OXFORD
`PAPERBACK REFERENCE
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`ffi
`ffiffi
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`THIRD EDITION
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`Orford Uuioetsitl Ptess, Walton Street, Otlord oxz 6ov
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`O$otd is a trade math of OtJoul flnitersitl press
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`@ Marhet House Boohs Ltd. 19t5, 1990,1996
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`First published 19Ej as A Concise Dictionary of Chemistry
`Second edition 1990
`Thitd edition I 996
`
`All righ* reserved, No part of this publication nay be reptodtrced,
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`including this condition beiug imposed on the subsequent putchaset
`British Libraty Cataloguing in ptblication Data
`Data aztailable
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`Library oJ Cotgress Cataloging iil publication Data
`ISBN 0-19 280031_.0
`1098765432
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`Printed in Great Britdin by
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`buckyball
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`80
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`',t.:.
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`. .lf
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`Buckminsterfullerne
`to produce forms of carbon in which the atoms are linked in a cylindrical,
`rather than spherical, framework with a diameter of a few nanometres.
`They are known asbuckytubes (or nanotubes).
`buckyball See buckminsterfullerene.
`buckytube See buckminsterfullerene.
`buffer A solution that resists change in pH when an acid or alkali is
`added or when the solution is diluted. Acidic buffers consist of a weak acid
`with a salt of the acid. The salt provides the negative ion A-, which is the
`conjugate base of the acid HA. An example is carbonic acid and sodium
`hydrogencarbonate. Basic buffers have a weak base and a salt of the base
`(to provide the conjugate acid). An example is ammonia solution with
`ammonium chloride.
`In an acidic buffer, for example, molecules HA and ions A- are present.
`When acid is added most of the extra protons are removed by the base:
`A-+H*-+HA
`When base is added, most of the extra hydroxide ions are removed by
`reaction with undissociated acid:
`OH-+HA+A-+HzO
`Thus, the addition of acid or base changes the pH very little. The hydrogen-
`ion concentration in a buffer is given by the expression
`r(" = tH.l= [A-l/[HAl
`i.e. it depends on the ratio of conjugate base to acid. As this is not altered
`by dilution, the hydrogen-ion concentration for a buffer does not change
`much during dilution.
`In the laboratory, buffers are used to prepare solutions of known stable
`pH. Natural buffers occur in living organisms, where the biochemical
`reactions are very sensitive to change in pH. The main natural buffers are
`H2CO3/HCO3- and H2PO,-/HPO42-. Buffer solutions are also used in medicine
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`81
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`butanoic acid
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`(e.g. in intravenous injections), in agriculture, and in many industrial
`processes (e.g. dyeing, fermentation processes, and the food industry).
`bumping Violent boiling of a liquid caused by superheating so that
`bubbles form at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. It can be
`prevented by putting pieces of porous pot in the liquid to enable bubbles
`of vapour to form at the normal boiling point.
`Bunsen burner A laboratory gas burner having a vertical metal tube into
`which the gas is led, with a hole in the side of the base of the tube to
`admit air. The amount of air can be regulated by a sleeve on the tube.
`When no air is admitted the flame is luminous and smoky. With air, it has
`a faintly visible hot outer part (the oxidizing part) and an inner blue cone
`where combustion is incomplete (the cooler reducing part of the flame).
`The device is named after the German chemist Robert Bunsen (1811-99),
`who used a similar device (without a regulating sleeve) in 1855.
`Bunsen cell A *primary cell consisting of a zinc cathode immersed in
`dilute sulphuric acid and a carbon anode immersed in concentrated nitric
`acid. The electrolytes are separated by a porous pot. The cell gives an e.m.f.
`of about 1.9 volts.
`burette A graduated glass tube with a tap at one end leading to a fine
`outlet tube, used for delivering known volumes of a liquid (e.g. in
`titlation).
`buta-1,3-diene (butadiene) A colourless gaseous hydrocarbon,
`CH2:CHCH:CH2; m.p. -109"C; b.p. -4.5"C. It is made by catalytic
`dehydrogenation of butane (from petroleum or natural gas) and
`polymerized in the production of synthetic rubbers. The compound is a
`conjugated *diene in which the electrons in the pi orbitals are partially
`delocalized over the whole molecule. It can have trans and cis forms, the
`latter taking part in *Diels-Alder reactions.
`butanal (butyraldehyde) A colourless flammable liquid aldehyde, C3HTCHO;
`r.d. 0.8; m.p. -99oC; b.p. 75.7'C.
`butane A gaseous hydrocarbon, CoH16; d. 0.58 g cm-3; m.p. -138"C; b.p. 0'C.
`Butane is obtained from petrbleum (from refinery gas or by cracking
`highel hydrocarbons). f'he fourth member of the *alkane series, it has a
`straight chain of carbon atoms and is isomeric with z-methylpropane
`(CH3CH(CH3)CH3, formerly called isobutane). It can easily be liquefied under
`pressure and is supplied in cylinders for use as a fuel gas. It is also a raw
`material for making buta-1,3-diene (for synthetic rubber).
`butanedioic acld (succinic acid) A colourless crystalline fatty acid,
`(CH2)2(COOH)2; r.d. 1.6; m.p. 185"C; b.p. 235'C. A weak carboxylic acid, it is
`produced by fermentation of sugar or ammonium tartrate and used as a
`sequestrant and in making dyes. It occurs in living organisms as an
`intermediate in metabolism, especially in the *Krebs cycle.
`butanoic acid (butyric aeid) A colourless liquid water-soluble acid,
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