Microelectror1ic
`Circuits I
`Sedra/S111ith
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`Oxford University Press
`
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`Copyright© 1998, 1991, 1987, 198lby Oxford University Press, Inc.
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`Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.,
`198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016
`http://www.oup-usa.org
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`Oxford is a regis~d trademark of Oxford University Press
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`All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
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`or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Sedra, Adel S.
`4th ed.
`Microelectronic circuits / Adel S. Sedra, Kenneth C. Smith. -
`p.
`cm. -
`(Oxford series in electrical and computer engineering)
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`ISBN 0-19-511663- l
`2. Integrated circuits.
`1. Electronic circuits.
`ID. Series.
`D. Title.
`Kenneth Carless.
`TK7867.S39
`1997
`62l.381---dc21
`
`I. Smith,
`
`9'7-11254
`CIP
`
`9
`
`Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
`
`Cover Illustration: The chip shown is the ADXL-50 surface-micromachined accelerometer. For the first time, sensor
`and signal conditioning are combined on a single monolithic chip. In its earliest application, it was a key factor in
`the improved reliability and reduced cost of modem automotive airbag systems. Photo reprinted with permission of
`Analog Devices, inc.
`
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`

`2
`
`INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS
`
`In addition to motivating the study of electronics, this chapter serves as a bridge be(cid:173)
`tween the study of linear circuits and that of the subject of this book: the design and analysis
`of electronic circuits.
`
`1.1 SIGNALS
`Signals contain information about a variety of things and activities in our physical world.
`Examples abound: Information about the weather is contained in signals that represent the
`air temperature, pressure, wind speed, etc. The voice of a radio announcer reading the news
`into a microphone provides an acoustic signal that contains info1mation about world affairs.
`To monitor the status of a nuclear reactor, instruments are used to measure a multitude of
`relevant parameters, each instrument producing a signal.
`To extract required information from a set of signals, the observer (be it a human or a
`machine) invariably needs to process the signals in some predetermined manner. This signal
`processing is usually most conveniently performed by electronic systems. For this to be
`possible, however, the signal must first be converted into an electric signal, that is, a voltage
`or a current. This process is accomplished by devices known as transducers. A variety of
`transducers exist, each suitable for one of the various forms of physical signals. For instance,
`the sound waves generated by a human can be converted into electric signals using a mi(cid:173)
`crophone, which is in effect a pressure transducer. It is not our purpose here to study
`transducers; rather, we shall assume that the signals of interest already exist in the electrical
`domain and represent them by one of the two equivalent forms shown in Fig. 1.1. In Fig.
`l.l(a) the signal is represented by a voltage source vs(t) having a source resistance Rs. In
`the alternate representation of Fig. 1.1 (b) the signal is represented by a current source
`is(t) having a source resistance Rs. Although the two representations are equivalent, that in
`Fig. l.l(a) (known as the Thevenin form) is preferred when Rs is low. The representation
`of Fig. l.l(b) (known as the Norton form) is preferred when Rs is high.
`
`R,
`
`vJt)E
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`Fig. 1.1 Two alternative
`representations of a signal
`source:
`(a) the Thevenin
`form, and
`(b) the Norton
`form.
`
`From the discussion above, it should be apparent that a signal is a time-varying quantity
`that can be represented by a graph such as that shown in Fig. 1.2. In fact, the information
`content of the signal is represented by the changes in its magnitude as time progresses; that
`is, the information is contained in the "wiggles" in the signal waveform. In general, such
`waveforms are difficult to characterize mathematically. In other words, it is not easy to
`describe succinctly an arbitrary looking waveform such as that of Fig. 1.2. Of course, such
`a description is of great importance for the purpose of designing appropriate signal(cid:173)
`processing circuits that perform desired functions on the given signal.
`
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