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`CODE200 ET AL. EXHIBIT 1032
`Page 1 of 23
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`

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`each servnet node has a persistent identification or pseudonym which allows it to be identified by other
`servnet nodes or potential Free Haven users. Section 3 describes the design of the Free Haven system
`and the operations that it supports, including inserting and retrieving documents.
`We chose to use a network of pseudonymous servers in order to give each server a reputation. This
`reputation allows servers to be ‘paid’ without needing the robust digital cash scheme required for systems
`such as Anderson’s Eternity Service[2]. Servers form contracts to store given shares for a certain period
`of time; successfully fulfilling the contract increases the server’s reputation and consequently its ability
`to store some of its own data on other servnet nodes. This gives an incentive for each server to behave
`well as long as cheating servers can be identified. We show a technique for identifying cheating servers
`in section 3.7.
`
`The overall idea is similar to the “give up space now, get space forever” scheme used in Intermemory[10],
`but allows servers to lose reputation if they start behaving badly. In section 3.9 we discuss the reputation
`system, which is the system that keeps track of trust in each server.
`Some of the contracts between servers are formed when a user inserts data into the servnet. Most
`
`of them, however, will be formed when two servers swap shares by trading. Trading allows the servnet
`to be dynamic in the sense that servnet nodes can join and leave easily and without special treatment.
`To join, a servnet node starts building up a reputation by storing shares for others. To leave, a server
`trades away all of its shares for short—lived shares, and then waits for them to expire. The benefits and
`mechanisms of trading are described in section 3.5.
`Such a system has powerful adversaries which can launch a range of attacks. We describe some attacks
`on the Free Haven design in section 4 and show how well the design does (or does not) resist each attack.
`We then compare our design with other systems aimed at anonymous storage and publication using the
`kinds of anonymity described in section 6, allowing us to distinguish systems which at first glance look
`very similar. We conclude with a list of challenges for anonymous publication and storage systems, each
`of which reflects a limitation in the current Free Haven design.
`
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`The word “anonymous” can mean many different things. Some systems claim “anonymity” without
`specifying a precise definition. While the anonymity requirements of communication channels have been
`considered previously in depth [6, 19], we are not aware of a similar investigation into the requirements
`for publication and storage systems.
`Information is stored in units called documents. The author of a document is the entity which initially
`created the document. The publisher of a document is the entity which places the document into the
`system. Documents may have readers, which are entities who retrieve the document from the system. An
`anonymous storage system may have servers, which are participants who provide special services required
`to keep the system running, such as dedicated disk space or bandwidth.
`We do not give formal anonymity definitions here.
`Instead, we attempt to lay the groundwork for
`future definitions by enumerating different aspects of anonymity relevant to anonymous storage. This
`enumeration will allow us to compare Free Haven with related work.
`In all of these notions of anonymity, there are at least three distinct subnotions based on what the
`adversary is assumed to already know. A document may be picked first, and then the adversary wishes
`to learn who authored, read, published, and so on. A user may be picked first, and the adversary wishes
`to know which documents the user authored, read, published, and so on. Finally, an adversary may know
`a document and a user, and then attempt to confirm its suspicion that the two are linked.
`
`2 Anonymity for Anonymous Storage
`
`Author Anonymity: A system is author anonymous if an adversary cannot link an author to a docu-
`ment.
`
`CODEZOO ET AL. EXHIBIT 1032
`
`Page 2 of 23
`
`CODE200 ET AL. EXHIBIT 1032
`Page 2 of 23
`
`

`

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`
`CODE200 ET AL. EXHIBIT 1032
`Page 4 of 23
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`

`

`3 The Free Haven Design
`
`The overall system consists of the publication system, which is responsible for storing and serving docu—
`ments, and the communications channel, which is responsible for providing confidential and anonymous
`communications between parties. This section focuses on the design of the publication system as a
`back—end for the communications channel.
`
`The agents in our publication system are the publisher, the server, and the reader. These agents
`are layered over the communications channel; currently they communicate with one another via addresses
`which are implemented as remailer reply blocks[34]. Remailer reply blocks are a collection of encrypted
`routing instructions which serve as an address for a pseudonym on the Cypherpunks remailer network.
`Publishers are agents that wish to store documents in the service; servers are computers which store
`data for publishers; and readers are people who retrieve documents from the service.
`Free Haven is based on a community of servers called the servnet.
`In this community, each server
`hosts data from the other servers in exchange for the opportunity to store its own data in the network.
`The servnet is dynamic: data moves from one server to another every so often, based on each server’s
`trust of the others. Servers transfer data by trading. That is, the only way to introduce a new file into
`the system is for a server to use (and thus provide) more space on its local system. This new file will
`migrate to other servers by the process of trading.
`Each server has a public key and one (or more) reply blocks, which together can be used to provide
`secure, authenticated, pseudonymous communication with that server. Every machine in the servnet has
`a database which contains the public keys and reply blocks of the other servers on the network.
`Documents are split into shares and stored on different servers. Publishers assign an expiration date
`to documents when they are published; servers make a promise to keep their shares of a given document
`until its expiration date is reached. To encourage honest behavior, some servers check whether other
`servers “drop” data early, and decrease their trust of such servers. This trust is monitored and updated
`by use of a reputation system. Each server maintains a database containing its perceived reputation of
`the other servers.
`
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