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`IPR2020-01265
`Intel 1028
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ÿ
`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
` ÿ ÿÿÿ
`BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 1
`
` ÿ  ÿ   ! ÿÿÿ
`II.
`PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS ......................................................... 1
`
` ÿ "! ÿ ÿÿ#ÿ
`III.
`MATERIAL CONSIDERED .......................................................................... 3
`
` $ÿ ÿ!ÿÿ%ÿ
`IV.
`LEGAL STANDARDS ................................................................................... 6
`
`ÿ &'()*'+&ÿÿ%ÿ
`A.
`Anticipation. .......................................................................................... 6
`
`ÿ ,-+./&0//ÿÿ%ÿ
`B.
`Obviousness ........................................................................................... 6
`
`ÿ 1234567)8./79.&:;<=5>ÿ:@4<Aÿ3@3A35;6BÿÿCÿ
`C.
`“Means-plus-function” claim elements. ................................................ 8
`
`$ÿ $ÿÿ Dÿ ÿ ÿ!Eÿ!ÿÿFÿ
`LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ........................................... 10
`
`$ ÿ ÿ$$ Gÿÿ!Eÿ!EDÿÿFÿ
`VI.
`GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE TECHONOLOGY ................................ 10
`
`ÿ GH0Iÿ(+JJ.&(*'+&/ÿÿÿ
`A. Wired communications. ...................................................................... 11
`
`ÿ GH080//ÿ(+JJ.&(*'+&/ÿÿÿ
`B. Wireless communications. .................................................................. 11
`
`ÿ H0K.0&(LÿÿMÿ
`C.
`Frequency. ........................................................................................... 12
`
`ÿ )7(+&-0H/+&ÿÿ#ÿ
`D.
`Up-conversion. .................................................................................... 13
`
`
`ÿ +N&7(+&-0H/+&ÿÿOÿ
`E.
`Down-conversion. ............................................................................... 14
`
`$ ÿ ! ÿ!EDÿÿÿPÿ
`VII.
`DETAILED TECHNOLOGY BACKGROUND .......................................... 15
`
`ÿ *I+ÿ9H0K.0&(LÿÿPÿ
`A.
`Radio frequency. ................................................................................. 15
`
`ÿ */(ÿ(H(.'ÿ(+&(0)'/ÿÿQÿ
`B
`Basic circuit concepts. ......................................................................... 17
`
`ÿ &'0RH*'0Iÿ(H(.'/ÿÿMMÿ
`C
`Integrated circuits. ............................................................................... 22
`
`ÿ H(.'ÿI*RH*J/ÿÿMOÿ
`D.
`Circuit diagrams. ................................................................................. 24
`
`
`ÿ H(.'ÿ(+J)+&0&'/ÿMPÿ
`E
`Circuit components .............................................................................. 25
`
`ÿ !H*&//'+HÿÿMPÿ
`1 .
`Transistor. ................................................................................. 25
`
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`2.
`Capacitor. .................................................................................. 27
`
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`3.
`Resistor...................................................................................... 30
`
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`4.
`Inductor. .................................................................................... 3 l
`
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`5.
`Transformer............................................................................... 3 l
`
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`6.
`Low-pass filter. ......................................................................... 32
`
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`7.
`Differential amplifier. ............................................................... 32
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`Local oscillators .................................................................................. 33
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`Electrical load, high impedance loads and low impedance loads. ...... 35
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`Signals; time domain and frequency domain representations of a
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`Baseband signals, carrier signals, modulation and up-conversion. ....39
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`I/Q Modulation. ................................................................................... 42
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`Demodulation. ..................................................................................... 44
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`Transceiver. ......................................................................................... 44
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`Direct conversion and intermediate frequencies. ................................ 46
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`History of RF receivers. ...................................................................... 48
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`Heterodyne receivers ................................................................. 50
`
` ÿ 48 ÿ ÿÿ
`2.
`Mixers. ...................................................................................... 52
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`Sample-and-hold (voltage sampling). ....................................... 5 6
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`Energy Sampling ....................................................................... 63
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`VIII. OPERATION OF FETS ................................................................................ 71
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`Overview. ............................................................................................ 71
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`Different uses of transistors ................................................................. 79
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`called to testify as a witness, would testify under oath as follows:
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`I.
`BACKGROUND
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`1.
`I have been retained as an expert on behalf of ParkerVision, Inc.
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`-./012314565789:ÿ

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`(“ParkerVision”) in the above-captioned matter (IPR2020-Ol302).
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`I have been asked by ParkerVision to provide my expert opinion
`
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`regarding the validity of claims 1, 3, 4, 7, and 9-11 of US. Patent No. 7,539,474
`
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`(“the ’474 patent”). For the reasons set forth below, it is my opinion that claims 1,
`
`AÿCÿDÿ

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`3, 4, 7, and 9-11 of the ’474 patent are valid.
`
`ÿ Y"#Z[\\#%]ÿ^$]Z_#%\ÿ
`II.
`PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
`
`A'ÿ ÿ<ÿÿ`<ÿa
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`I am the Lampe Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer
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`In 1999, I moved to the United Kingdom to become Professor and
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`Further details on various aspects of my professional experience and
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`qualifications can be found in my curriculum vitae, which is attached hereto as
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`Appendix A.
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`Based on my experience in the wireless communications industry, I
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`have a detailed understanding of radio frequency circuit design, including the radio
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`frequency front end of cellular phones.
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`III. MATERIAL CONSIDERED
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`10.
`In preparing this declaration, I have reviewed the specification, claims
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`and prosecution history of the ’474 patent.
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`11.
`I understand that the ’474 patent (a) issued on May 26, 2009, (b) is a
`
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`continuation of U.S. Application No. 09/526,041 (now U.S. Patent No. 6,879,817),
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`filed on Mar. 14, 2000, and (c) claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application
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`Nos. 60/180,667, filed on Feb. 7, 2000; 60/ 177,705, filed on Jan. 24, 2000;
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`60/ 177,702, filed on Jan. 24, 2000; 60/ 171,496, filed on Dec. 22, 1999; 60/ 171,502,
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`filed on Dec. 22, 1999; 60/ 171 ,349, filed on Dec. 22, 1999; 60/ 158,047, filed on Oct.
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`7, 1999; and 60/129,839, filed on Apr. 16, 1999.
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`12.
`I have reviewed and understand the following documents.
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`IV. LEGAL STANDARDS
`
`ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ !"ÿ#$ÿÿ"%ÿ
`13.
`I am not an attorney and I have not independently researched the law.
`
`&'()*(+,-,./0-ÿ2.3/-*4ÿ#ÿ5!" ÿ$ ÿ"6"ÿ! $ !"#ÿÿÿÿÿÿ" ÿ
`ParkerVision’s counsel has explained certain legal principles to me that I have relied
`
`ÿ ÿ7 6ÿÿ!  #ÿ#ÿ7ÿ ÿ #ÿ$" ÿÿÿ!!" ÿ#ÿ"6"ÿ
`on in forming my opinions set forth in this declaration. I have applied these legal
`
`! $ !"#ÿ ÿ  6ÿÿÿ!  #ÿ5!##ÿ ÿ #ÿ$" ÿ
`principles in arriving at my opinions expressed in this declaration.
`
`
` ÿ 89:;:<=9:>8ÿÿ
`A.
`Anticipation.
`
`?ÿ ÿÿ@ÿ 7ÿÿA#ÿÿÿ!ÿ$" ÿ #ÿ " ÿ#ÿ
`14.
`I have been informed and understand that a patent claim is invalid as
`
` $ !ÿ 7ÿ$ÿÿÿ"ÿ#ÿ#ÿ7ÿ ÿÿ$" ÿ #ÿ7ABÿ ÿ
`anticipated if each and every element as set forth in the claim is found, either
`
`5!##"ÿÿ "Bÿ ÿÿ$ 6#ÿÿ #$"#A#ÿ7ÿÿ# 6"ÿ! ÿÿ
`expressly or inherently,
`in the teachings and disclosures of a single prior art
`
`7$ÿ
`reference.
`
`Cÿ ÿ"#ÿA#ÿÿÿ7$ÿ "ÿ #$"##ÿÿ"ÿ 7ÿÿ
`15.
`I also understand that a reference inherently discloses an element if that
`
`"ÿ #ÿ$## "ÿ!#ÿ ÿÿ #$"#Aÿ7ÿÿ7$ÿÿ%A"ÿ@ÿ#ÿ
`element is necessarily present in the disclosure of the reference and would be so
`
`$6 Dÿ@ÿÿ7ÿ ÿ#E ""ÿ ÿÿÿÿ7AÿA#ÿÿ $ÿ
`recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art. I further understand that inherency
`
`$ÿ@ÿ#@" #ÿ@ÿ!@@ "  #ÿÿ!## @ "  #Bÿÿÿÿÿ7$ÿÿÿ
`cannot be established by probabilities or possibilities, and that the mere fact that an
`
`"ÿÿ#A"ÿ7ÿÿ$ ÿ#ÿ7ÿ$ $A#$#ÿFÿÿ #Bÿÿ"ÿ 6ÿ
`element may result from a certain set of circumstances — that is, an element might
`
`@ÿ!#ÿFÿ #ÿ #A77 $ ÿÿ#@" #ÿ $ÿÿÿ
`be present — is insufficient to establish inherency.
`
`Gÿ HIJ:>KL8MLLÿ
`B.
`Obviousness.
`
`ÿ ÿÿ@ÿ 7ÿÿA#ÿÿÿ  ÿ$ÿ@ÿ
`16.
`I have been informed and understand that an invention cannot be
`
`!ÿ 7ÿÿ#A@N$ÿÿ#ÿÿ%"ÿ%A"ÿÿ@ÿ@ A#ÿÿÿ!#ÿ7ÿ
`patented if the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious to a person of
`
` ÿ#E ""ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ ÿ7ÿÿ  ÿO"#BÿÿA#ÿÿ% "ÿÿ
`ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention. Also, I understand that While the
`
`! ÿÿ #ÿ$!ÿÿ$ÿ$" ÿÿÿ"P@P"ÿ@# #Bÿÿ$" ÿ
`prior art is compared to each claim on an element-by-element basis, the claimed
`
`ÿ
`
`ÿ
`6
`
`

`

`   ÿ ÿÿ
`

ÿ  ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿ 

ÿ ÿÿÿÿ
`invention as a whole must have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in order for a
`
`

 ÿÿÿ 

ÿ
`claim to be invalid.
`
`ÿ ÿ   ÿÿÿ   

ÿ  ÿ ÿ 

 ÿ  ÿ ÿ
`17.
`I understand that the fundamental question in analyzing obviousness is
`
`
`
`ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿ   ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ

 ÿ   ÿ ÿ
`whether, at the time of the invention, the subject matter of the claimed invention as
`
`ÿ
`

ÿ
`

ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ  ÿÿ ÿ 

ÿ ÿÿÿÿ
`ÿÿ
`a whole would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art to which the
`
` ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ  ÿ!"ÿÿ ÿ ÿ  ÿÿÿÿ
`subject matter pertains, taking into account: (a) the scope and content of the prior
`
`#ÿ!"ÿÿ  ÿ
` ÿÿÿÿ ÿÿ

 ÿÿ #ÿ!"ÿÿ



ÿÿ
`art; (b) the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue; (c) the level of
`
` ÿ 

ÿ ÿÿ#ÿ ÿ!"ÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ  $  ÿÿÿ
`ordinary skill in the art; and (d) any objective indicia of non-obviousness referred to
`
` ÿ  ÿ  ÿ
`as secondary considerations.
`
`%ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ    ÿÿÿ ÿÿ  $  ÿ
`18.
`It
`is my understanding that objective indicia of non-obviousness
`
`!  ÿ  "ÿ 

ÿ  ÿ ÿ 

ÿ  ÿ

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ÿ
`(secondary considerations) include industry praise, commercial success, long-felt
`
`ÿ  

ÿ ÿ ÿ

ÿÿ ÿ &ÿ 'ÿ 

 ÿÿ

ÿ
`but unresolved need, copying, failure of others, and/or unexpected results. I also
`
`   ÿÿÿ 

ÿÿÿ ' ÿ
` ÿÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ
`understand that there should be a nexus between the objective indicia and the
`
`

 ÿ   ÿÿ
`claimed invention.
`
`(ÿ ÿ   ÿÿ 



ÿ  ÿ ÿÿ  ÿ
`ÿ ÿ ÿ
`19.
`I understand that multiple references can be combined, with one another
`
` &ÿ
`ÿÿ 
`

ÿÿÿ  ÿÿ ÿ 

ÿ ÿÿÿ ÿ  ÿÿ
`and/or with the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art, in rendering a
`
`

 ÿ ÿÿ

ÿ   ÿ
`ÿÿ  ÿ ÿÿ 

 ÿ
`claim obvious. I also understand, however, that obviousness cannot be established
`
`ÿ  

ÿ   ÿÿÿ

  ÿ
` ÿ   

ÿ 
` ÿ ÿÿÿ
`by simply demonstrating that each element was independently known in the prior
`
`ÿ)ÿÿ ÿÿ  ÿÿ ÿÿ  ÿ ÿ ÿÿ ÿ   ÿ
`art. Rather, it may be necessary to identify a reason, such as a teaching, suggestion,
`
`ÿ
`
`ÿ
`
`

`

` ÿ
`ÿÿ

 ÿÿ ÿÿ  ÿÿ   ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ
`or motivation, that would have prompted a person of ordinary skill in the art to
`
` ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿ

ÿÿÿ   ÿÿ
`combine the elements in the way the claimed invention does.
`
`ÿ ÿÿ   ÿÿ  ÿ ÿÿÿ  ÿ
`20.
`I also understand that obviousness cannot be established through
`
` ÿÿ   ÿÿÿ ÿÿÿÿ   ÿ ÿÿ ÿÿÿ
`hindsight. I understand this to mean that the claimed invention cannot be used as a
`
` ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ  ÿÿÿ  ÿ 
`ÿ ÿ  ÿ
`roadmap to combine elements from different pieces of prior art, or different
`
` ÿÿÿ ÿ  ÿ ÿ   
`ÿÿ ÿÿÿ   ÿÿ
`embodiments of a single prior art reference, to create the claimed invention. I
`
`
`   ÿÿÿÿ   ÿÿÿ

ÿ ÿÿ ÿÿÿ  ÿ ÿ
`understand that the claimed invention as a whole must be compared to the prior art
`
`ÿÿ


`ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿÿ  ÿÿÿ  ÿ ÿ  ÿ ÿÿ
`as a whole, and one must avoid aggregating pieces of prior art through hindsight that
`
`

 ÿ ÿÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ "ÿ#$  ÿ%& '()*ÿ%*%+" ,ÿ
`would not have been combined absent the patent inventor’s insight.
`
`-.ÿ 0123456789:6;<4=>?@4Aÿ=C3?Dÿ2C2D24>5Eÿ
`C.
`“Means-plus-function” claim elements.
`
`Gÿ ÿÿ ÿ  ÿ ÿ   ÿÿÿÿ ÿ  ÿÿ

 ÿ
`21.
`I have been informed and understand that a claim term using the word
`
`HI$*Jÿ%*ÿ#(*KILÿ 'ÿMÿ$ÿHI$*N NOKP %'Jÿ (I,ÿQÿ$R*'ÿ"$&ÿMÿ%O'(ILÿ
`“means” is presumed to be a “means-plus-function” term. I also have been informed
`
`ÿÿ ÿ ÿÿÿ  ÿO'(ÿHI$*JÿS(O((Lÿ 'ÿ$*ÿ$ÿH'PJÿT'(LUÿS,+,Vÿ "ÿ
`that a term used as a substitute for “means” (referred to as a “nonce” word) (e.g., the
`
` (IÿHRI Jÿ'(ÿHI'LKRJÿK*LÿMWÿ% *ROUÿ "$ ÿO$%R*ÿ 'ÿP'' ÿ* (KP K(ÿSO('Iÿ "ÿ
`term “element” or “module” used by itself) that fails to connote structure (from the
`
` ÿÿ

ÿÿÿ  ÿÿ   ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿÿÿÿÿ   Xÿÿ
`point of view of a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the invention) to
`
`  ÿÿÿ  YXÿÿÿÿ N N  ÿ ÿÿ
`perform the claimed function(s) is also a means-plus-function term.
`
`ÿ ÿ   ÿÿÿ N N  ÿ ÿÿÿÿÿ  ÿ
`22.
`I understand that a means-plus-function term is limited to t