UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
`____________
`
`BEFORE THE PATENT TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD
`____________
`
`APPLE INC.
`Petitioner
`
`v.
`
`NAVBLAZER, LLC
`Patent Owner
`____________
`
`Case No. IPR2020-01253
`U.S. Patent Nos. 9,075,136
`____________
`
`DECLARATION OF JACOB ROBERT MUNFORD
`
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`IPR2020-01253
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`1. My name is Jacob Robert Munford. I am over the age of 18, have personal
`
`knowledge of the facts set forth herein, and am competent to testify to the
`
`same.
`
`2. I earned a Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) from the
`
`University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee in 2009. I have over ten years of
`
`experience in the library/information science field. Beginning in 2004, I
`
`have served in various positions in the public library sector including
`
`Assistant Librarian, Youth Services Librarian and Library Director. I have
`
`attached my Curriculum Vitae as Appendix A.
`
`3. During my career in the library profession, I have been responsible for
`
`materials acquisition for multiple libraries. In that position, I have cataloged,
`
`purchased and processed incoming library works. That includes purchasing
`
`materials directly from vendors, recording publishing data from the material
`
`in question, creating detailed material records for library catalogs and
`
`physically preparing that material for circulation. In addition to my
`
`experience in acquisitions, I was also responsible for analyzing large
`
`collections of library materials, tailoring library records for optimal catalog
`
` 1
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`IPR2020-01253
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`search performance and creating lending agreements between libraries
`
`during my time as a Library Director.
`
`4. I am fully familiar with the catalog record creation process in the library
`
`sector. In preparing a material for public availability, a library catalog record
`
`describing that material would be created. These records are typically
`
`written in Machine Readable Catalog (herein referred to as “MARC”) code
`
`and contain information such as a physical description of the material,
`
`metadata from the material’s publisher, and date of library acquisition. The
`
`MARC record has been the standard format for computerized library records
`
`since the early 1970s. In particular, the 008 field of the MARC record is
`
`reserved for denoting the date of creation of the library record itself. As this
`
`typically occurs during the process of preparing materials for public access,
`
`it is my experience that an item’s MARC record indicates the date of an
`
`item’s public availability.
`
`5. This declaration is being drafted as of June 24, 2020. University libraries in
`
`my area have been closed for months due to the COVID-19 pandemic. My
`
`state has been operating under a travel advisory which restricts my ability to
`
`secure library materials on-site. As such, this declaration is based upon
`
`internal library records made available to the public via library catalog. In
`
` 2
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`IPR2020-01253
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`my experience, library catalog records are accurate descriptions of a
`
`library’s collection and my lack of physical access to libraries at this time
`
`creates no doubt in my determinations of authenticity or availability.
`
`6. I have reviewed Exhibit 1006 selections from Development of Human
`
`Factors Guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATS) and
`
`Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO): Comparable Systems Analysis by
`
`D.L. Clarke, M.E. McCauley, T.J. Sharkey, T.A. Dingus and J.D. Lee
`
`(hereto referred to as ‘Clarke’).
`
`7. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE01 is ‘dot_2768_DS1.pdf’, a PDF
`
`copy of ‘Clarke’. I secured this copy from The United States Department of
`
`Transportation’s National Transportation Library
`
`(https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/2768). In comparing Exhibit 1006 to
`
`Appendix CLARKE01, it is my determination that Exhibit 1006 is a true and
`
`correct copy of ‘Clarke.’
`
`8. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE02 is a true and correct copy of the
`
`MARC record describing ‘Clarke’ from Ferris State University’s library. I
`
`secured this record myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of
`
`this MARC record indicates ‘Clarke’ was first cataloged by the library as of
`
`May 22, 1997.
`
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`9. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE03 is a true and correct copy of the
`
`MARC record describing ‘Clarke’ from the Illinois Department of
`
`Transportation Policy & Research Center Library. I secured this record
`
`myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of this MARC record
`
`indicates ‘Clarke’ was first cataloged by the library as of January 7, 1997.
`
`10. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE04 is a true and correct copy of the
`
`MARC record describing ‘Clarke’ from the Penn State University library. I
`
`secured this record myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of
`
`this MARC record indicates ‘Clarke’ was first cataloged by the library as of
`
`October 17, 1997.
`
`11. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE05 is a true and correct copy of the
`
`MARC record describing ‘Clarke’ from Northwestern University’s library. I
`
`secured this record myself from the library’s online catalog. The 008 field of
`
`this MARC record indicates ‘Clarke’ was first cataloged by the library as of
`
`January 22, 1997.
`
`12. Attached hereto as Appendix CLARKE06 is a true and correct copy of the
`
`MARC record describing ‘Clarke’ from Southern Illinois University’s
`
`library. I secured this record myself from the library’s online catalog. The
`
` 4
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`008 field of this MARC record indicates ‘Clarke’ was first cataloged by the
`
`library as of May 22, 1997.
`
`13. After examining each record, it is my determination that Appendices
`
`CLARKE02 – CLARKE06 accurately describe ‘Clarke’. Considering the
`
`date of creation found in each MARC record, there is a clear indication that
`
`libraries were cataloging and adding ‘Clarke’ to their collections in 1997. As
`
`such, it is also my determination that ‘Clarke’ was made available and
`
`accessible shortly after January 1997 and certainly no later than May 22,
`
`1997.
`
`14. I have been retained on behalf of the Petitioner to provide assistance in the
`
`above-illustrated matter in establishing the authenticity and public
`
`availability of the documents discussed in this declaration. I am being
`
`compensated for my services in this matter at the rate of $100.00 per hour
`
`plus reasonable expenses. My statements are objective, and my
`
`compensation does not depend on the outcome of this matter.
`
`15. I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct. I
`
`hereby declare that all statements made herein of my own knowledge are
`
`true and that all statements made on information and belief are believed to
`
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`IPR2020-01253
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`be true; and further that these statements were made the knowledge that
`
`willful false statements and the like so made are punishable by fine or
`
`imprisonment, or both, under Section 1001 of Title 18 of the United States
`
`Code.
`
`Dated: July 7, 2020
`
`Jacob Robert Munford
`
` 6
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`Appendix A
`Appendix A
`
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`Appendix A - Curriculum Vitae
`
`Education
`
`University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee - MS, Library & Information Science, 2009
`Milwaukee, WI
`● Coursework included cataloging, metadata, data analysis, library systems,
`management strategies and collection development.
`● Specialized in library advocacy and management.
`
`
`Grand Valley State University - BA, English Language & Literature, 2008
`Allendale, MI
`● Coursework included linguistics, documentation and literary analysis.
`● Minor in political science with a focus in local-level economics and
`government.
`
`
`Professional Experience
`
`Researcher / Expert Witness, October 2017 – present
`Freelance
`Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
`● Material authentication and public accessibility determination. Declarations
`of authenticity and/or public accessibility provided upon research
`completion. Depositions provided on request.
`● Research provided on topics of public library operations, material
`publication history, digital database services and legacy web resources.
`● Past clients include Apple, Fish & Richardson, Erise IP, Baker Botts and
`other firms working in patent law.
`
`
`
`Library Director, February 2013 - March 2015
`Dowagiac District Library
`Dowagiac, Michigan
`● Executive administrator of the Dowagiac District Library. Located in
`Southwest Michigan, this library has a service area of 13,000, an annual
`
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`operating budget of over $400,000 and total assets of approximately
`$1,300,000.
`● Developed careful budgeting guidelines to produce a 15% surplus during the
`2013-2014 & 2014-2015 fiscal years.
`● Using this budget surplus, oversaw significant library investments including
`the purchase of property for a future building site, demolition of existing
`buildings and building renovation projects on the current facility.
`● Led the organization and digitization of the library's archival records.
`● Served as the public representative for the library, developing business
`relationships with local school, museum and tribal government entities.
`● Developed an objective-based analysis system for measuring library services
`- including a full collection analysis of the library's 50,000+ circulating
`items and their records.
`
`November 2010 - January 2013
`Librarian & Branch Manager, Anchorage Public Library
`Anchorage, Alaska
`● Headed the 2013 Anchorage Reads community reading campaign including
`event planning, staging public performances and creating marketing
`materials for mass distribution.
`● Co-led the social media department of the library's marketing team, drafting
`social media guidelines, creating original content and instituting long-term
`planning via content calendars.
`● Developed business relationships with The Boys & Girls Club, Anchorage
`School District and the US Army to establish summer reading programs for
`children.
`
`June 2004 - September 2005, September 2006 - October 2013
`Library Assistant, Hart Area Public Library
`Hart, MI
`● Responsible for verifying imported MARC records and original MARC
`cataloging for the local-level collection as well as the Michigan Electronic
`Library.
`● Handled OCLC Worldcat interlibrary loan requests & fulfillment via
`ongoing communication with lending libraries.
`
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`Professional Involvement
`
`Alaska Library Association - Anchorage Chapter
`● Treasurer, 2012
`
`Library Of Michigan
`● Level VII Certification, 2008
`● Level II Certification, 2013
`
`Michigan Library Association Annual Conference 2014
`● New Directors Conference Panel Member
`
`Southwest Michigan Library Cooperative
`● Represented the Dowagiac District Library, 2013-2015
`
`Professional Development
`
`Library Of Michigan Beginning Workshop, May 2008
`Petoskey, MI
`● Received training in cataloging, local history, collection management,
`children’s literacy and reference service.
`
`Public Library Association Intensive Library Management Training, October 2011
`Nashville, TN
`● Attended a five-day workshop focused on strategic planning, staff
`management, statistical analysis, collections and cataloging theory.
`
`Alaska Library Association Annual Conference 2012 - Fairbanks, February 2012
`Fairbanks, AK
`● Attended seminars on EBSCO advanced search methods, budgeting,
`cataloging, database usage and marketing.
`
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`Appendix CLARKE01
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`U.S. Department
`of Transportation
`Federal Highway
`Administration
`
`Publication No. FHWA-RD-95-197
`December 1996
`
`Development of Human Factors Guidelines
`for Advanced Traveler Information Systems
`(ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations
`(CVO): Comparable Systems Analysis
`
`Research and Development
`Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center
`6300 Georgetown Pike
`McLean, Virginia 22101-2296
`
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`This report is one of a series of eight reports produced as part of a contract designed to develop
`precise, detailed human factors design guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information Systems
`(ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). Among the topics discussed in the series
`are a functional description of ATIS-CVO, comparable systems analysis, identification and
`exploration of driver acceptance, and definition and prioritization of research studies.
`
`This report documents a comparable systems analysis of seven systems that represent
`ATIS/CVO features and functions. Those identified systems are analyzed with respect to
`identifying human factors issues, establishing lessons learned in the system design and
`evaluation, and developing human factors guidelines for future ATIS/CVO systems. Because
`this study examined accessible systems in the United States; the results reflected in this report do
`not represent all existing ATIS systems.
`
`Copies of this report can be obtained through the National Technical Information Service, 5285
`Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161, telephone (703) 487-4650, fax (703) 321-8547.
`
`,h
`
`?k2lk%~~~~~perations
`Research and Development
`
`NOTICE
`
`This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the
`interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for its
`contents or use thereofThis report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation.
`
`The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade and
`manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the
`object of the document.
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`1. Report No.
`FHWA-RD-95- 197
`
`4. Title and Subtitle
`
`DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR
`ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ATIS) AND
`COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS (CVO):
`COMPARABLE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
`
`2. Government Accession NO.
`
`3. Recipient’s Catalog No.
`
`Technical Report Documentation Page
`
`5. Report Date
`December 1996
`
`6. Performing Organization Code
`
`7. Author(s)
`
`8. Performing Organization Report No.
`
`D.L. Clarke, M.E. McCauley, T.J. Sharkey, T.A. Dingus, J.D. Lee
`
`9. Performing Organization Name and Address
`
`Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center
`4000 NE 41st Street
`Seattle, WA 98105
`
`12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
`
`Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D
`Federal Highway Administration
`6300 Georgetown Pike
`McLean, VA 22101-2296
`
`10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS)
`3B4C
`
`11. Contract or Grant No.
`DTFH61-92-C-00102
`
`13. Type of Report and Period Covered
`Non-Technical Report
`7/l/93 through 10/29/93
`
`14. Sponsoring Agency Code
`
`15. Supplementary Notes
`Contracting Officer’s Technical Representative (COTR) - Joseph Moyer, HSR30
`
`16. Abstract
`
`A comparable systems analysis was performed on seven systems selected for their relevance to the features and functions of
`the Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) components of the
`lntelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) program. The seven systems were selected for their relevance to ATIS/CVO
`concepts, user time-sharing characteristics, technology level, dynamics of information flow, level of implementation, and
`accessibility. Five of the systems were highway transportation or CVO in-vehicle information systems, two were
`comparable systems featuring advanced navigation and decision aiding in Army aviation. Analyses of the seven systems
`resulted in human factors lessons learned. The lessons learned were compiled into preliminary human factors design
`guidelines for ATIS/CVO.
`
`17. Key Words
`
`18. Distribution Statement
`
`Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS), Commercial Vehicle
`Operations (CVO), Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), Intelligent
`Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS)
`
`No restrictions. This document is available
`to the public through the National Technical
`Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161,
`
`19. Security Classif. (of this report)
`Unclassified
`DOT F 1700.7
`
`(8-72)
`
`20. Security Classif. (of this page)
`Unclassified
`.
`.
`
`
`Reproduction of completed page authorized
`
`21. No. of Pages
`216
`
`22. Price
`
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`APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS
`Multiply By
`When You Know
`To Find
`
`Symbol
`
`Symbol
`
`Symbol
`
`APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS
`When You Know
`Multiply By
`To Find
`
`Symbol
`
`LENGTH
`25.4
`0.305
`0.914
`1.61
`AREA
`645.2
`0.093
`0.836
`0.405
`2.59
`VOLUME
`fl oz
`29.57
`fluid ounces
`milliliters
`3.765
`gallons
`gal
`liters
`ft3
`0.028
`cubic feet
`cubic meters
`0.785
`cubic yards
`yd3
`cubic meters
`NOTE: Volumes greater than 1000 I shall be shown in m 3.
`
`LENGTH
`0.039
`3.28
`1.09
`0.621
`AREA
`0.0016
`10.764
`1.195
`2.47
`0.386
`VOLUME
`0.034
`0.264
`35.71
`1.307
`
`inches
`feet
`yards
`miles
`
`square inches
`square feet
`square yards
`acres
`square miles
`
`fluid ounces
`gallons
`cubic feet
`cubic yards
`
`in
`ft
`yd
`mi
`
`in2
`ft2
`yd 2
`ac
`mi2
`
`fl oz
`gal
`ft3
`yd3
`
`millimeters
`meters
`m meters
`kilometers
`m
`
`m k
`
`mm
`
`millimeters
`meters
`meters m
`kilometers
`m
`
`mm
`
`m k
`
`square millimeters
`square meters
`square meters
`hectares
`square kilometers
`
`milliliters
`liters
`cubic meters
`cubic meters
`
`mm2
`m2
`m 2
`ha
`km2
`
`mm 2
`m 2
`m2
`ha
`km2
`
`mL
`
`Lm
`
`3
`m 3
`
`mL
`
`Lm
`
`3
`m 3
`
`square millimeters
`square meters
`square meters
`hectares
`square kilometers
`
`inches
`feet
`yards
`miles
`
`square inches
`square feet
`square yards
`acres
`square miles
`
`in
`ft
`yd
`mi
`
`in2
`ft2
`yd2
`ac
`mi2
`
`oz
`lb
`T
`
`oF
`
`fc
`fl
`
`ounces
`oz
`pounds
`lb
`short tons (2000 lb) T
`
`MASS
`0.035
`2.202
`1.103
`
`grams
`kilograms
`megagrams
`(or “metric ton”)
`TEMPERATURE (exact)
`
`gk
`
`g
`
`(or "t")
`
`oC
`
`oC
`
`Celcius
`temperature
`
`1.8C +32
`
`Fahrenheit
`temperature
`
`oF
`
`grams
`kilograms
`megagrams
`(oi “metric ton”)
`
`Celcius
`temperature
`
`ounces
`pounds
`short tons (2000 lb)
`
`MASS
`28.35
`so.454
`0.907
`
`TEMPERATURE (exact)
`
`Fahrenheit
`temperature
`
`
`
`ILLUMINATION
`
`foot-candles
`0.0929
`lux
`foot-Lamberts
`0.2919
`candela/m*
`FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
`
`fc
`fl
`
`newtons
`kilopascals
`
`0.225
`0.145
`
`poundforce
`poundforce per
`square inch
`
`Ibf
`lbf/in2
`
`(Revised September 1993)
`
`lx
`cd/m2
`
`Nk
`
`Pa
`
`lx
`cd/m2
`
`Nk
`
`Pa
`
`5( F-32)/9
`or (F-32)/1.8
`ILLUMINATION
`10.76
`3.426
`
`foot-candles
`foot-Lambefts
`
`lux
`candela/m2
`FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS
`
`Ibf
`Ibf/ln2
`
`poundforce
`poundforce par
`square inch
`
`4.45
`6.69
`
`newtons
`kilopascals
`
`SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate
`rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E360.
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`
`Chapter
`
`Page
`
`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`1
`
`1
`
`INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
`
`BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`ATIS SUBSYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`.
`.
`
`In-Vehicle Routing and Navigation Systems (IRANS). . . . . . . . . ..
`In-Vehicle Motorist Services Information Systems (IMSIS))
`. . . . . ..
`In-Vehicle Signing Information Systems (ISIS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems (IVSAWS). . . ..
`
`RATIONALE FOR A COMPARABLE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS. . . . . . . ..
`DEFINING LESSONS LEARNED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`TYPES OF LESSONS AND GUIDELINES SOUGHT. . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`LEVELS OF ANALYSES PERFORMED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`.
`
`3
`3
`
`4
`7
`8
`8
`
`9
`10
`10
`11
`
`Documentation Analysis
`12
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12
`“Heuristic” Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`.
`Target User Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`12
`Design Team Member Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
`
`2
`
`SELECTIONS OF COMPARABLE SYSTEMS FOR ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . .
`
`13
`
`13
`.
`SELECTING CANDIDATE SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION ATIS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
`
`The TravTek System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
`The University of Michigan Transportation Research
`Institute (UMTRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The Navmate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`15
`15
`
`HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION CVO SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`15
`
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`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Chapter
`
`Page
`
`NON-HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`16
`
`Crew Station Research and Development Facility
`16
`(CSRDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`The Sikorsky Cognitive Decision-Aiding System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
`
`COMMENTS ON SYSTEMS NOT SELECTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`3
`
`THE TravTek SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`General Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Visual Information Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`User Input (Controls). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Communications Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Cognitive Demands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`System Temporal Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`17
`
`19
`
`19
`22
`
`22
`23
`3 1
`33
`33
`34
`34
`
`THE TravTek HUMAN FACTORS DESIGN PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . 34
`Modification of Human Factors Guidelines: Fitting
`the System to the Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Guidelines Used in the Design of the TravTek
`Auditory Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`38
`
`37
`
`TravTek EVALUATION METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
`
`Field Study With Rental Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Field Study With Local Users. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Yoked Driving Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Orlando Test Network Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Camera Car Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Questionnaire Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Debriefing and Interviews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`46
`47
`47
`47
`48
`48
`48
`
`iv
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`

`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Chapter
`
`Page
`
`Modeling and Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Global Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`48
`49
`
`DATA FROM THE TravTek EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
`
`Usability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Displaying Information in a Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Entering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Communication Between Drivers and the TravTek Help Desk . . ..
`Findings From the TravTek Design Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`4
`
`UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH
`INSTITUTE (UMTRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`System Temporal Requirements
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`5
`
`THE NAVMATE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`USERINTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`49
`50
`54
`70
`70
`71
`
`78
`
`85
`
`85
`87
`
`87
`88
`89
`89
`89
`89
`
`89
`90
`
`95
`
`95
`97
`
`General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`97
`97
`101
`
`V
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`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Chapter
`
`Page
`
`101
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`102
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
`103
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`System Temporal Requirements
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Other Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`103
`103
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
`
`6
`
`THE OmniTRACS MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS TERMINAL . . . . . . . . . 113
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . 113
`
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Network Management Center (NMC)
`Computer-Aided Dispatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Mobile Communications Terminal (MCT) Driver
`Display Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
`116
`Customer-Driven Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`115
`115
`
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
`
`117
`General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`118
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`12 1
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`121
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`123
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
`125
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`System Temporal Requirements
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Other Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`125
`125
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
`
`vi
`
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`

`TABLE OF CONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Chapter
`
`Page
`
`7
`
`THE TravelPilot SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
`
`BACKGROUND INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`135
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
`
`General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
`Other Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
`Other Sources of Design Guidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
`Effectiveness of Human Factors Guidelines Used by
`System Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
`
`8
`
`CREW STATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
`FACILITY (CSRDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 155
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`155
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
`
`General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
`System Temporal Requirements
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
`
`vii
`
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`
`

`

`TABLEOFCONTENTS
`(continued)
`
`Chapter
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Other Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Effectiveness of Human Factors Guidelines Used by
`System Designers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`162
`163
`
`164
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
`
`9
`
`THE SIKORSKY COGNITIVE DECISION-AIDING SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . 171
`
`GENERAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . ..
`USER INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`
`General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Visual Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Auditory Information Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`User Input (Controls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Communications Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`Cognitive Demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`System Temporal Requirements
`
`171
`172
`
`172
`172
`174
`175
`175
`175
`175
`
`DESIGN GUIDELINES USED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
`
`Human Factors Design Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
`
`LESSONS LEARNED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
`
`10
`
`PRELIMINARY HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
`
`INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
`182
`IN-VEHICLE DISPLAY DESIGN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
`CONTROLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .