage lighting technology to a short list of efficient technologies
`(e.g. LED, Fluorescent) which excludes probe start metal halide lamps. Moreover,
`CA Title 20 regulations limit all probe start ballasts manufactured after January 1,
`2009 to have a minimum ballast efficiency of 94 percent. This essentially phases out
`probe start ballasts as they do not achieve 94 percent efficiency.
`
`PROJECT OBJECTIVES
`
`The main objectives of this project are to determine the:
`(cid:132)
`
`Lighting energy savings that can be achieved by using various new and/or
`improved signage systems in lieu of 400W baseline probe start metal halide
`with magnetic constant wattage autotransformer (CWA) ballasts.
`
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`Light levels and attendant uniformities provided by the various systems.
`Cost/benefit comparisons of baseline versus the new systems.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`Page 4
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 10 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`(cid:132)
`
`(cid:132)
`
`Visual impact, as determined by a subjective survey, of the various new
`systems against baseline.
`Correlation of the subjective responses to the subjective parameters listed
`above.
`The following sections describe the tests and analyses used to achieve these main
`project objectives.
`
`METHODOLOGY
`
`This study strives to consider a wide range of potential lighting solutions and to
`obtain both field and lab measurements, focus-group survey data, and economic
`analysis for the most competitive lighting technologies in the billboard lighting
`market. As a result, it was necessary to have a two-stage filtering system for
`consideration of candidate technologies. During the first stage of filtering, SCE
`technical staff made a survey of all market-available lighting technologies and
`distilled a list of the light sources that were likely to meet the billboard lighting
`criteria. Several representatives from each category were contacted and invited to
`enter their lighting solutions for further study. During the second stage of filtering,
`field photometric measurements, lab photometric and power measurements, as well
`as AGI32 computer models were employed to identify the most competitive lighting
`solutions from several competing technologies. These included HID, LED, and
`Induction and Linear Fluorescent. Further studies, such as an economic life cycle cost
`analysis and a customer focus-group survey, supported by full-scale billboard demos,
`were conducted for the resulting “short-list” of lighting solutions.
`
`TEST SITES
`
`There were three test sites used in this study. Integrating Sphere tests were
`conducted at SCE’s Southern California Lighting Technology Center (SCLTC) in
`Irwindale, CA. Photometric measurements were taken at an outdoor facility in Los
`Angeles, CA as shown in Figure 1. After the direct measurements, six full size
`billboards (one the MH baseline and the others source class winners as determined
`by the lab, computer and field tests) were shown to a walk-by audience of over 320
`in a movie studio in Studio City; all 320 individuals surveyed completed a
`questionnaire.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`Page 5
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 11 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`FIGURE 1. PHOTOMETRIC TESTING AT THE OUTDOOR FACILITY
`
`
`
`LIGHTING RECOMMENDATIONS AND BASELINE LIGHTING
`CHARACTERISTICS
`
`RECOMMENDED ILLUMINATION LEVELS
`The IES Lighting Handbook4 recommends illuminance levels between 20 and 100
`footcandles (fc) and uniformity, defined as the ratio of maximum to minimum light
`levels, of 4.0 or less for billboards. The 20 fc level is most applicable for billboards
`since they are reflective surfaces with dark surrounds. The IES Lighting Handbook
`also recommends that light fixtures should not cause much glare or obstruct the view
`of the billboard. It is important to note that, in the case of billboards, the IES
`guidelines are not legal requirements as they often are for other lighting
`applications. The IES recommendations for uniformity in billboard lighting are
`considered unrealistic versus most of the technologies studies since only one of the
`tested technologies achieved a maximum to minimum light level ratio under 4.0. The
`current industry standard practice of four 400W Probe Start MH fixtures, however,
`does not achieve a maximum to minimum uniformity ratio of 4.0, but is able to
`achieve an average to minimum uniformity ratio of 4.0. As a result, we base our
`recommended illumination characteristics on current standard practice. The
`recommended lighting characteristics are a minimum in-service illumination of 20 fc,
`and uniformity, defined as the ratio of average light level to minimum light level, of
`4.0 or less.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`Page 6
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 12 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`POWER REQUIREMENTS
`California Title 245 limits outdoor signage lighting power density (LPD) based on
`lighting application. In particular, the 2008 Non-residential Compliance Manual allows
`up to 2.3 watts per square foot of externally illuminated signage. According to the
`guidelines in the manual, the illuminated area attributable to the 12 lights is 48’h x
`14’w = 672 ft2, and the corresponding lighting power allowance is 1,546W. The
`current industry practice of four 400W MH fixtures does not comply with the
`California 2005 Title 24 code. However, a number of market-available lighting
`solutions that can exceed the current standard baseline and comply with California
`Title 24 have been identified. Table 1 lists the illumination and power usage
`recommendations for billboard lighting.
`
`TABLE 1. RECOMMENDED BILLBOARD ILLUMINANCE AND POWER USAGE
`
`LIGHTING PARAMETER R
`Minimum In-Service Illuminance (fc)
`
`Uniformity Ratio, Maximum-to-Minimum
`Maximum Power Usage watts/ft2
`
`ECOMMENDED LEVEL
`20
`
`4:1
`
`2.3
`
`ACHIEVING THE LIGHTING RECOMMENDATIONS
`
`In lighting design it is customary to specify an initial illuminance that exceeds the
`design illumination goal in order to compensate for lumen depreciation that occurs
`over time. Typically, the minimum in-service illumination is estimated, and the initial
`lumens are specified such that the minimum in-service illumination meets or exceeds
`the design illumination goal.
`
`Two distinct lumen depreciation factors are used to estimate the minimum in-service
`illumination levels, based on initial photometric measurements. The product of the
`two factors is called the systemic light loss factor (LLF).
`
`The first depreciation factor is the lamp lumen depreciation (LLD), which is the ratio
`of a lamp’s illuminance at re-lamping time to a lamp’s initial illuminance.
`
`The second factor is luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD), which is the gradual decrease
`in fixture light output caused by dirt accumulation. LDD is the ratio of a lamp
`fixture’s illuminance at replacement or cleaning time to initial illuminance, assuming
`that lamp sources are of equal illuminance at both times.
`
`The overall loss of light is the product of the two aforementioned factors and is
`determined individually for each source/fixture combination listed in this report. The
`determination of the LLFs is discussed in Appendix E: Determination of Light Loss
`Factors.
`
`BASELINE TECHNOLOGY
`
`The predominant lighting configuration consists of four fixtures, each housing a
`400W probe start MH lamp. This lighting configuration exceeds the 2.3 W/ft2 lighting
`power density allotted by current California 2008 Title 24 requirements. The
`following three lighting configurations closely most resemble the existing market
`solution yet comply with the upcoming Title 24 regulation:
`1. Four with 320W standard or high CRI quartz PSMH lamps (326W and 368W
`connected respectively),
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`Page 7
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 13 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`2. Four 330W (380W connected) high CRI CMH lamps that require no new
`ballast and can work with either probe-start or pulse-start ballasts.
`3. Three 400W (455W connected) PSMH lamps
`In this report, the 4 x 400W MH setup will be referred to as the United States
`Baseline configuration, while a 3 x 400W (455W connected) PSMH setup will be
`referred to as the California Baseline lighting configuration.
`The United States Baseline MH fixture/source combination has the following ratings:
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`A bare-lamp initial light output of 32,000 lm
`A fixture efficiency of 59%
`
`A power requirement of 400W (without ballasts) and 455W (with ballasts)
`
`A rated bare lamp initial luminous efficacy of 80 lm/W (32,000 lm/400W) and
`a combined fixture, lamp, and ballast initial luminous efficacy of 41.5 LPW
`(18,880 lm/455W)
`A CRI of 62
`
`A rated lifetime of 15,000 hours
`A ratio of light output at 15,000 hours (spot re-lamping time) to initial light
`output is 0.50
`Four fixtures per 14’h x 48’w billboard
`
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`(cid:132)
`
`
`
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`The California Baseline Fixture has the following ratings:
`(cid:132)
`A bare-lamp initial light output of 31,000 lm
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`A fixture efficiency of 59%
`A power requirement of 400W (without ballasts) and 455W (with ballasts)
`
`A rated bare lamp initial luminous efficacy of 78 lm/W (31,000 lm/400W) and
`a combined fixture, lamp, and ballast initial luminous efficacy of 40.2 LPW
`(18,290 lm/455W)
`A CRI of 65
`
`A rated lifetime of 15,000 hours
`
`The ratio of light output at 15,000 hours (suggested group re-lamping time)
`to initial light output is 0.81
`
`(cid:132)
`Three fixtures per 14’h x 48’w billboard
`This configuration is called the California Baseline because it conforms to Title 24
`requirements and has a LPD of 2.03W/ft2; it is the configuration that is most similar
`to the newly constructed (post-2005) billboard lighting stock in SCE service territory.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`
`
`
`Page 8
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 14 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`ALTERNATIVE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS
`
`Systems that employ three or four MH fixtures
`
`Systems that employ two MH fixtures
`Systems that employ four linear fluorescent fixtures
`
`Systems that employ three or four induction fixtures
`Systems that employ four LED fixtures
`
`There were 13 separate lighting configurations field-tested (15 total including 2
`retests) at the outdoor facility in Los Angeles. Additionally, five lighting
`configurations were simulated, but not tested. The various lighting solutions can be
`placed in broad categories including:
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`Systems that provide a continuous linear LED source.
`
`METAL HALIDE SYSTEMS
`The MH systems included the United States Baseline probe start source, standard
`and high CRI PSMH sources on magnetic ballasts, a standard PSMH on electronic
`ballasts, and CMH sources on magnetic ballasts. The study also included novel CMH
`sources that can be used with both pulse-start and probe-start ballasts. There were
`two types of fixtures used, both from the same manufacturer, for all the
`MH/PSMH/HPSMH/CMH tests. The standard fixture is designed so that three or four
`ballasts are required per 48’h x 14’w billboard; additionally, a newer fixture by the
`same manufacturer satisfies the task with just two fixtures per billboard. Source
`wattages ranged from 295 to 400 nominal watts; one manufacturer’s lamp, the
`quartz high CRI, has a 320W nominal but 295W spec sheet. There were 10
`configurations of MH-type lighting systems considered in this study.
`
`INDUCTION SYSTEMS
`The induction systems in this study used 165W and 200W sources. A four-fixture
`150W system was also simulated, but never made it to the lab or field tests because
`it failed to start after its successful 100-hour burn-in. Repeated attempts to revive it
`failed and we pronounced it dead. Sources were provided by three manufacturers,
`and there were two types of fixtures tested. However, only one fixture type was
`specifically designed for billboard lighting. There were four configurations of
`induction lighting systems in this study.
`
`LED SYSTEMS
`Two LED lighting systems were tested. The first system was essentially a roadway
`fixture, while the second system was designed solely for illuminating outdoor
`signage. The two systems varied significantly in ease of installation, LED source
`quality, and performance.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`Page 9
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 15 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`LINEAR FLUORESCENT SYSTEMS
`One manufacturer submitted four- lamp T5HO fluorescent fixtures for study. These
`fixtures are an area light derivative with asymmetric reflectors designed to meet the
`required duty. They use amalgam lamps that provide more light over a wider range
`of ambient temperatures than standard lamps. These lamps are discussed briefly in
`Appendix D: Amalgam Linear Fluorescent Lamps. A major outdoor signage provider’s
`previous experience with these fixtures suggests that minor design improvements
`are necessary to strengthen fittings and mountings and also improve water
`tightness.
`
`Southern California Edison
`Design & Engineering Services
`
`Page 10
`January 4, 2010
`
`Page 16 of 58
`
`

`

`Advanced Lighting Systems for Externally Lit Billboards
`
`ET 08.12
`
`TECHNICAL APPROACH
`
`Light output levels
`Light quality
`
`Power usage
`Power quality factors
`
`Comparative measurements of the lighting systems were taken. Laboratory measurements
`included:
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`Field measurements included:
`(cid:132)
`Determining the average light levels delivered on the test billboard,
`(cid:132)
`(cid:132)
`
`Determining the light uniformity on target
`Surveying 320 observers’ reactions to six billboards illuminated by several competin