Designed for
`
`Microsoft®
`Windows NT®
`Windows®95
`
`Over
`2,300
`New Terms
`
`I
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. Cover-1
`
`

`

`
`
`“Today’s culture is computerized, and
`
`computerized culture means continuous
`
`vocabulary updates. The Microsoft
`
`Language (1987) and
`
`Virtual Realism (1997)
`
`Press Computer Dictionary is the
`perfectway to clear up a puzzling word
`or phrase in computer culture.”
`Michael Helm, Ph.D.,
`author of Electric
`
`mspress.microsoft.com
`
`Microsoft Press publishes quality end—
`
`usertraining, reference, and technical
`information books and interactive
`
`products that make using Microsoft“
`
`software easier, more enjoyable, and
`
`more productive—to help you start
`
`faster and go farther with Microsoft
`
`technology.
`
`Visit the Microsoft Press Web site at
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. Cover-2
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - EX. 1030, p. Cover-2
`
`

`

`C D/
`
`/D!mter
`
`Third Edition
`
`MicrosoftoPress
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. Cover-3
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 10 9 8 7
`
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
`mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directlnput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec-
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. Cover-4
`
`

`

`Introduction
`
`Dictiommamry
`of Computer Terms
`
`ASCII Character Set
`
`520
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`
`524
`
`i~’,, i,i ~,~ ~i~ t ~,~I-
`
`EBCDIC Character Set
`
`5211
`
`Numeric Equivalents
`
`534
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. Cover-5
`
`

`

`The Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary, Third Edition is designed to be a comprehen-
`sive and authoritative source of definitions for computer-re!ated terms and abbrevia-
`tions. The dictionary includes terms drawn from a wide variety of topics:
`
`Applications
`Databases
`Desktop Publishing
`Multimedia
`Spreadsheets
`Word Processing
`Communication and Networks
`E-mail
`Intranet
`Data and Data Storage
`Games
`Graphics
`Hardware
`
`Architecture
`Chips, Cards, and Boards
`Computers
`Disks, Drives, and Other Media
`Peripherals ¯
`Processors
`
`History
`
`Information Processing
`General Computing
`Input/Output
`Memory and Memory Management
`
`Internet
`Protocols
`Security
`Tools (user and developer)
`World Wide Web
`
`Organizations
`
`Software Engineering
`
`Concepts
`Programming Languages
`Tools and Techniques
`
`Standards
`
`Systems and Environments
`
`Operating Systems
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. v
`
`

`

`Although this book covers nearly every aspect of
`computing, it does not include entries on most com-
`panies or on most makes and models of computers,
`nor does it contain entries on most application soft-
`ware products. The few exceptions to this role of
`thumb are key companies and products that have a
`historical or universal importance within the com-
`puting industry.
`This dictionary emphasizes tem~inology that the
`average computer user will encounter in documen-
`tation, online help, computer manuals, marketing
`and sales materials, the popular media, and the
`computer trade press. Because most computer
`users operate personal computers and desktop sys-
`tems at home, work, or both, the majority of the
`entries in this dictionary cover the terminology
`used in describing and working with these systems.
`However, some specialized or highly technical lan-
`guage is included that pertains to areas of industry,
`academia, software and hardware development,
`and research. These terms have been included be-
`cause they have a bearing on more common com-
`puter terminology or because they are of historical
`significance.
`
`Changes in the Third Edition
`
`The third edition of the Microsoft Press Com-
`puter Dictionary has been revised and updated
`to reflect the many advances in the computer
`field and to include several areas that have
`come into prominence in the public eye, such
`as the Internet. Over 2,500 new eI~tries have been
`added, covering the Internet, the World Wide
`Web, network computing, hardware and software
`advances, virtual reality, multimedia, and work-
`group computing.
`Existing entries from the second edition of the
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictiomary have been
`updated to include changes in the field.
`All entries have been styled in a more traditional
`dictionary forr~at than in previous editions. Pronun-
`ciations and parts of speech are given for all terms.
`Entries that have more than one sense, or definition,
`are broken into numbered lists.
`
`Order of Presentation
`
`Entries are alphabetized by letter. Spaces are
`ignored, as are characters such as hyphens and
`slashes; for example, Baudot code falls between
`baud and baud rate, and machine-independent
`falls between machine identification and machine
`instruction. Numbers and symbols are located at the
`beginning of the book and are listed in ascending
`ASCII order. If an entry begins with a letter or letters
`but contains a number, it is listed alphabetically,
`according to the initial letter(s), and then according
`to ASCII order. Thus, V20 precedes V.2x, and both
`precede VAB.
`
`Entries
`
`Entries are of two types: main entries, which contain
`full definitions, and synonymous cross-references,
`which contain See references to the appropriate
`main entries. Synonymous cross-references are gen-
`erally secondary or less common ways of referring
`to a main entry. The definition at the main entry can
`be substituted as a definition for the synonymous
`cross-reference.
`
`Format
`
`Information in each main entry is presented in a con-
`sistent format: entry name in boldface, spelling vari-
`ants (if any), pronunciation, part of speech,
`definition, illustration or table references (if any),
`acronym (if any), alternative names (if any), and
`cross-references (if any).
`
`Main Entries
`
`Entries that are acronyms or abbreviations for one
`or more words or concatenations of two or more
`words have those words spelled out at the begin-
`ning of the definition. The letters in these words or
`phrases that make tip the acronym, abbreviation, or
`concatenation are in boldface.
`When a main entry is spelled exactly the same as
`another main entry, the two entries are differenti-
`ated by the use of a superscript numeral after each
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. vi
`
`

`

`term. These entries are called homographs, and they
`are generally different parts of speech. For example,
`
`e_mailI (noun)
`e-mail2 (verb)
`
`Spelling Variants
`
`When a main entry has one or more variations in the
`way it is spelled, each spelling variant follows the
`main entry, after the word or.
`
`Pronunciations
`Pronunciation keys appear after all defined terms in
`the dictionary. Within the pronunciation keys, indi-
`vidual words are separated by word spaces, and syl-
`lables within each word are separated by stress
`marks or hyphens.
`
`Variant Pronunciations
`The Microsoft Press ComPuter Dictionary, Third Edi-
`tion uses a generalized system for representing pro-
`nunciations, particularly for the vowels. There are
`many subtle variations, well known to phonologists
`in particular, in the ways Americans in different
`parts of the United States pronounce many vowels.
`However, most can recognize words that are pro-
`nounced slightly differently by others and should be
`able to interpret the broad category represented for
`each of the vowel sounds in this dictionary and
`apply it in their own regional variation or dialect.
`This dictionary represents only standard American
`pronunciations, but there are cases in which suffi-
`cient divergence in pronunciation exists, even
`within the United States, so some variant pronunci-
`ations have been included.
`Variants are separated by commas, and the most
`common pronunciation may appear first. However,
`because there are many cases where two pronunci-
`ations are (at least roughly) equally widely used, the
`order in which they appear shotild not be inter-
`preted to mean that the first one given is more "cor-
`rect" or common than the other(s). Variants are
`shown on a word-by-word basis; for a multiword
`entry, pronunciation keys are given only for the
`word or words that have variant pronunciations.
`
`For words that are spelled with the letters wh,
`the pronunciation is listed with two variants: one
`with a simple w (w) and one with the hw sound
`(hw).
`Words that are spelled with either au or aw
`include a variant pronunciation with the letter o
`with a circumflex accent (6), which represents the
`vowel sound some Americans (those who make a
`significant distinction between this sound and a
`"regular" short o) pronounce when they say the
`word dawn. In some parts of the country, this
`vowel sound is also used in words with other spell-
`ings, such as coffee or talk, but this seems to be a
`distinctly dialectical variation rather than a standard
`one. It is therefore very difficult for any individual
`to predict how any other might pronounce these
`particular words, so variants have not been included
`for them.
`
`Stress
`The syllable or syllables pronounced with the heavi-
`est, or primary, stress in a term are followed by
`acute accents (’); those with lighter, or secondary,
`stress are followed by grave accents (’). For exam-
`ple, in the word computer, the second syllable is
`spoken more forcefully, or with more stress, than
`the first and third syllables and therefore is followed
`in the pronunciation key by an acute accent (kam-
`py~’tar). In the word engineering, the third syllable
`is stressed most heavily, but the first syllable is
`stressed more than the second or fourth, so the first
`syllable is followed by a grave accent, indicating
`secondary stress (en’ja-n~r’~ng).
`
`Special Characters and Diacritics
`
`The dictionary’s pronunciation schema keeps the
`use of technical phonetic characters to a minimum.
`Instead, a system that is more familiar to most
`Americans represents short vowels with plain letters
`(a, e, i, o, u) and long vowels with overbars (~,
`6, ~). The ligatured o’s represent the vowel sounds
`in the words foot (o~) and food
`The letter a with an umlaut (~t) is included as
`an alternative to the short o (o). It is used when
`the vowel is represented orthographically by some
`
`vii
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. vii
`
`

`

`sent foreign sounds as they are pronounced in their
`original language; only Americanized pronuncia-
`tions are given for foreign words and names.
`
`IPA
`
`a ~e
`e
`
`letter or combination of letters other than the letter
`o, such as a (as in father), au (as in caught), or
`aw (as in dawn). This is done mainly to avoid
`confusing the reader visually with pronunciations
`such as won’dar for the word wander.
`One other pair of alternative characters is used to MPCD
`represent a single vowel sound: the schwa (;D) and
`a short u (u). Traditionally, the schwa has been
`reserved for unstressed, or reduced, vowels, but in
`recent years it has become much more commonly
`used in dictionaries to also represent the short,
`stressed u. In this dictionary, the short u is used
`only in words that are spelled with the letter u, and
`the schwa is used for all other spellings except for
`"syllabic l’s," in which cases the vowel is dropped
`entirely, as in the word little (li’tl).
`One other diacritic used in the pronunciations is
`a circumflex over the letter a (5_). This is used
`instead of the short e only in combination with the
`letter r, to represent the vowel sound heard in
`words such as air, software, and very. This is done
`to avoid representations such as ker~ak-t;Dr for the
`word character, which might lead some readers to
`believe that the sound should be pronounced as is
`the er in the word her.
`
`6
`
`er
`i
`g
`
`~r
`o
`6
`6r
`oX3
`o~r
`c~)
`
`a
`ar
`fir er
`g
`e
`i
`ir
`I
`aI
`air
`a
`o
`or
`u
`ur
`u
`3I
`au
`A
`
`VOWELS
`Representative Words
`bat
`ape
`father
`dawn
`
`dart
`hai_£r
`let
`be_~e, equal
`
`hea_.2r
`sit
`nice
`wir.~e
`
`hot
`o~ats, home
`torn
`bo_~ok
`tou__gr
`bo_.~ot, rt_fle
`oil, boy
`
`o~ut
`cup
`pu_~ge
`about, item, edible, gallop
`
`ever
`
`CONSONANTS
`Representative Words
`bit
`child, ratchet
`dog
`.fill, p_b.hobia, laug~h
`gold, g~host
`home
`iail, 1 e .0.g.(cid:128).
`kid, cow, chrome
`live, double
`map
`not, know
`
`oi
`ou
`u
`
`ur
`
`MPCD
`b
`ch
`d
`f
`g
`h
`J
`k
`1
`m
`
`n
`
`~-
`
`;Dr
`
`IPA
`b
`~"
`d
`f
`g
`h
`d3
`k
`1, !
`m
`n
`
`&cronyms
`When acronyms ale pronounced as a series of
`sounded-out letters, capital letters are used to repre-
`sent the pronunciation of the letters; for example,
`the pronunciation for the term EPS is E’P-S’, not
`~’p~-es’. Note.. Letter-by-letter pronunciations are
`included for all acronyms in the dictionary, even
`those that are pronounced as words by most peo-
`ple; for example, the pronunciation for the term
`ASCII includes both a’sk~ and A" S-C-I-I ~.
`
`Pronunciation Symtbols
`
`The following charts include the characters used for
`the pronunciations in the Microsof~ Press Computer
`Dictionary, Third Edition (MPCD), the International
`Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) symbols to which those
`characters correspond, and some e>zample words in
`which the letter or letters that represents each sound
`is underlined. No attempt has been made to repre-
`
`viii
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. viii
`
`

`

`ng
`p
`r
`s
`sh
`t
`th
`dh
`v
`w
`hw
`y
`z
`zh
`
`~g, r~
`p
`r
`s
`
`J"
`t
`0
`
`~
`v
`w
`,~
`j
`z
`3
`
`Acronyms
`12ine, aoole
`Some terminology in the computer field, particu-
`rat
`larly computer standards and Internet slang, can
`soon, cell
`be shortened to form acronyms. Sometimes the
`shoe, notion, charade
`acronym is the more common way to refer to the
`test
`concept or object; in these cases, the acronym is
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, Cover-1
`thin
`the main entry. In other cases, the acronym is not
`then
`as commonly used as the words or phrase for
`vine
`which it stands. In these cases, the words or phrase
`wine
`constitute the main entry. The acronym is given
`w~hine
`after the definition for these entries in the follow-
`vet
`ing format:
`zoom, beds
`pleasure, collag.g.
`
`fin~er, sing
`
`Acronym..
`
`Parts of Speech
`Entries are broken down into four parts of speech,
`in addition to prefixes, abbreviated as follows:
`
`noun
`n.
`verb
`vb.
`adj.
`adjective
`adv. adverb
`
`Definitions
`Each of the more than 7,300 entries is written in
`clear, standard English. Many go beyond a simple
`definition to provide additional detail and to put the
`term in context for a typical computer User. When
`an entry has more than one sense or definition, the
`definitions are presented in a numbered list, to
`make it easier to distinguish the particular, some-
`times subtle, variations in meaning.
`
`Illustration and Table References
`
`Some entries have affiliated illustrations or tables
`that aid in defining the entry. In most cases, illustra-
`tions and tables appear on the same page as the
`entries to which they apply. In some instances,
`however, page layout requirements have forced
`them to a subsequent page. Entries with illustrations
`or tables usually have references at the end of the
`definition for an entry, in the following formats:
`
`See the illustration.
`See the table.
`
`Alternative Names
`Some items or concepts in the computer field can be
`referred to by more than one name. Generally,
`though, one way is preferred. The preferred termi-
`nology is the main entry. Alternative names are
`listed after any acronyms; otherwise they are listed
`after the definition in the following format:
`
`Also called.,
`
`Cross-References
`Cross-references are of three types: See, See also,
`and Compare. A See reference is used in an entry
`that is a synonymous cross-reference and simply
`points to another entry that contains the information
`sought. A See also reference points to one or more
`entries that contain additional or supplemental
`information about a topic and follows any acronyms
`or alternative names after the definition. A Compare
`reference points to an entry or entries that offer con-
`trast and follows any See also references; otherwise
`it follows any acronyms or alternative names after
`the definition.
`
`Future Printings and Editions
`
`Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy
`and completeness of this book. If you find an error,
`think that an entry does not contain enough infor-
`mation, or seek an entry that does not appear in this
`edition, please let us know. Address your letter to:
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. ix
`
`

`

`Dictionary Editor, Microsoft Press, One Microsoft
`Way, Redmond, WA 98052-8302. Or send e-mail to
`mspcd@microsoft.com.
`
`Online Updates
`
`Quarterly updates and revisions will be made to the
`Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary, Third Edition,
`on the Microsoft Press Web site (http://mspress
`.microsoft.corn). These updates are meant to supple-
`
`ment the content of this dictionary and keep it up to
`date in regard to computer technology, which is one
`of the fastest-evolving fields in the world today.
`Simply point your Web browser to http://mspress
`.microsoft.com/mspress/products/1031 to access the
`update page for the dictionary. Please note that the
`content of the updates is in HTML format and is not
`available in a separate file for downloading. The
`updates are meant to be viewed on the Microsoft
`Press Web site.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. x
`
`

`

`which have speeds of 500 kilobits per second
`(Kbps), can generally transmit data faster than cur-
`rent conventional modems. See also coaxial cable,
`modem.
`cabling diagram \k~’bo-l~ng d~’a-gram\ n. A
`plan that shows the path of cables that attach com-
`puter system components or peripherals. Cabling
`diagrams are particularly important for explaining
`the connection of disk drives to a disk controller.
`cache \kash\ n. A special memo13r subsystem in
`which frequently used data values are duplicated
`for quick access. A memory cache stores the con-
`tents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the
`addresses where these data items are stored. When
`the processor references an address in memory, the
`cache checks to see whether it holds that address.
`If it does hold the address, the data is returned to
`the processor; if it does not, a regular memory
`access occurs. A cache is useful when RAM accesses
`are slow compared with the microprocessor speed,
`because cache memow is always faster than main
`RAM memory. See also disk cache, wait state.
`cache card \kash" k~rd\ n. An expansion card
`that increases a system’s cache memory. See also
`cache, expansion board.
`cache memory \kash" mere’or-e\ n. See cache.
`CAD \kad, C’A-D*\ n. Acronym for computer-
`aided design. A syste~n of programs and worksta-
`tions used in designing engineering, architectural,
`and scientific models ranging from simple tools to
`buildings, aircraft, integrated circuits, and mole-
`cules. Various CAD applications create objects in
`two or three dimensions, presenting the results as
`wire-frame "skeletons," as more substantial models
`with shaded surfaces, or as solid objects. Some pro-
`grams can also rotate or resize models, show inte-
`rior views, generate lists of materials required for
`construction, and perform other allied functions.
`CAD programs rely on mathematics, often requi>
`ing the computing power of a high-performance
`workstation. See also CAD/CAM, I-CASE.
`CAD/CAM \kad’kam, C-A-D’C-A-M’\ n. Acronym
`for compute>aided design/computer-aided man-
`ufacturing. The use of computers in both the
`design and manufacture of a product. With CAD/
`CAM, a product, such as a machine part, is
`designed with a CAD program and the finished
`design is translated into a set of instructions that
`
`can be transmitted to and used by the machines
`dedicated to fabrication, assembly, and process
`control. See also CAD, I-CASE.
`(;ADD \C’A-D-D", kad-D’\ n. See computer-aided
`design and drafting.
`caddy \kad’{\ n. A plastic carrier that holds a CD-
`ROM and is inserted into a CD-ROM drive. Some
`personal computers, especially older models, have
`CD-ROM drives that require the use of a caddy.
`Most current CD-ROM drives do not require a
`caddy. See the illustration.
`
`Caddy.
`
`CAE \C’A-E’\ n. Acronym for computer-aided
`engineering. An application that enables the user
`to perform engineering tests and analyses on
`designs created with a computer. In some
`instances, capabilities such as logic testing that are
`generally attributed to CAE applications are also
`part of CAD programs, so the distinction between
`CAD and CAE is not a hard-and-fast one. See also
`CAD, I-CASE.
`CAI \C’A-I’\ n. Acronym for compute>aided (or
`compute>assisted) instruction. An educational
`program designed to serve as a teaching tool. CAI
`programs typically use tutorials, drills, and ques-
`tion-and-answer sessions to present a topic and to
`test the student’s comprehension. CAI programs
`are excellent aids for presenting factual material
`and for allowing studeiats to pace their learning
`speed. Subjects and complexity range from begin-
`ning arithmetic to advanced mathematics, science,
`history, computer studies, and specialized topics.
`See also I-CASE. Compare CBT, CMI.
`CAL \C’A-L’\ n. Acronym for computer-assisted
`(or computer-augmented) learning. See CAI.
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 72
`
`

`

`Device
`
`IRQ
`
`8259A
`
`Microprocessor
`
`Yes
`
`N(
`
`bus
`
`Flowchart.
`
`various operations. These symbols are connected
`by lines and arrows to indicate the flow of data or
`control from one point to another. Flowcharts are
`used both as aids in showing the -way a proposed
`program will work and as a means of understand-
`
`ing the operations of an existing program. See the
`illustration.
`.fl.us \dot-F-L’dot-U-S’\ n. On the Internet, the
`major geographic domain specifying that an
`address is located in Florida, United States.
`flush1 \flush\ adj. Aligned in a certain way on
`
`the screen or on paper. Flush left, for example,
`means aligned on the left side; flush right means
`aligned on the right side. See also align (defini-
`tion 1).
`flush2 \flush\ vb. To clear a portion of memory.
`For example, to flush a disk file buffer is to save
`its contents on disk and then clear the buffer for
`filling again.
`flux \fluks\ n. 1. The total strength of a magnetic,
`electric, or radiation field over a given area. 2. A
`chemical used to aid the binding of solder to elec-
`trical conductors.
`flux reversal \fluks" r0-var’sal\ n. The change in
`orientation of the minute magnetic particles on the
`surface of a disk or tape toward one of two mag-
`netic poles. The two different alignments are used
`to represent binalT 1 and binary 0 for data storage:
`a flux reversal typically represents a binary 1, and
`no reversal represents a binary 0.
`.fm \dot’F-M’\ n. On the Intemet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Micronesia.
`FM \F-M’\ n. See frequency modulation.
`FM encoding \F-M" en-k6"d{ng\ n. See frequency
`modulation encoding.
`.fo \dot’F-O’\ n. On the Intemet, the major geo-
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in the Faeroe Islands.
`focus \f6"kus,\ vb. In television and raster-scan
`displays, to make an electron beam converge at a
`single point on the inner surface of the screen.
`FOCUS \f6"kus, F’O-C-U-S’\ n. See Federation on
`Computing in the United States.
`FOD \F’O-D’\ n. See fax on demand.
`folder \f61"dor\ n. In the Mac OS, Windows 95,
`and other operating systems, a container for’ pro-
`
`grams and files in graphical user interfaces, sym-
`bolized on the screen by a graphical image (icon)
`of a file folder. This container is called a directory
`in other systems, such as MS-DOS and UNIX. A
`folder is a means of organizing programs and
`documents on a disk and can hold both files and
`
`202
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 202
`
`

`

`additional folders. It first appeared commercially
`in Apple Computer’s Lisa in 1983 and in the Apple
`Macintosh in 1984. See also directory.
`folio \f6"1~-6"\ n. A printed page number.
`follow-up \fol’6-up’\ n. A post to a newsgroup
`that replies to an article. The follow-up has the
`same subject line as the original article, with the
`prefix "Re:" attached. An article and all of its fol-
`low-ups, in the order they were received, consti-
`tute a thread, which a user can read together using
`a newsreader.
`font \font\ n. A set of characters of the same type-
`face (such as Garamond), style (such as italic), and
`weight (such as bold). A font consists of all the
`characters available in a particular style and weight
`for a particular design; a typeface consists of the
`design itself. Fonts are used by computers for on-
`screen displays and by printers for hard-copy out-
`put. In both cases, the fonts are stored either as bit
`maps (patterns of dots) or as outlines (defined by
`a set of mathematical formulas). Even if the system
`cannot simulate different typefaces on the screen,
`application programs may be able to send infor-
`mation about typeface and style to a printer, which
`can then reproduce the font if a font description is
`available. See also bit map, font generator.
`font card \font" k~rd\ n. See font cartridge, RUM
`card.
`font cartridge \font" Mir’trij\ n. A plug-in unit
`available for some printers that contains fonts in
`several different styles and sizes. Font cartridges;
`like downloadable fonts, enable a printer to pro-
`duce characters in sizes and styles other than those
`created by the fonts built into it. Also called font
`card. See also RUM cartridge.
`Font/DA Mover \font’D-A~ m~’var\ n. An appli-
`cation for older Apple Macintosh systems that
`allows the user to install screen fonts and desk
`accessories.
`font editor \font" ed’a-tor\ n. A utility program
`that enables the user to modify existing fonts or to
`create and save new ones. Such an application
`commonly works with a screen representation of
`the font, with a representation that can be down-
`loaded to a PostScript or other printer, or with
`both. See also PostScript font, screen font.
`font family \font" fam’a-l~\ n. The set of available
`fonts representing Variations of a single typeface.
`
`For example, Times Roman and Times Roman
`Italic are members of the same font family. When
`the user indicates "italic," the system selects the
`correct italic font for the font family, with its char-
`acteristic appearance. If there is no italic font in
`the family, the system simply slants, or "obliques,"
`the corresponding roman character. See also italic,
`roman.
`font generator \font" jen’ar-fi-tar\ n. A program
`that transforms built-in character outlines into bit
`maps (patterns of dots) of the style and size
`required for a printed document. Font generators
`work by scaling a character outline to size; often
`they can also expand or compress the characters
`they generate. Some font generators store the
`resultant characters on disk; others send them
`directly to the printer.
`font number \font" num’bar\ n. The number by
`which an application or operating system inter-
`nally identifies a given font. On the Apple Macin-
`tosh, for example, fonts can be identified by their
`exact names as well as their font numbers, and a
`font number can be changed if the font is installed
`in a system already having a font with that num-
`ber. See also font.
`font page \font" p~j\ n. A portion of video mem-
`ory reserved for holding programmer-specified
`character definition tables (sets of character pat-
`terns) used for displaying text on the screen on
`IBM Multi-Color Graphics Array video systems.
`font size \font" sTz\ n. The point size of a set of
`characters in a particular typeface. See also point1
`(definition 1).
`font suitcase \font" s~t’k~s\ n. A file on Macin-
`tosh computers that contains one or more fonts or
`desk accessories. Such files are indicated in early
`versions of the operating system with the icon of
`a suitcase marked with a capital A. From System
`7.0 onward, this icon is used to denote individual
`fonts.
`foo \f~\ n. A string used by programmers in
`place of more specific information. Variables or
`functions in code examples intended to demon-
`strate syntax, as well as temporary scratch files,
`may all appear with the name foo. Likewise, a pro-
`grammer may type rod to test a string input han-
`dler. If a second placeholder string is needed, it
`will often be bar, suggesting that the origin of both
`
`203
`
`Petitioner Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 203
`
`

`

`with UNIX shell accounts, are likely to encounter
`status codes while using the Web or FTP. See also
`HTTP status codes.
`step-frame \step’frfim\ n. The process of captur-
`ing video images one frame at a time. This process
`is used by computers that are too slow to capture
`analog video images in real time.
`stepper motor \step’or m6"tar\ n. A mechanical
`device that rotates only a fixed distance each time
`it receives an electrical pulse.
`step-rate time \step’r~t tTm’\ n. The time
`required to move a disk actuator arm from one
`track to the next. See also actuator, stepper motor.
`StickyKeys \stik’E-kez’\ n. An accessibility fea-
`ture built into Macintosh computers and available
`for Windows and DOS that causes modifier keys
`such as Shift, Control, or Alt to "stay on" after they
`are pressed, eliminating the need to press multiple
`keys simultaneously. This feature facilitates the
`use of modifier keys by users who are unable to
`hold down one key while pressing another.
`stochastic \st0-kas*tik’\ adj. Based on random
`occurrences. For example, a stochastic model
`describes a system by taking into account chance
`events as well as planned events.
`stop bit \s~op" bit\ n. In asynchronous transmis-
`sion, a bit that signals the end of a character. In
`early electromechanical teleprinters, the stop bit
`provided time for the receiving mechanism to
`coast back to the idle position and, depending on
`the mechanism, had a duration of 1, 1.5, or 2 data
`bits. See also asynchronous transmission.
`storage \st6r’0j\ n. In computing, any device in or
`on which information can be kept. Microcomput-
`ers have two main types of storage: random access
`memory (RAM) and disk drives and other external
`storage media. Other types of storage include
`read-only memory (RUM) and buffers.
`storage device \st6r’aj da-v$s’\ n. An apparatus
`for recording computer data in permanent or semi-
`permanent form. When a distinction is made
`between primary (main) storage devices and sec-
`ondary (auxiliary) storage devices, the former
`refers to random access memory (RAM) and the
`latter refers to disk drives and other external
`devices.
`storage location \st6r*aj 16-kfi’shon\ n. The posi-
`tion at which a particular item can be found--
`
`either an addressed location or a uniquely identi-
`fied location on a disk, tape, or similar medium.
`storage media \st6r’aj me’de-a\ n. The various
`types of physical material on which da