THE OXFORD DESK DICTIONARY AND THESAIJRUS
`THE OXFORD ESSENTIAL BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD ESSENTIAL DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN TERMS IN ENGLISH
`I
`THE OHORD ESSENTIAL GEOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD ESSENTIAL QUOTATIONS DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD ESSENTIAL SPELLING DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD ESSENTIAL THESAURUS
`THE OXFORD FRENCH DICTIONARY
`THE- OXFORD GERMAN DICTIONARY
`- THE OXFORD ITALIAN DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD PORTUGUESE DICTIONARY
`THE OXFORD RUSSIAN DICTIONARY ,
`THE, OXFORD NEW SPANISH DICTIONARY
`
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`- AMERICAN EDITION
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`Preface
`
`Contents
`
`
`
`
`
`7 vii
`ix
`xi
`xvi
`
`1—702
`
`705
`741
`
`How to Use the Oxford Essential Dictionary: American Edition
`' Abbreviations Used in This Book
`_ Key to the Pronunciations .
`
`Oxford Essential Dictionary: American Edition
`
`ll
`
`3 Biographical Entries
`Geographical Entries
`
`Special Reference Sections
`Standard Weights and Measures with Metric Equivalents
`Conversion from Standard to Metric Measurements
`
`Metric Weights and Measures With Standard Equivalents
`Conversion from Metric to Standard Nieasurements
`Signs and Symbols -
`Temperature
`
`Heat Index
`Windchill Temperatures .
`Mathematical Notation
`
`_
`Multiplication Tables
`Arabic and Roman Numerals
`Greek Alphabet
`Books of the Bible
`
`Terms for Groups of AnimalsJ etc.
`Chemical Elements
`.
`Presidents of the United States of America
`
`,
`Leaders and Rulers
`States of the United States of America
`Area Codes
`-.
`Countries of the World
`Time Periods
`
`Wedding Anniversary Gifts
`
`
`
`
`
`780
`781
`782
`783
`784
`786
`787
`787
`788
`
`788
`790
`790
`
`791 '
`792
`794
`796
`797
`798
`800
`
`_ 803
`809
`810'
`
`TI—IE OXFORD ESSENTIAL DICTIONARY
`
`A Berkleyi‘Book / published in main market paperback
`by arrangement with Oxford University Press, Inc.
`PRINTING HISTORY
`
`Berkley edition / August 1998
`
`_
`_
`Copyright © 1998 by Oxford University Press, Inc.
`Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press, Inc.
`Published by Oxford University Press, Inc, as
`_
`The Oxford American Desk Dictionary. Derived from
`The Oagfbrd Desk Dictionary and Thesaurus.
`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
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`2
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`

`

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`
`438
`paternalism ~ pawl
`limiting freedom and responsibility by well-
`meaning regulations. on pa-ter'nal-ly adv.
`pa-ter-naI-ism lpatérnolizornf n. policy of
`governing or behaving in a paternal way. on pa-
`ier'nal-ist n. pa‘lnrvnal-is'tic adj. na-ter-nal-is’
`Il-eal-ly ado.
`pa-Qer—ni-tyi‘potémiteel r1. 1 fatherhood 2 one‘s
`paternal origin. 3 the source or authorship of
`athing.
`palh {path} 11. (pl. palhs fpaaizf) 1 way or track
`made for or by walking 2 line along which a
`person or thing moves (flighrparh). 3 course of
`action, no path'less adj.
`pa'thet-ic fpsthétikfl' my. 1 arousing pity, and-
`ness,
`or
`contempt.
`2 calico. miserably
`inadequatehn pa-ihet’i-oaI-ly ado.
`flatten-gen fpatbsionl n. agent causing disease.
`on palla-o-gen-ic !-jem1=1‘ adj.
`path-o-log-i-cal Ipéthaléjikall a$1. I of pathol—
`ogy. 20f or caused by a physical or mental
`disorder (apathviogiaalfiar afsgiders). nn palh-
`a-log'i-eahlv ad's:
`F \-
`pa'thoI-o-gy lpotholsjeel n. 1 science of bodily
`diseases. 2 symptoms of a disease. on pa-lhnl’
`o-gist 11.
`[Indians I'péythos, —thaws, 41163! 12. quality in
`speech, writing; events, etc., that evokes pity or
`sadness.
`path-way Ipéthwayr‘ n. path or its course.
`Apathyfpetheef comb. firm: formingnouns denote
`ing: 1 curative treatment (nilopathy; homeopae
`dry). 2 feeling (telepathy).
`pa-Iienca 1'pi'aysltans1l n. perseverance; ability to
`endure; forbearance.
`pa-tienfilpdyshantf I my. ha'vingor showingpae
`dence, a n. person reeeivingmedical treatment.
`no pa'tienI-ly ado.
`_
`pa-ti-na lpete’ena, pét’nol n.
`(pl. pa-ti-nas) 1
`film, usu. green, formed on old bronze. 2 simie
`lar film or gloss on other surfaces. on patti-
`na‘t-ett lpat’naytid/ adj. pat-i-na’iion it.
`pa-tilo lpéteefi.’ n. 1 paved usu. roofless area
`adjoining and belonging to a house. 2 roofless
`inner court.
`pa-Iais I'patha, patwaal n. (pl. same, grammar.
`fwwaazl) regional dialectofthe commonpeuple
`pa-tri-aroh lpaytreeaarkf 11, Imale head of a
`family or tribe. 25ml. a chief bishop in the
`Orthodox Church. bfin the Roman Catholic
`Church) bishop ranking immediately below the
`pope. Svenerable old man. no pa-tri-ar’chal
`adj. pa-Irl-ar’ehaI-I)l ado.
`pa-tri-arch-ate lpaytreea‘arkat, -kayt/ 1:. office,
`rank. see, or residence of an patriarch.
`pa-lri-ar'ehy lpaytreea’arkee.‘ n. (pl. -c|Iies) sys-
`tem cfsociety, government, etc. ruled by a man
`or men and with descent through the male line.
`pa-trl-clan fpatrishonfl' U n. 1h2'st. memberof
`me ancient Roman nobility. 2 aristocraL 0 an},
`aristocratic; well-bred,
`- pat-riAmrrny lpétrimfinccr‘ 1:.(p1.-nies) prop—
`erty inherited from one’s father or ancestor
`on pal-ri'mu’ ni-nl adj
`pa-tl'i’ot fpaytreest, —ot1‘ 11. person who is de—
`voted to and ready to support or defend his'
`or her country on pa-‘ili‘o‘i'in l-reeotik/ adj.
`pa-tri-ot’i-cal-ly ado pa'tri‘n‘tism n.
`pa-trnl fpstrol/ u 22. 1 act of walking or travel-
`
`'
`
`
`
`ing around an area in order to protect or superm,
`vise it. 2 guards, police, troops, etc, sent out to
`watch or protect. o o. (pa'tmlled, pa-trul-Elng)
`1 tr. carry out a patrol of 2mm act as a patrol
`1:: pain] tar police car usedIn patrolling roads
`and streets. on pa-lrol’ler r1
`pa‘trol-man lpatrdlmonl n.
`(pl. anon) police
`officer assigned to or patrolling a specific route.
`pa-tron' lpéytran.‘ n.
`(fem. pa-tron-ess) 1 pore
`son who gives financial or other support to
`a person, cause, work of art, etc. 2habitual
`customern patron saint protecn‘ng or guiding
`saint of a person, place, etc.
`patron-age fpamnijl a.
`1 patron’s or Cuse
`tomer's support. 2 a power to appoint others to
`government jobs. h distribution of such iohs.
`pa-trnnvize lpaytraniz, pate! on. 1 treat conde-
`scendingly. 2 act as a patron toward (a person,
`cause, artist, etc); support; encourage. 3 he a
`customer of. no pa-‘lron-i-za’fion n. pa’imn-iz-
`er n. pa’lnm-iz-ing adj. pa'tronviz-ing-Iy adv.
`pat-ro-nym-lc fpatronimikl
`1:. name derived
`from the name of a father or ancestor, e.g.,
`johmzm, O’Brien, Inamich.
`pat-5y fpatseef n. (pl. -:ies) person who is dc.L
`ceived, ridiculed, tricked, etc.
`pat-terl 1'pater! 0 v. inn: make a rapid succes-
`sion oftaps. I n. rapid succession oftaps, short
`light steps, etc.
`pai'ier2 lpatarl - 7;. rapid speech used by a co-
`. median or salesperson. - a fair. tall: ghbly or
`mechanically.
`pat-tern fpatarn.’ a 11. 1 decorative design. 2
`regular or logical form, order, etc. 3 model or
`design, e.g,, ofa garment, from Whicheopies can
`lie made. 4 example ofexeellence; ideal; model
`(apartem ofelegance). e um 1 model (a thing)
`on a design, etc. 2 decorate with a pattern.
`patvty fpéteei‘ 11. (pl. -fies) small flat cake offoocl.
`
`y Ipéwsiteef n. smallness of number or
`quantity.
`lhelly or stomach, esp,
`pauneh lpawnchl n.
`when protruding. Zrurninant‘s first stomach;
`turnen. nu paunch'y an]. (pauneh-i-er, panach-
`i'as‘t). paunelI’E-ness 17.
`pan-par 1‘pawpar/ 71. person without means,- lieg—
`gar. on pau’per-lsmlmrizam/ r2. pau’per-Ize an“.
`pau-per-i-za’lien f—rizaysh’nf n.
`pause lpawzl n n. temporary stop; silence. a
`who: 1 make a pause; wait. 2 linger over (a
`word, etc. ).
`nave lpayv/ ptr. cover (a street, floor, etc.)
`with paving, etc o pave the wayfor prepare for.
`DEI nav’or 11. paringn.
`etc
`pave-maul: {payvmontl n. paved path, roadway,
`pa-Vil'ion 1'p9v1lyonf n. 1 tent, esp. a large one
`_ at E ShoW, fair, Etc. 2 building or stand used for
`entertainments, exhibits, etc. 3 detached build-
`ing that is part of a connected set of buildings,
`as at a hospital.
`Pav-lo-vi-an lpavloveeonl 1211,10! or relating to
`I P. Pavlov or his work, esp. on conditioned
`reflexes.
`paw lpawi' a n. 1 foot clan animal having claws
`or nails. 2 collar}. person's hand. 0 a. 1 tr. strike
`or scrape wifl] a paw or foot. 2 inn: scrape the
`.ground with a paw or hoof. 8 tr. £01109. fondle
`awkwardly or indecently.
`pawl {pawl} 11. lever with a catch for the teefli
`of a wheel or bar.
`
`peuvnl lpawnl n. 1 Chess piece of the smallest
`size and value. 2 person used by others for their
`own purposesu
`pawnz [paw-111' a v.17: 1 deposit an object, esp.
`with a pawnhroker, as security for money lent.
`ZpIedge or wager. o 1:. object left as security
`for money, etc., lent.
`pawn-broker Ipawnbrokerf 11. person who lends
`money at interest on the security of personal
`property pawned. nn pawn'brak-illg a.
`Pawnnaafpawne'e, pas-1'11. 1 arN. American peoe
`ple native to Kansas and Nebraska. 11 member
`of this people. 2 language of this people.
`pawneshup fpéwnshopl n. pawnbtokei’s shop.
`paw-paw {pawpawl-n. (also pa’naw) N. A_meri~
`can not: with purple floivers and edible trujr.
`pay {pay} a no: (part and past part. paid lpay—
`d!) 1 (also abs-oi.) give (a person, etc.) what
`is due for services clone, goods received, debts
`incurred, etc. 2 give {a sum) for work Clone, a
`debt, etc. 3 a give, bestow, or express. it make {a
`visit). 4 (also 125501. ) be profitable or advanta-
`geous. 5 reward or punish 6 let out (a rope) by
`slackening1t o n. wages 0 adj. requiring pay-
`ment of a coin, a set fee, etc. for use. n in the
`pay of employed by. any hash 1 repay. 2 punish
`or be revenged on. pay dirt humeral. ground
`worth working forcre. 2 financially promising
`situation. Payoii‘ 1 dismiss (workers) wifliafln‘al
`payment. 2 colloq, yield good results; succeed.
`3 pay (a debt) in full. pay phone coin—operated
`telephone. on pay-ea lpaye‘el n. pay’er n.
`pay Middle English (in the sense ‘pacify’):
`hon-1 Old Frenchpaie (noun), payer (verb),
`from Latin pacer-e ‘appease,’ from pax, pac—
`‘peace.’ The notion of ‘payment’ arose Etom
`the sense of ‘pacifying’ a creditor.
`para-h mam-.111 adj. that most or may be
`paid; due.
`pay-day mayday! 7:. day onwhieh salary orwages
`are paid.
`pay-load fpaylodfl' n. 1 part of an' aircraft’s load
`from whiehrevenue is derived, aspayingpassen—
`gel-s.| 2 explosive warhead carried by an aircraft
`or rocket.
`pay-maria! .‘paymastar/ n. olficial who pays
`troops, workers, etc.
`pay-mam: fpaymsnt.‘ 11. 1 act or an instance of
`paying. 2 amount paid, 3 reward, recompense.
`pay-offlpayawffn. 5i. 1 actofpaytnent.2 climax.
`3 final reckoning. 4 501109. bribe; bribery.
`pay-(Pia fpayola! n' bribe ofi'ered in return for
`unofficial promotion of a product, etc., in the
`media.
`payroll .‘péyrfili‘ 11. list of employees receiving
`regular pay.
`PI: rymlz Che-m. lead.
`PBS abbr. Public Broadcasting Service.
`PO alibi: 1 personal computer. 2 politically cor-
`rect.
`,
`PCB abhr. 1 Computing printed circuit board. 2
`Chem. polychlorinated biphenyl, any of several
`toxic aromatic compounds formed as waste to
`industrial processes
`PCP n. 1 s1. illicit hallucinogenic drug, phency-
`clidine hydrochloride (phenyl cyclohexylpiperie
`dine). 2 pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
`
`paws ~ pearl
`
`439
`pct. abbr. percent.
`PD abbr. Police Department.
`Pd symb. Chem. palladium,
`pd. abbt: paid.
`PDT abbr. Pacific Daylight Time.
`_
`PE alibi: physical education,
`pea lpeel n. 1 hardy climbing plant, with seeds
`growing in pods and used for food. 2 1ts seed.
`peace I'peesf a. 1 a quiet; tranquillity brnental
`calm; serenity (peace of mind). 2 freedom from
`or the cessation of war. 3 freedom frofn c1v11
`disorder. n hold one's peace keev silent. peace
`pipe tobacco pipe smoked as a token of peace
`among some Native Americans.
`pehoe‘a-ble lpeesaball adj.1 disposedto peace.
`2 tranquil, peaceful. on peace'e-hle-nees n.
`peace’achiy adv.
`peace-{m lpe’esfoolf any.
`1 characterized by
`peace;
`tranquil.
`2 not
`infringing
`peace,
`on peace’fuldy adv. neaee'l'ul-ness n.
`peace-maker Ipe’eamaykarl nu person who
`brings about peace. on psaee'mak-ing n. & adl.
`peace-time .‘pe'estirm' 7:. period when a country
`is not at war.
`peach fpeechfn. 1 a roundiuicyfruit with downy
`cream or yellow skin flushed with red.
`[1 tree
`hearing it. 2 yellowish pinlt color of. 3 calling. a
`person or thing of superlative quality. h ofien
`oj‘em. attractive young woman. no peach'y ad,"
`(peach'i-cr, peach-best), peanll'I-ness 71.
`male peafowl, having bril-
`4 paa-cucklpe'ckok/ 72.
`liant plumage and an erectile fanlike tail (with
`"eyeh‘ke markings).
`pea-fowl 1‘pe‘efowlf n. peacock or peahen.
`pea-hon lpe'ehenl a. female peanwl.
`peajack-et lpe‘e jakin‘ ( also pea'coal) n. sailor’s
`short double-breasted woolen overcoat.
`opal-11 fpeekl
`a 71.1 projecting 'usu. pointed
`part, esp” a the pointed top of a mountain. h a
`mountain with a peak. 1: stil‘fhrim at the front of
`a cap. 2 in highest point. I: time of greatest suc—
`cess. o flint: reach the highest value, quality,
`etc, nn‘peaked adj. peak'l-ness a.
`peak? lpeek/ mint: 1 waste away. 2 (as peak-ed
`fpe'ekidl adj.) pale; sickly.
`weal lpeelt‘ a n. 1 a the loud ringing of a hell
`or bells, esp. a series of changes. i] set ofbells,
`2 loud repeated sound, esp. of thunder, laugh—
`ter, etc. 9 n 1 {1121. sound forth in_ a peal. 2 n:
`utter sonorously. 3 11-. ring (bells) 1n peals.
`pea-nut lpe'enutt' 11. 1 leguiuinous plant, bear—
`ing pods that ripen underground and contain
`seeds used as Food and yielding 011121 seed of
`this plant. 3 (in pl.) calico. paltry or tr1v1alrhtr1g
`or amount, esp. ofmoney. in peanut hufler paste
`of ground roasted peanuts.
`, pear fpairf rs. 1yellowish or brownish green
`fie-shy Emit, tapering toward the stalls. 2ttee
`hearing it.
`pearl fparU a 11. 1 a (often amid) usu. white or
`bluish gray hard mass formed within the shell
`of certain oysters highly prized as a gem for
`its luster (pearl necklace). h imitation of this. 2
`precious thing; finest example. 3 anything re-
`sembling a pearl, e.g., a dewdtop, tear, etc.
`o w. our. fish for pearl oysters. no pearl‘er n
`near'lr wai-
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