Volume 1
`
`exhibitsticker.com
`
`Exhibit #
`
`1023
`
`07/28/2021
`
`MICROWAVE
`AND RF DESIGN
`RADIO SYSTEMS
`
`Michael Steer
`
`Third Edition
`
`Intel v. ParkerVision
`IPR2020-01265
`Intel 1023
`
`

`

`Microwave and RF Design
`Radio Systems
`
`Volume 1
`
`Third Edition
`
`Michael Steer
`
`

`

`

`

`Microwave and RF Design
`Radio Systems
`
`Volume 1
`
`Third Edition
`
`Michael Steer
`
`Copyright c(cid:2) 2019 by M.B. Steer
`
`Citation: Steer, Michael. Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems. Volume 1.
`(Third Edition), NC State University, 2019. doi: https//doi.org/10.5149/
`9781469656915 Steer
`
`This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
`4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0). To view a copy of the license, visit
`http://creativecommons.org/licenses.
`
`ISBN 978-1-4696-5690-8 (paperback)
`ISBN 978-1-4696-5691-5 (open access ebook)
`
`Published by NC State University
`
`Distributed by the University of North Carolina Press
`www.uncpress.org
`
`Printing: 1
`
`

`

`To
`
`Ross Lampe, in honor of his dedication to our profession
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`The book series Microwave and RF Design is a comprehensive treatment
`of radio frequency (RF) and microwave design with a modern “systems-
`first” approach. A strong emphasis on design permeates the series with
`extensive case studies and design examples. Design is oriented towards
`cellular communications and microstrip design so that lessons learned can
`be applied to real-world design tasks. The books in the Microwave and RF
`Design series are:
`• Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems, Volume 1
`• Microwave and RF Design: Transmission Lines, Volume 2
`• Microwave and RF Design: Networks, Volume 3
`• Microwave and RF Design: Modules, Volume 4
`• Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators, Volume 5
`
`The length and format of each is suitable for automatic printing and binding.
`
`Rationale
`
`The central philosophy behind this series’s popular approach is that the
`student or practicing engineer will develop a full appreciation for RF and
`microwave engineering and gain the practical skills to perform system-
`level design decisions. Now more than ever companies need engineers with
`an ingrained appreciation of systems and armed with the skills to make
`system decisions. One of the greatest challenges facing RF and microwave
`engineering is the increasing level of abstraction needed to create innovative
`microwave and RF systems. This book series is organized in such a way that
`the reader comes to understand the impact that system-level decisions have
`on component and subsystem design. At the same time, the capabilities of
`technologies, components, and subsystems impact system design. The book
`series is meticulously crafted to intertwine these themes.
`
`Audience
`
`The book series was originally developed for three courses at North
`Carolina State University. One is a final-year undergraduate class, another an
`introductory graduate class, and the third an advanced graduate class. Books
`in the series are used as supplementary texts in two other classes. There
`are extensive case studies, examples, and end of chapter problems ranging
`from straight-forward to in-depth problems requiring hours to solve. A
`companion book, Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design, is more suitable
`for an undergraduate class yet there is a direct linkage between the material
`in this book and the series which can then be used as a career-long reference
`text. I believe it is completely understandable for senior-level students
`where a microwave/RF engineering course is offered. The book series is a
`comprehensive RF and microwave text and reference, with detailed index,
`appendices, and cross-references throughout. Practicing engineers will find
`the book series a valuable systems primer, a refresher as needed, and a
`
`

`

`vi
`
`PREFACE
`
`reference tool in the field. Additionally, it can serve as a valuable, accessible
`resource for those outside RF circuit engineering who need to understand
`how they can work with RF hardware engineers.
`
`Organization
`This book is a volume in a five volume series on RF and microwave
`design. The first volume in the series, Microwave and RF Design: Radio
`Systems, addresses radio systems mainly following the evolution of cellular
`radio. A central aspect of microwave engineering is distributed effects
`considered in the second volume of this book series, Microwave and RF
`Design: Transmission Lines. Here transmission lines are treated as supporting
`forward- and backward-traveling voltage and current waves and these
`are related to electromagnetic effects. The third volume, Microwave and RF
`Design: Networks, covers microwave network theory which is the theory
`that describes power flow and can be used with transmission line effects.
`Topics covered in Microwave and RF Design: Modules, focus on designing
`microwave circuits and systems using modules introducing a large number
`of different modules. Modules is just another term for a network but the
`implication is that is is packaged and often available off-the-shelf. Other
`topics that are important in system design using modules are considered
`including noise, distortion, and dynamic range. Most microwave and RF
`designers construct systems using modules developed by other engineers
`who specialize in developing the modules. Examples are filter and amplifier
`modules which once designed can be used in many different systems. Much
`of microwave design is about maximizing dynamic range, minimizing noise,
`and minimizing DC power consumption. The fifth volume in this series,
`Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators, considers amplifier and
`oscillator design and develops the skills required to develop modules.
`
`Volume 1: Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems
`
`The first book of the series covers RF systems. It describes system concepts
`and provides comprehensive knowledge of RF and microwave systems.
`The emphasis is on understanding how systems are crafted from many
`different technologies and concepts. The reader gains valuable insight into
`how different technologies can be traded off in meeting system requirements.
`I do not believe this systems presentation is available anywhere else in such
`a compact form.
`
`Volume 2: Microwave and RF Design: Transmission Lines
`
`This book begins with a chapter on transmission line theory and introduces
`the concepts of forward- and backward-traveling waves. Many examples are
`included of advanced techniques for analyzing and designing transmission
`line networks. This is followed by a chapter on planar transmission lines
`with microstrip lines primarily used in design examples. Design examples
`illustrate some of the less quantifiable design decisions that must be made.
`The next chapter describes frequency-dependent transmission line effects
`and describes the design choices that must be taken to avoid multimoding.
`The final chapter in this volume addresses coupled-lines. It is shown how to
`design coupled-line networks that exploit this distributed effect to realize
`novel circuit functionality and how to design networks that minimize
`negative effects. The modern treatment of transmission lines in this volume
`emphasizes planar circuit design and the practical aspects of designing
`
`

`

`PREFACE
`
`vii
`
`around unwanted effects. Detailed design of a directional coupler is used
`to illustrate the use of coupled lines. Network equivalents of coupled lines
`are introduced as fundamental building blocks that are used later in the
`synthesis of coupled-line filters. The text, examples, and problems introduce
`the often hidden design requirements of designing to mitigate parasitic
`effects and unwanted modes of operation.
`
`Volume 3: Microwave and RF Design: Networks
`Volume 3 focuses on microwave networks with descriptions based on S
`parameters and ABCD matrices, and the representation of reflection and
`transmission information on polar plots called Smith charts. Microwave
`measurement and calibration technology are examined. A sampling of
`the wide variety of microwave elements based on transmission lines is
`presented. It is shown how many of these have lumped-element equivalents
`and how lumped elements and transmission lines can be combined as a
`compromise between the high performance of transmission line structures
`and the compactness of lumped elements. This volume concludes with an
`in-depth treatment of matching for maximum power transfer. Both lumped-
`element and distributed-element matching are presented.
`
`Volume 4: Microwave and RF Design: Modules
`
`Volume 4 focuses on the design of systems based on microwave modules.
`The book considers the wide variety of RF modules including amplifiers,
`local oscillators, switches, circulators, isolators, phase detectors, frequency
`multipliers and dividers, phase-locked loops, and direct digital synthesizers.
`The use of modules has become increasingly important in RF and microwave
`engineering. A wide variety of passive and active modules are available
`and high-performance systems can be realized cost effectively and with
`stellar performance by using off-the-shelf modules interconnected using
`planar transmission lines. Module vendors are encouraged by the market
`to develop competitive modules that can be used in a wide variety of
`applications. The great majority of RF and microwave engineers either
`develop modules or use modules to realize RF systems. Systems must also
`be concerned with noise and distortion, including distortion that originates
`in supposedly linear elements. Something as simple as a termination
`can produce distortion called passive intermodulation distortion. Design
`techniques are presented for designing cascaded systems while managing
`noise and distortion. Filters are also modules and general filter theory is
`covered and the design of parallel coupled line filters is presented in detail.
`Filter design is presented as a mixture of art and science. This mix, and the
`thought processes involved, are emphasized through the design of a filter
`integrated throughout this chapter.
`
`Volume 5: Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators
`
`The fifth volume presents the design of amplifiers and oscillators in
`a way that enables state-of-the-art designs to be developed. Detailed
`strategies for amplifiers and voltage-controlled oscillators are presented.
`Design of competitive microwave amplifiers and oscillators are particularly
`challenging as many trade-offs are required in design, and the design
`decisions cannot be reduced to a formulaic flow. Very detailed case studies
`are presented and while some may seem quite complicated, they parallel the
`level of sophistication required to develop competitive designs.
`
`

`

`viii
`
`PREFACE
`
`Case Studies
`
`A key feature of this book series is the use of real world case studies
`of leading edge designs. Some of the case studies are designs done in
`my research group to demonstrate design techniques resulting in leading
`performance. The case studies and the persons responsible for helping to
`develop them are as follows.
`1. Software defined radio transmitter.
`2. High dynamic range down converter design. This case study was
`developed with Alan Victor.
`3. Design of a third-order Chebyshev combline filter. This case study was
`developed with Wael Fathelbab.
`4. Design of a bandstop filter. This case study was developed with Wael
`Fathelbab.
`5. Tunable Resonator with a varactor diode stack. This case study was
`developed with Alan Victor.
`6. Analysis of a 15 GHz Receiver. This case study was developed with
`Alan Victor.
`7. Transceiver Architecture. This case study was developed with Alan
`Victor.
`8. Narrowband linear amplifier design. This case study was developed
`with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation.
`9. Wideband Amplifier Design. This case study was developed with Dane
`Collins and National Instruments Corporation.
`10. Distributed biasing of differential amplifiers. This case study was
`developed with Wael Fathelbab.
`11. Analysis of a distributed amplifier. This case study was developed with
`Ratan Bhatia, Jason Gerber, Tony Kwan, and Rowan Gilmore.
`12. Design of a WiMAX power amplifier. This case study was developed
`with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation.
`13. Reflection oscillator. This case study was developed with Dane Collins
`and National Instruments Corporation.
`14. Design of a C-Band VCO. This case study was developed with Alan
`Victor.
`15. Oscillator phase noise analysis. This case study was developed with
`Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation.
`Many of these case studies are available as captioned YouTube videos and
`qualified instructors can request higher resolution videos from the author.
`
`Course Structures
`
`Based on the adoption of the first and second editions at universities,
`several different university courses have been developed using various parts
`of what was originally one very large book. The book supports teaching
`two or three classes with courses varying by the selection of volumes
`and chapters. A standard microwave class following the format of earlier
`microwave texts can be taught using the second and third volumes. Such
`a course will benefit from the strong practical design flavor and modern
`treatment of measurement technology, Smith charts, and matching networks.
`Transmission line propagation and design is presented in the context of
`microstrip technology providing an immediately useful skill. The subtleties
`of multimoding are also presented in the context of microstrip lines. In such
`
`

`

`PREFACE
`
`ix
`
`a class the first volume on microwave systems can be assigned for self-
`learning.
`Another approach is to teach a course that focuses on transmission line
`effects including parallel coupled-line filters and module design. Such a class
`would focus on Volumes 2, 3 and 4. A filter design course would focus
`on using Volume 4 on module design. A course on amplifier and oscillator
`design would use Volume 5. This course is supported by a large number of
`case studies that present design concepts that would otherwise be difficult to
`put into the flow of the textbook.
`Another option suited to an undergraduate or introductory graduate class
`is to teach a class that enables engineers to develop RF and microwave
`systems. This class uses portions of Volumes 2, 3 and 4. This class then omits
`detailed filter, amplifier, and oscillator design.
`The fundamental philosophy behind the book series is that the broader
`impact of the material should be presented first. Systems should be discussed
`up front and not left as an afterthought for the final chapter of a textbook, the
`last lecture of the semester, or the last course of a curriculum.
`The book series is written so that all electrical engineers can gain an
`appreciation of RF and microwave hardware engineering. The body of the
`text can be covered without strong reliance on this electromagnetic theory,
`but it is there for those who desire it for teaching or reader review. The book
`is rich with detailed information and also serves as a technical reference.
`
`The Systems Engineer
`
`Systems are developed beginning with fuzzy requirements for components
`and subsystems. Just as system requirements provide impetus to develop
`new base technologies, the development of new technologies provides new
`capabilities that drive innovation and new systems. The new capabilities
`may arise from developments made in support of other systems. Sometimes
`serendipity leads to the new capabilities. Creating innovative microwave
`and RF systems that address market needs or provide for new opportunities
`is the most exciting challenge in RF design. The engineers who can
`conceptualize and architect new RF systems are in great demand. This book
`began as an effort to train RF systems engineers and as an RF systems
`resource for practicing engineers. Many RF systems engineers began their
`careers when systems were simple. Today, appreciating a system requires
`higher levels of abstraction than in the past, but it also requires detailed
`knowledge or the ability to access detailed knowledge and expertise. So what
`makes a systems engineer? There is not a simple answer, but many partial
`answers. We know that system engineers have great technical confidence and
`broad appreciation for technologies. They are both broad in their knowledge
`of a large swath of technologies and also deep in knowledge of a few
`areas, sometimes called the “T” model. One book or course will not make
`a systems engineer. It is clear that there must be a diverse set of experiences.
`This book series fulfills the role of fostering both high-level abstraction of
`RF engineering and also detailed design skills to realize effective RF and
`microwave modules. My hope is that this book will provide the necessary
`background for the next generation of RF systems engineers by stressing
`system principles immediately, followed by core RF technologies. Core
`technologies are thereby covered within the context of the systems in which
`they are used.
`
`

`

`x
`
`PREFACE
`
`Supplementary Materials
`
`Supplementary materials available to qualified instructors adopting the book
`include PowerPoint slides and solutions to the end-of-chapter problems.
`Requests should be directed to the author. Access to downloads of the books,
`additional material and YouTube videos of many case studies are available
`at https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/do/open-education
`
`Acknowledgments
`
`Writing this book has been a large task and I am indebted to the many
`people who helped along the way. First I want to thank the more than
`1200 electrical engineering graduate students who used drafts and the
`first two editions at NC State. I thank the many instructors and students
`who have provided feedback. I particularly thank Dr. Wael Fathelbab, a
`filter expert, who co-wrote an early version of the filter chapter. Professor
`Andreas Cangellaris helped in developing the early structure of the book.
`Many people have reviewed the book and provided suggestions. I thank
`input on the structure of the manuscript: Professors Mark Wharton and
`Nuno Carvalho of Universidade de Aveiro, Professors Ed Delp and Saul
`Gelfand of Purdue University, Professor Lynn Carpenter of Pennsylvania
`State University, Professor Grant Ellis of the Universiti Teknologi Petronas,
`Professor Islam Eshrah of Cairo University, Professor Mohammad Essaaidi
`and Dr. Otman Aghzout of Abdelmalek Essaadi Univeristy, Professor
`Jianguo Ma of Guangdong University of Technology, Dr. Jayesh Nath of
`Apple, Mr. Sony Rowland of the U.S. Navy, and Dr. Jonathan Wilkerson
`of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Dr. Josh Wetherington of
`Vadum, Dr. Glen Garner of Vadum, and Mr. Justin Lowry who graduated
`from North Carolina State University.
`Many people helped in producing this book. In the first edition I was
`assisted by Ms. Claire Sideri, Ms. Susan Manning, and Mr. Robert Lawless
`who assisted in layout and production. The publisher, task master, and chief
`coordinator, Mr. Dudley Kay, provided focus and tremendous assistance in
`developing the first and second editions of the book, collecting feedback
`from many instructors and reviewers. I thank the Institution of Engineering
`and Technology, who acquired the original publisher, for returning the
`copyright to me. This open access book was facilitated by John McLeod
`and Samuel Dalzell of the University of North Carolina Press, and by Micah
`Vandergrift and William Cross of NC State University Libraries. The open
`access ebooks are host by NC State University Libraries.
`The book was produced using LaTeX and open access fonts, line art was
`drawn using xfig and inkscape, and images were edited in gimp. So thanks
`to the many volunteers who developed these packages.
`My family, Mary, Cormac, Fiona, and Killian, gracefully put up with my
`absence for innumerable nights and weekends, many more than I could have
`ever imagined. I truly thank them. I also thank my academic sponsor, Dr.
`Ross Lampe, Jr., whose support of the university and its mission enabled me
`to pursue high risk and high reward endeavors including this book.
`
`Michael Steer
`North Carolina State University
`Raleigh, North Carolina
`mbs@ncsu.edu
`
`

`

`List of Trademarks
`
`3GPP R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of the European Telecommunications Stan-
`dards Institute.
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`gineers .
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`AT&T R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of AT&T Intellectual Property II, L.P.
`AWR R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of National Instruments Corporation.
`AWRDE R(cid:2) is a trademark of National Instruments Corporation.
`Bluetooth R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group.
`GSM R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of the GSM MOU Association.
`Mathcad R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of Parametric Technology Corporation.
`MATLAB R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.
`NEC R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation.
`OFDMA R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of Runcom Technologies Ltd.
`Qualcomm R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of Qualcomm Inc.
`Teflon R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours.
`RFMD R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of RF Micro Devices, Inc.
`SONNET R(cid:2) is a trademark of Sonnet Corporation.
`Smith is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
`Engineers.
`Touchstone R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of Agilent Corporation.
`WiFi R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance.
`WiMAX R(cid:2) is a registered trademark of the WiMAX Forum.
`
`All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
`
`

`

`

`

`Contents
`
`Preface . . .
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`
`1 Introduction to RF and Microwave Systems .
`1.1
`Introduction . .
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`1.2 RF and Microwave Engineering . .
`. . .
`1.3 Communication Over Distance . . .
`. . .
`1.3.1
`Electromagnetic Fields . . . .
`. . .
`1.3.2
`Biot-Savart Law . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.3.3
`Faraday’s Law of Induction .
`. . .
`1.3.4 Ampere’s Circuital Law . . .
`. . .
`1.3.5 Gauss’s Law .
`. . . .
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`. . .
`1.3.6 Gauss’s Law of Magnetism .
`. . .
`1.3.7
`Telegraph . . .
`. . . .
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`. . .
`1.3.8
`The Origins of Radio .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.3.9 Maxwell’s Equations .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.3.10 Transmission of Radio Signals . .
`1.3.11 Early Radio . .
`. . . .
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`. . .
`1.4 Radio Architecture . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.5 Conventional Wireless Communications
`1.6 RF Power Calculations . . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.6.1
`RF Propagation . . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.6.2
`Logarithm . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.6.3 Decibels . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.6.4 Decibels and Voltage Gain .
`. . .
`Photons and Electromagnetic Waves . . .
`1.7
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.8
`1.9 References . . .
`. . . .
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`. . .
`1.10 Exercises .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.10.1 Exercises By Section .
`. . . .
`. . .
`1.10.2 Answers to Selected Exercises . .
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`2 Modulation . .
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`2.1
`Introduction . .
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`2.2 Radio Signal Metrics .
`2.2.1 Crest Factor and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio . . . .
`2.2.2
`Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.2.3
`Two-Tone Signal
`. . .
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`2.3 Modulation Overview . . . .
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`2.4 Analog Modulation . .
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`2.4.1 Amplitude Modulation . . .
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`2.4.2
`Phase Modulation . .
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`2.4.3
`Frequency Modulation . . .
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`2.4.4 Analog Modulation Summary . .
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`2.5 Digital Modulation . .
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`v
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`
`

`

`xiv
`
`CONTENTS
`
`2.6
`
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`2.5.1 Modulation Efficiency . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`Frequency Shift Keying, FSK . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.6.1
`Essentials of FSK Modulation . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.6.2 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.6.3 Doppler Effect
`. . . .
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`. . . .
`2.6.4
`Summary . . .
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`2.7 Carrier Recovery . . .
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`2.8
`Phase Shift Keying Modulation . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.8.1
`Essentials of PSK . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
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`. . . .
`2.8.2
`Binary Phase Shift Keying . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.8.3 Quadra-Phase Shift Keying, QPSK . . . .
`π/4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.8.4
`2.8.5 Differential Quadra Phase Shift Keying, DQPSK . . . .
`2.8.6 Offset Quadra Phase Shift Keying, OQPSK . . .
`. . . .
`3π/8-8PSK, Rotating Eight-State Phase Shift Keying .
`2.8.7
`2.8.8
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.9 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.10 Digital Modulation Summary . . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.11 Interference and Distortion .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.11.1 Cochannel Interference . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.11.2 Adjacent Channel Interference . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.11.3 Noise, Distortion, and Constellation Diagrams .
`. . . .
`2.11.4 Comparison of GMSK and π/4DQPSK Modulation . .
`2.11.5 Error Vector Magnitude . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.12 Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.13 References . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.14 Exercises .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.14.1 Exercises By Section .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`2.14.2 Answers to Selected Exercises . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`3 Transmitters and Receivers . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`3.1
`Introduction . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.2
`Single-Sideband and Double-Sideband Modulation . .
`3.3
`Early Modulation and Demodulation Technology . . .
`3.3.1 Heterodyne Receiver
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.3.2 Homodyne Receiver .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.3.3
`FM Modulator . . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.3.4
`FM Demodulator . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.3.5
`Superheterodyne Receiver
`.
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.3.6
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4 Receiver and Transmitter Architectures .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4.1
`Radio as a Cascade of Two-Ports .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4.2 Heterodyne Transmitter and Receiver . .
`. . . .
`3.4.3
`Superheterodyne Receiver Architecture .
`. . . .
`3.4.4
`Single Heterodyne Receiver .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4.5
`Transceiver . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4.6 Hartley Modulator . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.4.7
`The Hartley Modulator in Modern Radios . . .
`3.5 Carrier Recovery . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.6 Modern Transmitter Architectures .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.6.1 Quadrature Modulator
`. . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
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`. . . .
`. . . .
`
`46
`47
`47
`48
`49
`49
`50
`50
`51
`53
`56
`57
`59
`61
`63
`64
`64
`65
`66
`66
`67
`68
`68
`69
`72
`73
`74
`76
`76
`
`77
`77
`78
`80
`80
`80
`81
`82
`82
`82
`82
`83
`83
`84
`85
`86
`87
`87
`88
`88
`88
`
`

`

`CONTENTS
`
`xv
`
`3.8
`3.9
`
`89
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`3.6.2 Quadrature Modulation . . .
`90
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`3.6.3
`Frequency Modulation . . .
`90
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`3.6.4
`Polar Modulation . .
`. . . .
`91
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`3.7 Modern Receiver Architectures . . .
`91
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`3.7.1
`Receiver Architectures . . . .
`93
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.7.2 Homodyne Frequency Conversion . . . .
`94
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.7.3 Heterodyne Frequency Conversion . . .
`94
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.7.4 Direct Conversion Receiver .
`. . .
`. . . .
`95
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.7.5
`Low-IF Receiver . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`95
`. . . .
`3.7.6
`Subsampling Analog-to-Digital Conversion . .
`96
`. . . .
`3.7.7
`First IF-to-Baseband Conversion .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`96
`. . . .
`3.7.8
`Bilateral Double-Conversion Receiver . .
`. . . .
`97
`. . . .
`Introduction to Software Defined Radio .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`98
`. . . .
`SDR Quadrature Modulator .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`98
`. . . .
`3.9.1 Analog Quadrature Modulator . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 102
`3.9.2
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 103
`3.10 Case Study: SDR Transmitter . . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 103
`3.10.1 Analog Quadrature Modulator . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`3.10.2 Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (SSB-SC) Modu-
`lation . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 105
`3.10.3 Digital Quadrature Modulation .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 107
`3.10.4 QAM Digital Modulation . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 112
`3.10.5 SDR Transmitter Using QAM Digital Modulation . . . 113
`3.11 SDR Quadrature Demodulator . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 120
`3.12 SDR Receiver .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 121
`3.12.1 Demodulation of the I component . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 122
`3.12.2 Demodulation of the Q component
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 124
`3.13 SDR Summary . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 125
`3.14 Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 126
`3.15 References . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 126
`3.16 Exercises .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . . 126
`
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`4 Antennas and the RF Link . . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`4.1
`Introduction . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`4.2 RF Antennas . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`4.3 Resonant Antennas . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`4.3.1
`Radiation from a Current Filament
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.3.2
`Finite-Length Wire Antennas . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`Traveling-Wave Antennas . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`4.4
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.5 Antenna Parameters .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`4.5.1
`Radiation Density and Radiation Intensity . . .
`4.5.2 Directivity and Antenna Gain . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.5.3
`Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
`. . .
`. . . .
`4.5.4
`Effective Aperture Size . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.5.5
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`The RF Link . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.6.1
`Propagation Path . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.6.2
`Resonant Scattering .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.6.3
`Fading .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.6.4
`Link Loss and Path Loss . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.6.5
`Fresnel Zones .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`
`4.6
`
`. . . . 129
`. . . . 129
`. . . . 130
`. . . . 131
`. . . . 131
`. . . . 133
`. . . . 136
`. . . . 137
`. . . . 137
`. . . . 138
`. . . . 141
`. . . . 141
`. . . . 142
`. . . . 143
`. . . . 143
`. . . . 145
`. . . . 145
`. . . . 150
`. . . . 153
`
`

`

`xvi
`
`CONTENTS
`
`Propagation Model in the Mobile Environment
`4.6.6
`4.7 Multipath and Delay Spread . . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.7.1 Delay Spread .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.7.2
`Intersymbol Interference . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.7.3
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.8 Radio Link Interference . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.8.1
`Frequency Reuse Plan . . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.8.2
`Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.9 Antenna array .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.10 Summary . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.11 References . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.12 Exercises .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.12.1 Exercises By Section .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`4.12.2 Answers to Selected Exercises . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`
`. . . . 155
`. . . . 156
`. . . . 156
`. . . . 158
`. . . . 160
`. . . . 160
`. . . . 160
`. . . . 163
`. . . . 163
`. . . . 165
`. . . . 166
`. . . . 167
`. . . . 172
`. . . . 172
`
`. . . . 173
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`5 RF Systems . .
`. . . . 173
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`. . . .
`5.1
`Introduction . .
`5.2
`Broadcast, Simplex, Dup