`
`Docket No.: 0107131.00696US1
`Filed on behalf of Intel Corporation
`By: Grant K. Rowan, Reg. No. 41,278
`
`1875 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
`Washington, DC 20006
`Telephone: (202) 663-6000
`Tel: (617) 526-6000
`Email: grant.rowan@wilmerhale.com
`haixia.lin@wilmerhale.com
`
`
`
`UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`____________________________________________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________________________________________
`
`Intel Corporation
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`ParkerVision, Inc.
`Patent Owner
`___________________________________________
`
`Case IPR2020-01265
`____________________________________________
`
`DECLARATION OF VIVEK SUBRAMANIAN, PH.D.
`U.S. PATENT NO. 7,110,444
`CHALLENGING CLAIMS 1, 3, 5
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`INTEL 1002
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`IPR2020-01265
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`I.
`INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
`QUALIFICATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE ...................... 1
`II.
`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED ........................................................................ 4
`IV. LEGAL PRINCIPLES ..................................................................................... 6
`A. Obviousness ........................................................................................... 6
`B.
`Interpretation of “Means-Plus-Function” Claim Elements ................... 9
`LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART ........................................... 10
`V.
`VI. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................... 11
`A.
`Types of Data Signals Used in Wireless Communication .................. 11
`B.
`“Modulating” Signals for Wireless Communication .......................... 14
`1.
`Amplitude modulation .............................................................. 15
`2.
`Phase Modulation ...................................................................... 16
`“Up-Conversion” and “Down-Conversion” ........................................ 17
`C.
`Circuitry Components Used in Wireless Devices ............................... 17
`D.
`VII. OVERVIEW OF THE ’444 PATENT .......................................................... 20
`A.
`The Alleged Problem in the Art .......................................................... 20
`B.
`The Alleged Invention of the ’444 Patent ........................................... 21
`C.
`Patent Owner Added the Last Limitations to Claims 1 and 3 To
`Obtain the Challenged Claims ............................................................. 32
`VIII. CLAIM CONSTRUCTION .......................................................................... 36
`A.
`“frequency down-conversion module” (Claim 1) ............................... 37
`B.
`“frequency down-conversion module” (Claim 3) ............................... 40
`C.
`“subtractor module” (Claims 1, 3) ...................................................... 40
`IX. OVERVIEW OF THE PRIOR ART REFERENCES ................................... 42
`A.
`Tayloe .................................................................................................. 42
`B.
`TI Datasheet ........................................................................................ 52
`C.
`Kawada ................................................................................................ 55
`D. Motivation to Combine ....................................................................... 57
`SPECIFIC GROUNDS FOR PETITION ...................................................... 61
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`X.
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`i
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`A. Ground I: Claims 1, 3, and 5 Are Obvious Over Tayloe in
`View of TI Datasheet .......................................................................... 61
`1.
`Independent Claim 1 ................................................................. 61
`2.
`Independent Claim 3 ............................................................... 100
`3.
`Dependent Claim 5 ................................................................. 104
`Ground II: Claims 1, 3, and 5 Are Obvious Over Tayloe in
`View of Kawada ................................................................................ 104
`XI. AVAILABILITY FOR CROSS EXAMINATION ..................................... 108
`XII. RIGHT TO SUPPLEMENT ........................................................................ 108
`XIII. JURAT ......................................................................................................... 108
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`
`B.
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`ii
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`I, Vivek Subramanian, declare as follows:
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`I.
`
`INTRODUCTION
`1. My name is Vivek Subramanian. I am a Professor of Microtechnology
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`at the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) (also known as the Swiss
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`Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne) in Switzerland. Until recently, I was
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`also a professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences at the University
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`of California, Berkeley. As of July 1, 2020, I have become an adjunct professor at
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`UC Berkeley upon completion of my move to EPFL.
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`2.
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`I have been retained as an expert in this proceeding by counsel for Intel
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`Corporation. I have been asked for my expert conclusions regarding the validity of
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`claims 1, 3, and 5 of U.S. Patent No. 7,110,444 (the “’444 Patent”) (Ex. 1001-’444).
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`For the reasons set forth below, it is my conclusion that claims 1, 3, and 5 of the ’444
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`patent are invalid.
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`II. QUALIFICATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
`3. My qualifications are stated more fully in my curriculum vitae, which
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`is attached as Exhibit A. Below is a summary of my education, work experience,
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`and other qualifications.
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`4.
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`I received a bachelor’s degree summa cum laude in electrical
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`engineering from Louisiana State University in 1994. I received M.S. and Ph.D.
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`
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`
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`degrees in electrical engineering, in 1996 and 1998, respectively, from Stanford
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`University.
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`5.
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`Throughout the course of my education, including my B.S., M.S., and
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`Ph.D. degrees, I was involved in designing and implementing wireless and high-
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`speed analog systems. For example, during my PhD, I designed RF CMOS radios,
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`including the transistor level design, simulation, layout, and characterization of the
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`same.
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`6.
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`After completing my Ph.D.,
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`I held multiple appointments
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`simultaneously between 1998 and 2000. I served as a Consulting Assistant Professor
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`in the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University. I also served as a
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`Visiting Research Engineer in the Department of Electrical Engineering and
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`Computer Sciences at the University of California, Berkeley, where my research
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`focused on 25nm metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET)
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`design and fabrication. I worked on technologies for high-performance transistor
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`processes, and I published several papers as a direct outcome of this technology
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`development.
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`7.
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`In 2000, I became an assistant professor at the University of California,
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`Berkeley in the Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences. In
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`2005, I was promoted to the position of tenured Associate Professor, and in 2011, I
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`was promoted to full Professor. In 2018, I became a full Professor of
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`
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`Microtechnology at EPFL in Switzerland, where I lead the Laboratory for Advanced
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`Fabrication Technologies (LAFT). The lab focuses on the development and
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`application of advanced additive fabrication techniques for realizing precision
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`microelectronic and electromechanical systems. As of 2020, I have completed my
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`move to EPFL and have therefore converted to an adjunct appointment at Berkeley.
`
`8. My research has maintained a large effort on RF systems. Specifically,
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`throughout my many years at Berkeley, I maintained a regular research focus on
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`RFID systems, including designing both readers and RFID tags.
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`9.
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`Starting in 2004, I was a founding technical advisor for Kovio. Under
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`my leadership, Kovio re-focused on RFID and RF anti-theft systems. I led the
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`development of Kovio’s first commercial RFID tag product, including the design of
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`both the tag and the reader. My involvement with Kovio ended with Kovio’s
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`acquisition by thin film electronics, but Kovio continues to focus on this area.
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`10.
`
`I co-founded Locix Inc. in 2014. Locix develops and sells a range of
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`wireless-enabled products, including proprietary Wi-Fi-based RF localization
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`systems and sub-GHz low-power wireless sensor networks. As CTO of Locix, I led
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`the development of the entire Locix RF product portfolio. I continue to be involved
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`with Locix on a regular basis.
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`11.
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`I have authored or co-authored over 200 technical papers in
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`international journals and conferences and have been named an inventor or co-
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`inventor on more than 50 patents, many of which cover aspects of RF circuits.
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`12.
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`I am being compensated for my time at my ordinary hourly rate of $650.
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`My compensation is not dependent on the outcome of these proceedings or the
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`content of my opinions. To the best of my knowledge, I have no financial interest
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`in either party or in the outcome of this proceeding.
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`III. MATERIALS CONSIDERED
`13.
`In preparing this declaration, I have reviewed the claims, specification,
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`and file history of the ’444 patent. I understand that the ’444 patent issued on
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`September 19, 2006 from U.S. Patent Application No. 09/632,856 (filed August 4,
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`2000). The ’444 patent states that it is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent
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`Application No. 09/525,615 (filed March 14, 2000) and a continuation-in-part of
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`U.S. Patent Application No. 09/526,041 (filed March 14, 2000). The’444 patent also
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`claims priority to provisional application 60/147,129 (filed on August 4, 1999).
`
`14.
`
`I have reviewed and understand the references and exhibits cited in this
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`Declaration, including the following:
`
`Exhibit
`
`Description
`
`1001
`
`U.S. Patent No. 7,110,444 (“’444 patent”)
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`4
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`Declaration of Dr. Vivek SubramanianRegarding U.S. Patent No.
`7,110,444 (“Subramanian Decl.”)
`’444 patent File History
`U.S. Patent No. 6,230,000 (“Tayloe”)
`SN74CBT3253D Dual 1-of-4 FET Multiplexer/Demultiplexer (rev.
`ed. May 1998) (“TI Datasheet”)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,018,553 (“Sanielevici”)
`U.S. Patent No. 6,317,589 (“Nash”)
`U.S. Patent No. 4,985,647 (“Kawada”)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,764,693 (“Taylor”)
`“Modem,” IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics
`Terms (4th ed. 1988)
`“Modem,” McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical
`Terms, (5th ed. 1994)
`“Modem,” Websters New World Dictionary of American English
`(3rd ed. 1988)
`U.S. Patent No. 5,742,641 (“Dingsor”)
`“Capacitor,” Microsoft Press Computer Dictionary (2d ed. 1994)
`
`“Capacitor,” IBM Dictionary of Computing (10th ed. 1994)
`ParkerVision v. Intel Corp., No. 6:20-cv-108, D.I. 24 (June 26,
`2020) (“Trial Setting Order”)
`ParkerVision v. Intel Corp., No. 6:20-cv-108, D.I. 25 (June 26,
`2020) (“Markman Setting Order”)
`Patent Owner’s Preliminary Infringement Contentions,
`ParkerVision v. Intel Corp., No. 6:20-cv-108 (June 26, 2020)
`Declaration of Maureen M. Honeycutt (“Honeycutt Decl.”)
`
`
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`1002
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`1003
`1004
`1005
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`1006
`1007
`1008
`1009
`1010
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`1011
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`1012
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`1013
`1014
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`1015
`1016
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`1017
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`1018
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`1019
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`5
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`IV. LEGAL PRINCIPLES
`15.
`I am not an attorney. For the purposes of this declaration, I have been
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`informed by Intel’s counsel about certain aspects of the law that are relevant to my
`
`opinions, as stated in the following paragraphs. I have applied these legal principles
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`in arriving at my conclusions expressed in this declaration.
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`A. Obviousness
`16.
`I have been informed and understand that a patent claim is invalid if it
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`would have been obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the art (POSITA) at the
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`time of the alleged invention. This means that, even if all of the requirements of a
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`claim are not found in a single prior art reference, the claim is not patentable if the
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`differences between the subject matter in the prior art and the subject matter in the
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`claim would have been obvious to a POSITA at the time of the alleged invention.
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`17.
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`I have been informed and understand that a determination of whether a
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`claim was obvious should be based upon several factors, including, among others:
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`(1) the level of ordinary skill in the art at the time of the alleged invention; (2) the
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`scope and content of the prior art; (3) the differences, if any, that existed between
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`the claimed invention and the prior art; and (4) any objective considerations of
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`nonobviousness.
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`18.
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`I have been informed and understand that when determining any
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`differences between the invention covered by the patent claims and the prior art, one
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`should not look at the individual differences between the patent claims and the prior
`
`art in isolation, but rather consider the claimed invention as a whole and determine
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`whether or not it would have been obvious in light of all of the prior art.
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`19.
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`I have been informed and understand that a single reference can render
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`a patent claim obvious if any differences between that reference and the claims
`
`would have been obvious to a POSITA. Alternatively, the teachings of two or more
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`references may be combined in the same way as disclosed in the claims. I have been
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`informed and understand that when deciding whether to combine the various items
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`described in the prior art, the relevant question is whether the prior art combination
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`would have been obvious to a person with ordinary skill in the art at the time of the
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`invention. I have been further informed that it can be important to identify a
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`teaching, suggestion, or motivation, in either the prior art or the knowledge of
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`persons skilled in the art, that would have prompted a person of ordinary skill in the
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`relevant field to combine the elements in the prior art in the way the claimed
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`invention does.
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`20.
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`In determining whether a combination based on either a single
`
`reference or multiple references would have been obvious, it is appropriate to
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`consider, among other factors:
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` whether the teachings of the prior art references disclose known concepts
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`combined in familiar ways, and when combined, would yield predictable
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`results;
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` whether a POSITA would implement a predictable variation, and would
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`see the benefit of doing so;
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` whether the claimed elements represent one of a limited number of known
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`design choices, and would have a reasonable expectation of success by a
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`POSITA;
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` whether a POSITA would have recognized a reason to combine known
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`elements in the manner described in the claim;
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` whether there is some teaching or suggestion in the prior art to make the
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`modification or combination of elements claimed in the patent; and
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` whether the innovation applies a known technique that had been used to
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`improve a similar device or method in a similar way.
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`21.
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`I have been informed and understand that one of ordinary skill in the
`
`art has ordinary creativity, and is not an automaton. I have been informed and
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`understand that in considering obviousness, it is important not to determine
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`obviousness using the benefit of hindsight derived from the patent being considered.
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`I have been informed and understand that a patent composed of several elements is
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`not proved obvious merely by demonstrating that each of its elements was
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`independently known in the prior art.
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`22.
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`I have been informed and understand that to show a motivation to
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`combine, one is not required to show how the references would be physically
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`combined to render a claim obvious. The analysis is not focused on whether the
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`features of one reference can be physically incorporated into the structure of another
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`reference, but rather whether a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been
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`motivated to combine the teachings of the references to achieve the claimed
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`invention. For example, a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand how
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`predictable variations of known concepts could be combined and would recognize
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`that where multiple tools were available in a toolbox, any could be chosen.
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`B.
`23.
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`Interpretation of “Means-Plus-Function” Claim Elements
`I have been informed and understand that a “means-plus-function”
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`claim term is a term that recites a certain function but does not recite sufficient
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`structure for performing that function. I understand that means-plus-function terms
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`are limited to the function recited in the claim term and the specific structure
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`disclosed in the patent’s specification for performing that function and structures
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`that are equivalent to the disclosed structures.
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`24.
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`I have been informed and understand that for means-plus-function
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`limitations, a prior art reference or combination of references must disclose the
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`identical function in the claim limitation and must disclose a structure that performs
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`the function that is either identical to or the equivalent of the structure in the
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`specification of the challenged patent that performs the claimed function. I
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`understand that a structure can be equivalent if (a) the prior art element performs the
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`identical function specified in the claim in substantially the same way, and produces
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`substantially the same results as the corresponding element disclosed in the
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`specification; (b) a person of ordinary skill in the art would have recognized the
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`interchangeability of the element shown in the prior art for the corresponding
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`element disclosed in the specification; or (c) there are insubstantial differences
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`between the prior art element and the corresponding element disclosed in the
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`specification.
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`V. LEVEL OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
`25.
`I have considered the ’444 patent from the perspective of a POSITA at
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`the time of the alleged invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art for the ’444
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`patent would have had at least the equivalent of a bachelor’s degree in electrical
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`engineering or a related subject and two or more years of experience in the field of
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`radio frequency (RF) circuit design. Less work experience may be compensated by
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`a higher level of education, such as a master’s degree, and vice versa. At the time
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`of the claimed invention, I would have qualified as a POSITA under this standard.
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`VI. TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
`A. Types of Data Signals Used in Wireless Communication
`26. Wireless devices (such as cellular phones and tablets (like the Apple
`
`iPad)) exchange information by transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals.
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`Such signals are sent from a first device’s transmitter to a second device’s receiver.
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`Claims 1, 3, and 5 of the ’444 patent relate to receiving signals from another device.
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`For example, representative claim 1 reads as follow.
`
`1.
`
`A wireless modem apparatus, comprising:
`a receiver for frequency down-converting an input signal
`including,
`a first frequency down-conversion module to down-convert the
`input signal, wherein said first frequency down-conversion module
`down-converts said input signal according to a first control signal and
`outputs a first down-converted signal;
`a second frequency down-conversion module to down-convert
`said input signal, wherein said second frequency down-conversion
`module down-converts said input signal according to a second control
`signal and outputs a second down-converted signal; and
`a subtractor module that subtracts said second down-converted
`signal from said first down-converted signal and outputs a down-
`converted signal;
`wherein said second control signal is delayed relative to said
`first control signal by (0.5+n) cycles of said input signal, wherein n is
`an integer greater than or equal to 1.
` (Ex. 1001-’444, claims 1, 3, and 5)
`
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`27. Before information, such as voice information of a telephone call, is
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`transmitted, it is in the form of a “baseband signal.” A baseband signal has a
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`relatively low frequency and is often a digital signal comprising a series of 1’s and
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`0’s as shown below.
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`28. When a baseband signal is transmitted wirelessly, the digital baseband
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`signal is converted into an analog signal. An analog signal is a continuous waveform
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`that oscillates between maximum and minimum values at a certain frequency:
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`
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`29. As shown above, the “amplitude” of the analog signal corresponds to
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`how much the signal oscillates between its “zero” or equilibrium value to its
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`maximum or minimum value. The signal’s “phase” refers to the position of the
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`signal within its cycle as it oscillates. A full cycle of a signal is conventionally
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`defined as spanning 360 degrees. For instance, as shown above, the signal’s peak is
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`at 90 degrees; the signal crosses zero at 180 degrees; and the signal completes its
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`cycle at 360 degrees. The analog signals shown below have the same frequency and
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`amplitude but have phases that are shifted with respect to each other by 90 degrees
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`(0.25 cycles).
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`30. As another example, the two signal waves shown below are 180 degrees
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`(0.5 cycles) out of phase and are essentially “opposite” to each other. These signals
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`are also considered to be “inverted” with respect to each other.
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`B.
`“Modulating” Signals for Wireless Communication
`31. Since baseband signals have relatively low frequencies, they are not
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`adapted to be wirelessly transmitted between wireless devices. Instead, the baseband
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`signal must be “imprinted” onto a higher frequency signal, which is often referred
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`to as a “carrier” signal, that is more easily transmitted over the air. Such a carrier
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`signal “carries” the baseband signal over the air between wireless devices.
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`32.
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`“Imprinting” a lower frequency baseband signal onto a higher
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`frequency carrier signal is referred to in the art as “modulation.” To perform
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`modulation, the frequency, phase, and/or amplitude of the carrier signal can be
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`modified (or “modulated”) based on the frequency, phase, and/or amplitude of the
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`baseband signal. Some well-known examples of modulation are described in more
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`detail below
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`1.
`Amplitude modulation
`“Amplitude modulation” refers to modifying the amplitude of the
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`33.
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`carrier signal based on the amplitude of the baseband signal, as shown below. Here,
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`the modified carrier signal is referred to as an “amplitude modulated signal,” which
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`can be transmitted over the air to a wireless device’s receiver.
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`
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`34. The receiver “knows” the amplitude of the unmodulated carrier signal
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`ahead of time. When the receiver receives the amplitude modulated signal, it
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`therefore, can recover the original baseband signal from the amplitude modulated
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`signal by comparing the amplitudes of the modulated signal and unmodulated carrier
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`signal.
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`2.
`Phase Modulation
`35. A baseband signal can also be sent over the air to another device using
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`phase modulation. In this example, the “phase” of the carrier signal is modified
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`based on the phase of the baseband signal, as shown below.
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`
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`36.
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`In this example, the modified carrier signal is called a “phase modulated
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`signal,” which is transmitted to a wireless receiver. As in the case of amplitude
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`modulation, the receiver knows the phase of the carrier signal beforehand and can
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`obtain the baseband signal from the modulated carrier signal by comparing the
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`phases of the modulated signal and unmodulated carrier signal.
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`37. Amplitude and phase modulation were both well-known before the
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`’444 patent.
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`C.
`“Up-Conversion” and “Down-Conversion”
`38. Modulating a high frequency carrier signal with a low frequency
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`baseband signal to produce a high frequency modulated signal is called “up-
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`conversion.” The ’444 patent refers to this high frequency modulated signal as a
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`“radio frequency” or “RF” signal. After the high frequency modulated signal is
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`transmitted to a device’s receiver, the receiver needs to convert the modulated signal
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`back down to the low frequency baseband signal so that the information in the
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`baseband signal can be recovered and processed. This is achieved using a “down-
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`conversion” method. Claims 1, 3, and 5 of the ’444 patent relate to down-converting
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`a modulated RF signal back to a baseband signal. Down-conversion methods have
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`been well-known in the art long before the ’444 patent.
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`D. Circuitry Components Used in Wireless Devices
`39. Switch. As shown below, a “switch” (gray) is an electronic component
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`that controls the flow of a signal in a circuit between an input node (purple) and an
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`output node (orange).
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`Ex. 1005-TI Datasheet, 2
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`40. A control signal (pink) controls the switch to be “open” or “closed.”
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`When the switch is “open” or “off,” the signal cannot substantially flow through the
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`switch. On the other hand, when the switch is “closed” or “on,” the signal can flow
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`unimpeded through the switch.
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`41. Figure 1B of the ’444 patent (below) shows one common way a switch
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`is typically shown in schematic diagrams depicting circuits. The switch (gray)
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`includes an input node (purple) and an output node (orange). A control signal (pink)
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`controls the switch to turn it “on” and “off.”
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`42. Capacitor. A “capacitor” is an electronic circuit device that stores
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`energy (or charge) in a circuit.
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`43. Amplifier. An “amplifier” is an electronic component that increases or
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`“amplifies” the magnitude of a signal. A “differential amplifier” is a certain type of
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`amplifier that inputs two signals, determines the difference in magnitude between
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`the signals, and amplifies the difference in magnitude. In the figure below, a
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`differential amplifier is often depicted as a triangle with an “inverting” input (shown
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`by the minus symbol (“-”)) that inputting a first signal, and a “non-inverting” input
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`(shown by the plus symbol (“+”)) for inputting a second signal.
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`44.
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` Then, the magnitude of the first signal supplied to the inverting input
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`is subtracted from the second signal supplied to the non-inverting input, and
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`afterwards, the differential amplifier outputs a signal representing the amplified
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`difference in the magnitudes of the first and second signals. Since differential
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`amplifiers output the difference in magnitude between two signals, they are also
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`referred to as “subtractors.”
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`45. Each of these components, which are recited in the ’444 patent, were
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`all known before the ’444 patent.
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`VII. OVERVIEW OF THE ’444 PATENT
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`A. The Alleged Problem in the Art
`46. The ’444 patent states that it addresses problems in receivers used in
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`wireless local area networks (“WLANs”). The patent acknowledges that “various
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`components” and “schemes” for down-converting signals received over wireless
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`networks existed at the time of the claimed invention. (Ex. 1001-’444, 2:3-7)
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`(“Additionally, various communication components exist for performing frequency
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`down-conversion, frequency up-conversion, and filtering. Also, schemes exist for
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`signal reception in the face of potential jamming signals.”). However, the patent
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`states that conventional WLAN receivers are “complex” and require “a large number
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`of circuit parts” that are costly and “result in higher power consumption.” (Id., 1:65–
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`2:3) (“Conventional wireless communications circuitry is complex and has a large
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`number of circuit parts. This complexity and high parts count increases overall cost.
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`Additionally, higher part counts result in higher power consumption, which is
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`undesirable, particularly in battery powered wireless units.”)
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`B.
`The Alleged Invention of the ’444 Patent
`47. The ’444 patent specification states that it addresses these problems
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`with a WLAN receiver that includes at least one “universal frequency translation
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`[UFT] module that frequency down-converts a received electromagnetic (EM)
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`signal.” (Id., 2:19-21) (“The WLAN receiver includes at least one universal
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`frequency
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`translation module
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`that
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`frequency down-converts a
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`received
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`electromagnetic (EM) signal.”); (see also id., 8:38-43; 9:30-32) (“The present
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`invention is related to frequency translation, and applications of same. Such
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`applications include, but are not limited to, frequency down-conversion, frequency
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`up-conversion, enhanced signal reception, unified down-conversion and filtering,
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`and combinations and applications of same. . . . The present invention is directed to
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`systems and methods of universal frequency down-conversion, and applications of
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`same. In particular, the following discussion describes down-converting using a
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`Universal Frequency Translation Module.”)
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`48. Claims 1, 3, and 5 relate to the wireless receiver shown in Figure 70A
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`(below). This receiver includes two “frequency down-conversion modules” that
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`each have a universal frequency translation UFT module that down-converts a high
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`frequency RF input signal to a low frequency baseband signal.
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`Ex. 1001-’444, Fig. 70A
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`49. The first down-conversion module 7002 (red) down-converts the high
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`frequency RF input signal 7082 (purple) to produce a first down-converted signal
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`7098 (red). (Id., 35:35-36:13) (“FIG. 70A illustrates an exemplary I/Q modulation
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`receiver 7000, according to an embodiment of the present invention. I/Q modulation
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`receiver 7000 has additional advantages of reducing or eliminating unwanted DC
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`offsets and circuit re-radiation. As will be apparent, the IQ receiver 7000 can be
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`described as a multi-phase receiver to those skilled in the arts. I/Q modulation
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`receiver 7000 comprises a first UFD module 7002 [red], a first optional filter 7004,
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`a second UFD module 7006 [green], a second optional filter 7008, a third UFD
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`module 7010, a third optional filter 7012, a fourth UFD module 7014, a fourth filter
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`7016, an optional LNA 7018, a first differential amplifier 7020, a second differential
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`amplifier 7022, and an antenna 7072. I/Q modulation receiver 7000 receives, down-
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`converts, and demodulates a I/Q modulated RF input signal 7082 to an I baseband
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`output signal 7084 [yellow], and a Q baseband output signal 7086. I/Q modulated
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`RF input signal 7082 comprises a first information signal and a second information
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`signal that are I/Q modulated onto an RF carrier signal. I baseband output signal
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`7084 comprises the first baseband information signal. Q baseband output signal 7086
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`comprises the second baseband information signal. Antenna 7072 receives I/Q
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`modulated RF input signal 7082. I/Q modulated RF input signal 7082 is output by
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`antenna 7072 and received by optional LNA 7018. When present, LNA 7018
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`amplifies I/Q modulated RF input signal 7082, and outputs amplified I/Q signal 7088
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`[purple]. First UFD module 7002 [red] receives amplified I/Q signal 7088 [purple].
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`First UFD module 7002 down-converts the I-phase signal portion of amplified input
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`I/Q signal 7088 according to an I control signal 7090 [pink]. First UFD module 7002
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`outputs an I output signal 7098 [red]. In an embodiment, first UFD module 7002
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`comprises a first storage module 7024 [brown], a first UFT module 7026 [gray], and
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`a first voltage reference 7028. In an embodiment, a switch contained within first
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`UFT module 7026 opens and closes as a function of I control signal 7090. As a result
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`of the opening and closing of this switch, which respectively couples and de-couples
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`first storage module 7024 to and from first voltage reference 7028, a down