Designed for
`Designed for
`:.1!”
`• -:PS
`
`Microsoft®
`Microsoft°
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`Windows NT®
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`The Ultimate Computer Reference
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`Microsoft Press puler
`ionary
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`• Over 7,600 terms and definitions
`• 345 illustrations and diagrams
`• Extensive Internet and Web coverage
`• Featured in Microsoft" Bookshelf " 97
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`Microsoft Press
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, cover
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, cover
`
`

`

`"Today's culture is computerized, and
`computerized culture means continuous
`vocabulary updates. The Microsoft
`Press Computer Dictionary is the
`perfect way to clear up a puzzling word
`or phrase in computer culture."
`Michael Heim, Ph.D.,
`author of Electric
`Language (1987) and
`Virtual Realism (1997)
`
`Microsoft Press publishes quality end-
`user training, reference, and technical
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`software easier, more enjoyable, and
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`Visit the Microsoft Press Web site at
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`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page i
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page i
`
`

`

`Micros
`
`Computer
`/D!mter
`C D/
`Dictionary
`
`Third Edition
`Third Edition
`
`MicrosoftoPress
`Microsoft®Press
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page ii
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page ii
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 10 9 8 7
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 1 0 9 8 7
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`Publishing Corporation.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
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`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
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`mspress.microsoft.com.
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`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directlnput, DirectX,
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directlnput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
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`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
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`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page iii
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page iii
`
`

`

`Contents
`
`Introduction
`Introduction
`
`Dictionary
`Dictiommamry
`of Computer Terms
`of Computer Terms
`
`Appendix A
`
`ASCII Character Set
`ASCII Character Set
`520
`
`Appendix U
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`Appendix C
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`G24
`524
`
`i~’,, i,i ~,~ ~i~ t ~,~I-
`APpelliii% I)
`
`EBCDIC Character Set
`EBCDIC Character Set
`5211
`5111
`
`Appendix E'
`
`Numeric Equivalents
`Numeric Equivalents
`sms
`534
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page iv
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page iv
`
`

`

`cabling diagram
`
`CAL
`
`which have speeds of 500 kilobits per second
`which have speeds of 500 kilobits per second
`(Kbps), can generally transmit data faster than cur-
`(Kbps), can generally transmit data faster than cur-
`rent conventional modems. See also coaxial cable,
`rent conventional modems. See also coaxial cable,
`modem.
`modem.
`cabling diagram \ ka'bo-leng ea -gram \ n. A
`cabling diagram \k~’bo-l~ng d~’a-gram\ n. A
`plan that shows the path of cables that attach com-
`plan that shows the path of cables that attach com-
`puter system components or peripherals. Cabling
`puter system components or peripherals. Cabling
`diagrams are particularly important for explaining
`diagrams are particularly important for explaining
`the connection of disk drives to a disk controller.
`the connection of disk drives to a disk controller.
`cache \ kash \ n. A special memory subsystem in
`cache \kash\ n. A special memo13r subsystem in
`which frequently used data values are duplicated
`which frequently used data values are duplicated
`for quick access. A memory cache stores the con-
`for quick access. A memory cache stores the con-
`tents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the
`tents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the
`addresses where these data items are stored. When
`addresses where these data items are stored. When
`the processor references an address in memory, the
`the processor references an address in memory, the
`cache checks to see whether it holds that address.
`cache checks to see whether it holds that address.
`If it does hold the address, the data is returned to
`If it does hold the address, the data is returned to
`the processor; if it does not, a regular memory
`the processor; if it does not, a regular memory
`access occurs. A cache is useful when RAM accesses
`access occurs. A cache is useful when RAM accesses
`are slow compared with the microprocessor speed,
`are slow compared with the microprocessor speed,
`because cache memory is always faster than main
`because cache memow is always faster than main
`RAM memory. See also disk cache, wait state.
`RAM memory. See also disk cache, wait state.
`cache card \ kasha kard \ n. An expansion card
`cache card \kash" k~rd\ n. An expansion card
`that increases a system's cache memory. See also
`that increases a system’s cache memory. See also
`cache, expansion board.
`cache, expansion board.
`cache memory \ kasha mem ar-e \ n. See cache.
`cache memory \kash" mere’or-e\ n. See cache.
`CAD \ kad, C'A-D'\ n. Acronym ,for computer-
`CAD \kad, C’A-D*\ n. Acronym for computer-
`aided design. A system of programs and worksta-
`aided design. A syste~n of programs and worksta-
`tions used in designing engineering, architectural,
`tions used in designing engineering, architectural,
`and scientific models ranging from simple tools to
`and scientific models ranging from simple tools to
`buildings, aircraft, integrated circuits, and mole-
`buildings, aircraft, integrated circuits, and mole-
`cules. Various CAD applications create objects in
`cules. Various CAD applications create objects in
`two or three dimensions, presenting the results as
`two or three dimensions, presenting the results as
`wire-frame "skeletons," as more substantial models
`wire-frame "skeletons," as more substantial models
`with shaded surfaces, or as solid objects. Some pro-
`with shaded surfaces, or as solid objects. Some pro-
`grams can also rotate or resize models, show inte-
`grams can also rotate or resize models, show inte-
`rior views, generate lists of materials required for
`rior views, generate lists of materials required for
`construction, and perform other allied functions.
`construction, and perform other allied functions.
`CAD programs rely on mathematics, often requir-
`CAD programs rely on mathematics, often requi>
`ing the computing power of a high-performance
`ing the computing power of a high-performance
`workstation. See also CAD/CAM, I-CASE.
`workstation. See also CAD/CAM, I-CASE.
`C-A-M'\ n. Acronym
`CAD/CAM \kad’kam, C-A-D’C-A-M’\ n. Acronym
`CAD/CAM \ kad-karn,
`for computer-aided design/computer-aided man-
`for compute>aided design/computer-aided man-
`ufacturing. The use of computers in both the
`ufacturing. The use of computers in both the
`design and manufacture of a product. With CAD/
`design and manufacture of a product. With CAD/
`CAM, a product, such as a machine part, is
`CAM, a product, such as a machine part, is
`designed with a CAD program and the finished
`designed with a CAD program and the finished
`design is translated into a set of instructions that
`design is translated into a set of instructions that
`
`can be transmitted to and used by the machines
`can be transmitted to and used by the machines
`dedicated to fabrication, assembly, and process
`dedicated to fabrication, assembly, and process
`control. See also CAD, I-CASE.
`control. See also CAD, I-CASE.
`(;ADD \C’A-D-D", kad-D’\ n. See computer-aided
`kad-D- \ n. See computer-aided
`CADD \
`design and drafting.
`design and drafting.
`caddy \ kad-e- \ n. A plastic carrier that holds a CD-
`caddy \kad’{\ n. A plastic carrier that holds a CD-
`ROM and is inserted into a CD-ROM drive. Some
`ROM and is inserted into a CD-ROM drive. Some
`personal computers, especially older models, have
`personal computers, especially older models, have
`CD-ROM drives that require the use of a caddy.
`CD-ROM drives that require the use of a caddy.
`Most current CD-ROM drives do not require a
`Most current CD-ROM drives do not require a
`caddy. See the illustration.
`caddy. See the illustration.
`
`Caddy.
`Caddy.
`
`CAE \ CA-Ea \ n. Acronym for computer-aided
`CAE \C’A-E’\ n. Acronym for computer-aided
`engineering. An application that enables the user
`engineering. An application that enables the user
`to perform engineering tests and analyses on
`to perform engineering tests and analyses on
`designs created with a computer. In some
`designs created with a computer. In some
`instances, capabilities such as logic testing that are
`instances, capabilities such as logic testing that are
`generally attributed to CAE applications are also
`generally attributed to CAE applications are also
`part of CAD programs, so the distinction between
`part of CAD programs, so the distinction between
`CAD and CAE is not a hard-and-fast one. See also
`CAD and CAE is not a hard-and-fast one. See also
`CAD, I-CASE.
`CAD, I-CASE.
`CAI \
`\ n. Acronym for computer-aided (or
`CAI \C’A-I’\ n. Acronym for compute>aided (or
`computer-assisted) instruction. An educational
`compute>assisted) instruction. An educational
`program designed to serve as a teaching tool. CAI
`program designed to serve as a teaching tool. CAI
`programs typically use tutorials, drills, and ques-
`programs typically use tutorials, drills, and ques-
`tion-and-answer sessions to present a topic and to
`tion-and-answer sessions to present a topic and to
`test the student's comprehension. CAI programs
`test the student’s comprehension. CAI programs
`are excellent aids for presenting factual material
`are excellent aids for presenting factual material
`and for allowing students to pace their learning
`and for allowing studeiats to pace their learning
`speed. Subjects and complexity range from begin-
`speed. Subjects and complexity range from begin-
`ning arithmetic to advanced mathematics, science,
`ning arithmetic to advanced mathematics, science,
`history, computer studies, and specialized topics.
`history, computer studies, and specialized topics.
`See also I-CASE. Compare CBT, CMI.
`See also I-CASE. Compare CBT, CMI.
`CAL \
`\ n. Acronym for computer-assisted
`CAL \C’A-L’\ n. Acronym for computer-assisted
`(or computer-augmented) learning. See CAI.
`(or computer-augmented) learning. See CAI.
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 72
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 72
`
`

`

`connection
`
`constraint
`
`information being accessed. Still others base their
`information being accessed. Still others base their
`charges on the number of time units used, the time
`charges on the number of time units used, the time
`or distance involved per connection, the band-
`or distance involved per connection, the band-
`width of each connected session, or some combi-
`width of each connected session, or some combi-
`nation of the preceding criteria. See also connect
`nation of the preceding criteria. See also connect
`time.
`time.
`connection \ ka-nek-shan \ n. A physical link via
`connection \ ka-nek’shan\ n. A physical link via
`wire, radio, fiber-optic cable, or other medium
`wire, radio, fiber-optic cable, or other medium
`between two or more communications devices.
`between two or more communications devices.
`connectionless \ko-nek’shan-las\ adj. In commu-
`connectionless \ ka-nek-shan-las \ adj. In commu-
`nications, of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a
`nications, of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a
`method of data transmission that does not require
`method of data transmission that does not require
`a direct connection between two nodes on one or
`a direct connection between two nodes on one or
`more networks. Connectionless communication is
`more networks. Connectionless communication is
`achieved by passing, or routing, data packets, each
`achieved by passing, or routing, data packets, each
`of which contains a source and destination address,
`of which contains a source and destination address,
`through the nodes until the destination is reached.
`through the nodes until the destination is reached.
`See also node (definition 2), packet (definition 2).
`See also node (definition 2), packet (definition 2).
`Compare connection-oriented.
`Compare connection-oriented.
`connection-oriented \ka-nek*shan-6r’~-ent-ad\
`\ ka-nek-shan-or-e-ent-ad \
`connection-oriented
`adj. In communications, of, pertaining to, or char-
`adj. In communications, of, pertaining to, or char-
`acteristic of a method of data transmission that
`acteristic of a method of data transmission that
`requires a direct connection between two nodes on
`requires a direct connection between two nodes on
`one or more networks. Compare connectionless.
`one or more networks. Compare connectionless.
`connectivity \ka-nek’tiv’o-t~\ n. 1. The nature of
`connectivity \ ka-neniv-a-te \ n. 1. The nature of
`the connection between a user's computer and
`the connection between a user’s computer and
`another computer, such as a server or a host com-
`another computer, such as a server or a host com-
`puter on the Internet or a network. This may
`puter on the Internet or a network. This may
`describe the quality of the circuit or telephone
`describe the quality of the circuit or telephone
`line, the degree of freedom from noise, or the
`line, the degree of freedom from noise, or the
`bandwidth of the communications devices. 2. The
`bandwidth of the communications devices. 2. The
`ability of hardware devices or software packages
`ability of hardware devices or software packages
`to transmit data between other devices or pack-
`to transmit data between other devices or pack-
`ages. 3. The ability of hardware devices, software
`ages. 3. The ability of hardware devices, software
`packages, or a computer itself to work with net-
`packages, or a computer itself to work with net-
`work devices or with other hardware devices, soft-
`work devices or with other hardware devices, soft-
`ware packages, or a computer over a network
`ware packages, or a computer over a network
`connection.
`connection.
`connectoid \ ka-nek-toid' \ n. In Windows 95 and
`connectoid \ka-nek’toid’\ n. In Windows 95 and
`Windows NT, an icon representing a dial-up net-
`Windows NT, an icon representing a dial-up net-
`working connection that will also execute a script
`working connection that will also execute a script
`for logging onto the network dialed.
`for logging onto the network dialed.
`connector \ ka-nek'tar' \ n. 1. In hardware, a cou-
`connector \ ka-nek’tar" \ n. 1. In hardware, a cou-
`pler used to join cables or to join a cable to a
`pler used to join cables or to join a cable to a
`device (for example, an RS-232-C connector used
`device (for example, an RS-232-C connector used
`to join a modem cable to a computer). Most con-
`to join a modem cable to a computer). Most con-
`nector types are available in one of two genders—
`nector types are available in one of two genders--
`male or female. A male connector is characterized
`male or female. A male connector is characterized
`
`by one or more exposed pins; a female connector
`by one or more exposed pins; a female connector
`is characterized by one or more receptacles
`is. characterized by one or more receptacles
`designed to accept the pins on the male connec-
`designed to accept the pins on the male connec-
`tor. See also DB connector, DIN connector. 2. In
`tor. See also DB connector, DIN connector. 2. In
`programming, a circular symbol used in a flow-
`programming, a circular symbol used in a flow-
`chart to indicate a break, as to another page.
`chart to indicate a break, as to another page.
`connect time \ka-nekt" t~m’\ n. The amount of
`connect time \ ka-nekt' tim \ n. The amount of
`time during which a user is actively connected to
`time during which a user is actively connected to
`a remote computer. On commercial systems, the
`a remote computer. On commercial systems, the
`connect time is one means of calculating how
`connect time is one means of calculating how
`much money the user must pay for using the sys-
`much money the user must pay for using the sys-
`tem. See also connect charge.
`tem. See also connect charge.
`consistency check \kan-si’stan-s~ chek’\ n. A
`consistency check \ kon-srstan-se chek' \ n. A
`survey to verify that items of data conform to cer-
`survey to verify that items of data conform to cer-
`tain formats, bounds, and other parameters and
`tain formats, bounds, and other parameters and
`are not internally contradictory. Compare com-
`are not internally contradictory. Compare com-
`pleteness check.
`pleteness check.
`console \ kon-sol \ n. A control unit, such as a ter-
`console \kon’s61\ n. A control unit, such as a ter-
`minal, through which a user communicates with a
`minal, through which a user communicates with a
`computer. In microcomputers, the console is the
`computer. In microcomputers, the console is the
`cabinet that houses the main components and
`cabinet that houses the main components and
`controls of the system, sometimes including the
`controls of the system, sometimes including the
`screen, the keyboard, or both. With the MS-DOS
`screen, the keyboard, or both. With the MS-DOS
`operating system, the console is the primary input
`operating system, the console is the primary input
`(keyboard) and primary output (screen) device, as
`(keyboard) and primary output (screen) device, as
`evidenced by the device name CON. See also
`evidenced by the device name CON. See also
`CON, system console.
`CON, system console.
`constant \ kon'stant \ n. A named item that retains
`constant \kon’stant\ n. A named item that retains
`a consistent value throughout the execution of a
`a consistent value throughout the execution of a
`program, as opposed to a variable, which can
`program, as opposed to a variable, which can
`have its value changed during execution. Compare
`have its value changed during execution. Compare
`variable.
`variable.
`constant expression \kon’stant eks-presh’an\ n.
`constant expression \ kon'stant eks-presh'on \ n.
`An expression that is composed only of constants
`An expression that is composed only of constants
`and, hence, whose value does not change during
`and, hence, whose value does not change during
`program execution. Compare variable expression.
`program execution. Compare variable expression.
`\ n. In communica-
`constellation \kon’sta-l~’shan\ n. In communica-
`constellation \ kon'
`tions, a pattern representing the possible states of
`tions, a pattern representing the possible states of
`a carrier wave, each of which is associated with a
`a carrier wave, each of which is associated with a
`particular bit combination. A constellation shows
`particular bit combination. A constellation shows
`the number of states that can be recognized as
`the number of states that can be recognized as
`unique changes in a communications signal and
`.unique changes in a communications signal and
`thus the maximum number of bits that can be
`thus the maximum number of bits that can be
`encoded in a single change (equivalent to 1 baud,
`encoded in a single change (equivalent to 1 baud,
`or one event). See the illustration.
`or one event). See the illustration.
`constraint \ kon-strant' \ n. In programming, a
`constraint \kan-str~nt’\ n. In programming, a
`restriction on the solutions that are acceptable for
`restriction on the solutions that are acceptable for
`a problem.
`a problem.
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 114
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 114
`
`

`

`direct cable connection
`
`directory
`
`direct cable connection \ clar-ekt
`16.-1)1
`ka-
`direct cable connection \dor-ekt" k~’bl ko-
`nek'shan \ n. A link between the I/O ports of
`nek’shon\ n. A link between the I/0 ports of
`two computers that uses a single cable rather
`two computers that uses a single cable rather
`than a modem or other active interface device.
`than a modem or other active interface device.
`In most cases, a direct cable connection requires
`In most cases, a direct cable connection requires
`a null modem cable.
`a null modem cable.
`direct-connect modem \ clar-ekt'ka-nekt mo'clam \
`direct-connect modem \d~r-ekt’ka-nekt m6"dam\
`n. A modem that uses standard telephone wire
`n. A modem that uses standard telephone wire
`and connectors and plugs directly into a telephone
`and connectors and plugs directly into a telephone
`jack, eliminating the need for an intermediary tele-
`jack, eliminating the need for an intermediary tele-
`phone. Compare acoustic coupler.
`phone. Compare acoustic coupler.
`direct-coupled transistor logic \ dar-ekt'ka-pld
`direct-coupled transistor logic \ dar-ekt’ka-pld
`tranz-rstar locik \ n. A circuit design that uses
`tranz-i’star loj’ik\ n. A circuit design that uses
`transistors and resistors only, with the transistors
`transistors and resistors only, with the transistors
`directly connected to each other. This design was
`directly connected to each other. This design was
`used in the earliest commercial integrated circuits.
`used in the earliest commercial integrated circuits.
`The switching speed and power consumption of
`The switching speed and power consumption of
`such circuits are about average. Acronym: DCTL
`such circuits are about average. Acronym: DCTL
`(D’C-T-L’).
`direct current \ dar-ekr kur-ant \ n. Electrical cur-
`direct current \dar-ekt" kur%nt\ n. Electrical cur-
`rent whose direction of flow does not reverse. The
`rent whose direction of flow does not reverse. The
`current may stop or change amplitude, but it
`current may stop or change amplitude, but it
`always flows in the same direction. Acronym: DC
`always flows in the same di,ection. Acronym: DC
`(D-C-). Compare alternating current.
`(D-C’). Compare alternating current.
`direct digital color proof \ dat-ekr dij' i-tal ka'lar
`direct digital color proof \dar-ekt" dij’i-tal ko’lar
`pro—orA n. A test sheet produced by a lower-cost
`proof’\ n. A test sheet produced by a lower-cost
`output device, such as a color laser printer, to
`output device, such as a color laser printer, to
`serve as an approximation of what the final image
`serve as an approximation of what the final image
`will look like when produced on professional-
`will look like when produced on professional-
`quality printing equipment. A direct digital color
`quality printing equipment. A direct digital color
`proof does not involve color separation, as in tra-
`proof does not involve color separation, as in tra-
`
`ditional proofs. Instead, a direct digital color proof
`ditional proofs. Instead, a direct digital color proof
`is printed in all colors at one time on a single page,
`is printed in all colors at one time on a single page,
`resulting in somewhat lower quality compared
`resulting in somewhat lower quality compared
`with traditional separation methods but having the
`with traditional separation methods but having the
`advantages of increased speed and reduced cost.
`advantages of increased speed and reduced cost.
`Acronym: DDCP (D'D-C-132. Also called digital
`Acronym: DDCP (D’D-C-P~). Also called digital
`proof. See also color separation (definition 1).
`proof. See also color separation (definition 1).
`Direct Graphics Interface Specification
`Direct Graphics Interface Specification \ dor-
`\ dar-
`ekt.' grariks in'tar-fas spes-a-fa-ka'shan \ n. See
`ekt" graf’iks in’t~r-f~s spes-o-f~-kZshan\ n. See
`DGIS.
`DGIS.
`Directlnput \ dar-ekr in'put \ n. An application
`Directlnput \dar-ekt" in’put\ n. An application
`programming interface for joysticks and similar
`programming interface for joysticks and similar
`pointing devices in Windows 95.
`pointing devices in Windows 95.
`direction key \ clar-ek'shan ke \ n. See arrow key.
`direction key \ dor-ek’shon k~" \ n. See arrow key.
`direct memory access \ dar-ekt- mem-ar-e ak'ses \
`direct memory access \dar-ekt" mem-~r-~ ak’ses\
`n. Memory access that does not involve the micro-
`n. Memory access that does not involve the micro-
`processor and is frequently used for data transfer
`processor and is frequently used for data transfer
`directly between memory and an "intelligent"
`directly between memory and an "intelligent"
`peripheral device, such as a disk drive. Acronym:
`peripheral device, such as a disk drive. Acronym:
`DMA (UM-A-).
`DMA (D’M-A’).
`directory \ dar-ek-tar'e \ n. A catalog for filenames
`directory \dar-ek’tar’~\ n. A catalog for filenames
`and other directories stored on a disk. A directory
`and other directories stored on a disk. A directory
`is a way of organizing and grouping the files so
`is a way of organizing and grouping the files so
`that the user is not overwhelmed by a long list of
`that the user is not overwhelmed by a long list of
`them. The topmost directory is called the root
`them. The topmost directory is called the root
`directory;• the directories within a directory are
`directory; the directories within a directory are
`called subdirectories. Depending on how an oper-
`called subdirectoribs. Depending on how an oper-
`ating system supports directories, filenames in a
`ating system supports directories, filenames in a
`directory can be viewed and ordered in various
`directory can be viewed and ordered in various
`ways—for example, alphabetically, by date, by
`ways for example, alphabetically, by dgte, by
`size, or as icons in a graphical user interface.
`size, or as icons in a graphical user interface.
`
`:\Christenson
`Uolome in drive C is NTFS Drive
`Uolome Serial Number is 8870-313FD
`
`Directory of C:Nebristenson
`
`103/01/97 02:52p
`M3/01/97 02:52p
`03/01/97 02:53p
`'03/01/97 02:53p
`M3/01/97 02:54p
`:03/01/97 02:52p
`6 File<s>
`
`<DIR>
`<DIR>
`
`96.525 Carter Christenson.txt
`83,275 Cathy Christenson.txt
`117,203 Holtan Christenson.txt
`98,279 Mr. 02--Hen Christenson Jr.txt
`395,282 bytes
`659,172,352 bytes free
`
`C:\Christenson>...
`
`Dir. An example of a directory list.
`An example of a directory list.
`
`I’g, ll
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 148
`
`Adobe - Exhibit 1026, page 148
`
`

`

`Directory Access Protocol
`
`dirty power
`
`JJJJLuJ
`
`-
`
`What the user views as a directory is supported in
`What the user views as a directory is supported in
`the operating system by tables of data, stored on
`the operating system by tables of data, stored on
`the disk, that indicate characteristics and the loca-
`the disk, that indicate characteristics and the loca-
`tion of each file. In the Macintosh and Windows
`tion of each file. In the Macintosh and Windows
`95 operating systems, directories are called fold-
`95 operating systems, directories are called fold-
`ers.
`ers.
`Directory Access Protocol \dor-ek’tar-~ ak-ses
`Directory Access Protocol \ dar-ek' tar-e- ak-ses
`pr6"ta-kol\ n. The protocol that governs commu-
`pro-to-kol \ n. The protocol that governs commu-
`nications between X.500 clients and servers. See
`nications between X.500 clients and servers. See
`also CCITT X series.
`also CCITT X series.
`•
`Directory Client Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ kE’ont fi’jant\
`Directory Client Agent \ dar-ek'tar-ee klIaant alont \
`n. See DUA.
`n. See DUA.
`Directory Information Base \dor-ek’tar-~ in-far-
`Directory Information Base \ dor-ek' tor-re in-far-
`mfi’shan b~s’\ n. See DIB (definition 2).
`ma-shun bas' \ n. See DIB (definition 2).
`directory path \dor-ek’tor-e path’\ n. See path-
`directory path \ dor-ek-tor-e path' \ n. See path-
`name.
`name.
`directory replication \dar-ek’tar-~ re-pla-k~’-
`directory replication \ dar-ek "tar-e
`re-plo-kar-
`shah\ n. The copying of a master set of directories
`shan \ n. The copying of a master set of directories
`from a server (called an export server) to specified
`from a server (called an export server) to specified
`servers or workstations (called import computers)
`servers or workstations (called import computers)
`in the same or other domains. Replication simpli-
`in the same or other domains. Replication simpli-
`fies the task of maintaining identical sets of direc-
`fies the task of maintaining identical sets of direc-
`tories and files on multiple computers because
`tories and files on multiple computers because
`only a single master copy of the data must be
`only a single master copy of the data must be
`maintained. See also directory, server.
`maintained. See also directory, server.
`Directory Server Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ sar’var ~’jont\
`Directory Server Agent \ dar-ek'tar-e sor-var a- jont \
`n. See DSA.
`n. See DSA.
`directory service \dar-ek’tar-~ sor’vas\ n. A ser-
`directory service \ dor-ek-tor-e sar'vas \ n. A ser-
`vice on a network that returns mail addresses of
`vice on a network that returns mail addresses of
`other users or enables a user to locate hosts and
`other users or enables a user to locate hosts and
`services.
`services.
`Directory System Agent \dar-ek’tar-~ si’stam
`Directory System Agent \ dar-ek'tar-ë si -stom
`fi’jant\ n. See DSA.
`a'jant \ n. See DSA.
`directory tree \ dar-ek’tor-a trY" \ n. A graphic dis-
`directory tree \ dar-ek -tar-e tre \ n. A graphic dis-
`play listing the directories and subdirectories on a
`play listing the directories and subdirectories on a
`hard disk in tree form, with subdirectories shown
`hard disk in tree form, with subdirectories shown
`as branches of the main directory. See the illustra-
`as branches of the main directory. See the illustra-
`tion. See also branch (definition 1), directory, tree
`tion. See also branch (definition 1), directory, tree
`structure.
`structure.
`Directory User Agent \dor-ek’tor-~ y~’zar ~’jant\
`Directory User Agent \ dar-ek'tar-e yo—o-zar alant \
`n. See DUA.
`n. See DUA.
`direct processing \dor-ekt" pros’e-s~ng\ n. Pro-
`direct processing \ dor-ekt' pros-e-seng \ n. Pro-
`cessing of data as it is received by the system, as
`cessing of data as it is received by the system