`
`Microsoft
`
`09mputer
`DIctIon W
`:
`Fifth Editiv‘
`
`
`. Fuh‘y updated with the Iatest
`technologies, terms, and acronym;___
`I Easy to read, expertly Htustrate'tt- '
`
`. Definitive coverage of hardware,-
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`
`
`Exhibit 2004
`Exhibit 2004
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`l. Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2.
`
`lVIicrocomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Penn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput©microsofi. com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, HotInail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States andfor other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-4l 929
`
`

`

`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`llana Kingsley
`
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Aimée Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`JoelPanchot
`
`

`

`ho moge neous network
`
`Host Integration Server
`
`homogeneous network it. A network on which all the
`hosts are similar and only one protocol is used.
`
`Honeynet Project 11. Anonprofit security research group
`created to collect and analyze data on hacking tools and
`methods by maintaining a decoy network of computers
`that is potentially attractive to hackers. The Honeynet
`Project sets up entire networks of computers in different
`combinations of operating systems and security to realisti-
`cally simulate those used in businesses and organizations.
`Hackers are lured to the network where all inbound and
`
`outbound data is captured and contained to help research-
`ers learn about hacker tactics and motives.
`
`honeypot n. A security program designed to lure and dis-
`tract a network attacker with decoy data. The honeypot
`appears to be a system that the intruder would like to crack
`but which, in reality, is safely separated from the actual
`network. This allows network administrators to observe
`
`attackers and study their activities without the intruders
`knowing they are being monitored. Honeypot programs
`get their name from the “like a bear to honey” metaphor.
`
`honker n. A slang term for a hacker, the term originated
`in China. The Honker Union of China is an active group of
`Chinese hackers with nationalistic or hacktivist aims. The
`
`Honker Union of China has claimed patriotic motivation
`for defacing Japanese and U.S. Web sites, hacking U.S.
`networks, and releasing the Lion worm and other mali-
`cious programs. See also hacktivist, Lion worm.
`
`hook it. A location in a routine or program in which the
`programmer can connect or insert other routines for the
`purpose of debugging or enhancing functionality.
`
`hop :1. In data communications, one segment of the path
`between routers on a geographically dispersed network. A
`hop is comparable to one “leg” of a journey that includes
`intervening stops between the starting point and the desti-
`nation. The distance between each of those stops (routers)
`would be a communications hop.
`
`horlzontal blanklng Interval 21. See blanking, horizontal
`retrace.
`
`horlzontal flyback n. See horizontal retrace.
`
`horlzontal market it. A broad category of business activ-
`ity, such as accounting or inventory control, that carries
`across many types of business. Compare vertical market.
`
`horlzontal market software :1. Application programs,
`such as word processors, that can be used in all types of
`business, as opposed to those geared for a certain industry.
`
`horlzontal retrace n. The movement of the electron
`
`beam in a raster-scan video display from the right end of
`one scan line to the left end (the beginning) of the next.
`During horizontal retrace, the electron beam is turned off,
`so the time required for the beam to move is called the
`horizontal blanking interval. See also blanking. Compare
`vertical retrace.
`
`horlzontal scrolllng n. A feature of programs such as
`word processors and spreadsheets thatenables the user to
`scroll left and right to display information beyond the
`horizontal limits of the screen (or window, in a graphical
`user interface).
`
`horlzontal synchronlzatlon n. On raster displays, the
`timing produced by a signal that controls the sweep of the
`display’s electron beam as it moves from left to right and
`back again to form an image line by line. The horizontal
`synchronization signal is usually controlled by a circuit
`known as a phase-locked loop, which maintains a constant
`precise frequency so that a clear image is formed.
`
`host1 It. 1. The main computer in a mainframe or mini-
`computer environment—that is, the computer to which
`terminals are connected. 2. In PC—based networks, a com-
`puter that provides access to other computers. 3. On the
`Internet or other large networks, a server computer that
`has access to other computers on the network. A host com-
`puter provides services, such as news, mail, or data, to
`computers that connect to it.
`
`host2 vb. To provide services to client computers that con-
`nect from remote locations—for example, to offer Internet
`access or to be the source for a news or mail service.
`
`host adapter 11. A device for connecting a peripheral to
`the main computer, typically in the form of an expansion
`card. Also called: controller, host bus adapter.
`
`hostlng n. The practice of providing computer and com-
`munication facilities to businesses or individuals, especially
`for use in creating Web and electronic commerce sites. A
`hosting service can provide high-speed access to the Inter-
`net, redundant power and data storage, and 24-hour mainte-
`nance at lower cost than implementing the same services
`independently. See also hostg, virtual hosting.
`
`Host lntegratlon Server 12. A software application from
`Microsoft Corporation to allow businesses to integrate
`existing application, data, and network assets with new
`business applications and technologies. Host Integration
`Server preserves a company’s existing legacy infrastru c-
`ture andinvestments, while providing out-of—the-box
`
`256
`
`

`

`rag
`
`RAM compression
`
`(asymmetric digital subscriber line) that is capable of
`adjusting transmission speed (bandwidth) based on signal
`quality and length of the transmission line. As the signal
`quality improves or deteriorates while a transmission line
`is being used, the transmission speed is adjusted accord-
`ingly. See also ADSL, xDSL.
`
`rag n. Irregularity along the left or right edge ofa set of
`lines of text on a printed page. Rag complements justifica-
`tion, in which one or both edges of the text form a straight
`vertical line. See the illustration. See also justify, ragged
`left, ragged right.
`
`Ragged right
`
`Justifi ed
`
`Ragged left
`
`
`
`ragged left adj. Of, relating to, or being lines of text
`whose left ends are not vertically aligned but form an
`irregular edge. Text may be right-justified and have a
`ragged left margin. Ragged-left text is used infrequentlyi
`typically, for visual effect in advertisements. See also rag,
`right-justify.
`
`ragged rlght adj. Of, relating to, or being lines of text
`whose right ends are not vertically aligned but form an
`irregular edge. Letters and other word-processed docu-
`ments are commonly left-justified, with ragged-right mar-
`gins. See also left-justify, rag.
`
`RAID 11. Acronym for redundant array of independent (or
`inexpensive) disks. A data storage methodin which data is
`distributed across a group of computer disk drives that
`function as a single storage unit. All the information
`stored on each of the disks is duplicated on other disks in
`the array. This redundancy ensures that no information
`will be lost if one of the disks fails. RAID is generally
`used on network servers where data accessibility is critical
`and fault tolerance is required. There are various defined
`levels of RAID, each offering differing trade-offs among
`access speed, reliability, and cost. See also disk controller,
`error-correction coding Hamming code, hard disk, parity
`bit, server (definition 1).
`
`RAID array 11. See RAID.
`
`RAM 21. Acronym for random access memory. Semicon-
`ductor-based memory that can be read and written by the
`central processing unit (CPU) or other hardware devices.
`The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note
`that the various types of ROM memory are capable of ran-
`dom access but cannot be written to. The term RAM, how-
`ever, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory
`that can be written to as well as read. Compare core,
`EPROM, flash memory, PROM, ROM (definition 2).
`
`RAMAC n. 1. Acronym for Random Access Method of
`Accounting Control. Developed by an IBM team led by
`Reynold B. Johnson, RAMAC was the first computer disk
`drive. It was introduced in 1956. The original RAMAC
`consisted of a stack of 50 24-inch platters, with a storage
`capacity of 5 megabytes and an average access time of 1
`second. 2. A high-speed, high-capacity disk storage sys-
`tem introduced by IBM in 1994. Based on the original
`RAMAC storage device, it was designed to fulfill enter-
`prise requirements for efficient and fault-tolerant storage.
`Rambus DRAM )1. See RDRAM.
`
`Rambus dynamlc random access memory 21. See
`RDRAM.
`
`RAM cache :1. Short for random access memory cache.
`Cache memory that is used by the system to store and
`retrieve data from the RAM. Frequently accessed seg-
`ments of data may be stored in the cache for quicker
`access compared with secondary storage devices such as
`disks. See also cache, RAM.
`
`RAM card n. Short for random access memory card. An
`add-in circuit board containing RAM memory and the
`interface logic necessary to decode memory addresses.
`
`RAM cartrldge 21. See memory cartridge.
`
`RAM chlp n. Short for random access memory chip. A
`semiconductor storage device. RAM chips can be either
`dynamic or static memory. See also dynamic RAM, RAM,
`static RAM.
`
`RAM compresslon n. Short for random access memory
`compression. This technology was an attempt by a number
`of software vendors to solve the problem of running out of
`global memory under Windows 3.x. Compression of the
`usual contents of RAM may lessen the system’s need to
`read or write to virtual (hard diskebased) memory and thus
`speed up the system, as virtual memory is much slower than
`physical RAM. Because of the falling prices of RAM and
`the introduction of operating systems that handle RAM
`
`43?
`
`