`
`International Bureau
`WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION
`
`
`
`‘,
`
`INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCI')
`
`
`
`(51) International Patent Classification 6 =
`
`(11) international Publication Number:
`
`WO 95/22560
`
`C07K 14/475, A61K 38/18
`
`A1
`
`.
`.
`.
`(43) International Publication Date:
`
`24 August 1995 (24.08.95)
`
`(21) International Application Number:
`
`PCT/US95/02153
`
`(22) International Filing Date:
`
`21 February 1995 (21.02.95)
`
`(30) Priority Data:
`08/200,243
`
`22 February 1994 (22.02.94)
`
`US
`
`(71) Applicant: THE SYNTEX-SYNERGEN NEUROSCIENCE
`7
`JOINT VENTURE [US/US]; 1885 33rd Street, Boulder, CO
`80301-2546 (US).
`
`(72) Inventors: DIX, Daniel, B.; 1183 Twin Peaks Circle, Long-
`mont, CO 80503 (US). KOSKY, Andrew, A.; 2958 Alice,
`Newbury Park, CA 91320 (US). FREUND, Erwin; 801
`South County Road 21, Berthoud, CO 80513 (US).
`
`(74) Agents: SWANSON, Barry, J. et al.; Swanson & Bratschun,
`L.L.C., Suite 200, 8400 East Prentice Avenue, Englewood,
`CO 80111 (US).
`
`
`
`KP, KR, KZ, LK, LR, LT, LU, LV, MD,
`
`
`MX, NL, NO, NZ, PL, PT, RO, RU, SD, S
`'I'I‘, UA, UZ, VN, European patent (AT, BE, CH, DE, DK,
`
`
`ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LU, MC, NL, PT, E), OAPI
`patent (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, ML, MR, NE,
`
`
`SN, TD, TG), ARIPO patent (KE, MW, SD, SZ, UG).
`
`Published
`With international search report.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`(54) Title: PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS OF CNTF
`
`
`
`(57) Abstract
`
`
`Pharmaceutical formulations of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) are described which are useful for therapeutic treatment of damage
`to the peripheral nervous system. Formulations of CNTF ideally suited for intrathecal administration are provided.
`
`
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`FOR THE PURPOSES OF INFORMATION ONLY
`
`Codes used to identify States party to the PCT on the front pages of pamphlets publishing international
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`applications under the PCT.
`
`AT Austria
`Mauritania
`GB United Kingdom
`MR
`GE Georgia
`Malawi
`AU Australia
`MW
`Niger
`NE
`GN Guinea
`Balbados
`BB
`NL Netherlands
`GR Greece
`BE Belgium
`NO Norway
`BF Bwlcina Faso
`HU Hungmy
`NZ New Zealand
`BG Bulgaria
`IE Ireland
`IT Italy
`BJ Benin
`PL Poland
`JP Japan
`PT Portugal
`Brazil
`BR
`KE Kenya
`Romania
`BY Bel8JUS
`RO
`
`RU Russian Federation
`KG Kyrgystan
`
`CA Canada
`
`Democratic People's Republic SD Sudan
`
`CF. Central African Republic
`SE Sweden
`of Korea
`CG Congo
`SI Slovenia
`KR Republic of Korea
`
`CH Switzerland
`KZ Kazakhstan
`Slovakia
`Cl COie d'Ivoire
`SK
`LI Liechtenstein SN Senegal
`CM Cameroon
`LK Sri Lanka
`CN China
`TD Chad
`cs Czechoslovakia LU Luxembourg
`TG Togo
`LV Latvia
`TJ Tajikistan
`CZ Czech Republic
`DE Germany
`TT Trinidad and Tobago
`
`MC Monaco
`UA Ukraine
`MD Republic of Moldova
`Denmark
`DK
`MG Madagascar
`
`United States of America
`ES Spain
`us
`uz Uzbekistan
`FI Finland
`ML Mali
`VN Viet Nam
`MN Mongolia
`FR France
`GA Gabon
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`KP
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`PCT/US95/02153
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`PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS OF CNTF
`
`TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This invention relates to pharmaceutical
`
`formulations of ciliary neurotrophic factor suitable
`
`for therapeutic treatment of damage to the peripheral
`
`nervous system.
`
`10
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
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`The peripheral nervous system consists of those
`
`nerve cells that extend axonal processes outside the
`
`spinal cord and brain.
`
`The principle nerve cell types
`
`in the peripheral nervous system are primary motor
`
`neurons innervating skeletal muscle and controlling
`
`movement, autonomic neurons (both sympathetic and
`
`parasympathetic)
`
`innervating the cardiovascular system
`
`and other internal organs and regulating their
`
`function, and sensory neurons innervating sensory
`
`receptors throughout the body and conveying sensations
`
`including pain and proprioception.
`
`Conditions that compromise the survival and proper
`
`function of one or more of these types of peripheral
`
`nerve cells cause peripheral nerve damage.
`
`Such nerve
`
`damage may occur from a wide variety of different
`
`causes. Nerve damage may occur through physical
`
`injury, which causes the degeneration of the axonal
`
`processes and/or nerve cell bodies near the site of
`
`injury. Nerve damage may also occur because of
`
`temporary or permanent cessation of blood flow to parts
`
`of the nervous system, as in stroke. Nerve damage may
`. also occur because of intentional or accidental
`
`exposure to neurotoxins, such as the cancer and AIDS
`chemotherapeutic agents cisplatinum and dideoxycytidine
`
`(ddC), respectively. Nerve damage may also occur
`
`because of chronic metabolic diseases, such as diabetes
`
`or renal dysfunction. Nerve damage may also occur
`because of neurodegenerative diseases such as
`
`Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and
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`Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), which result from
`
`the degeneration of specific neuronal populations.
`
`Neurotrophic factors are naturally occurring
`
`proteins that promote the survival and functional
`
`5
`
`activities of nerve cells. Neurotrophic factors have
`
`been found in the target cells to which an innervating
`
`nerve cell connects.
`
`Such target—derived neurotrophic
`
`factors regulate the number of contacts formed between
`
`innervating nerve cells and the target cell population,
`
`10
`
`and are necessary for the survival and maintenance of
`
`these nerve cells.
`
`Neurotrophic factors are also found in cells that
`
`are not innervated. An example of such a neurotrophic
`
`factor is CNTF. Human CNTF and the gene encoding human
`
`15
`
`CNTF are described in detail in U. S. patent numbers
`
`4,997,929, and 5,141,856, which are specifically
`
`incorporated herein by this reference.
`
`Although the biological role of CNTF has not been
`
`conclusively established, CNTF appears to be released
`
`20
`
`upon injury to the nervous system and may limit the
`
`extent of injury or neuronal damage. Highly—purified
`
`CNTF has been shown to support the survival in cell
`
`cultures of chick embryonic parasympathetic,
`
`sympathetic, sensory, and motor neurons. There is
`
`25
`
`significant evidence to support that CNTF is a
`
`neurotrophic factor for peripheral primary neurons in
`
`vivo and in yitrg.
`
`U. S. patent application serial
`
`number 07/735,538 filed July 23, 1991, specifically
`
`incorporated herein by reference,
`
`shows the surprising
`
`3O
`
`effectiveness of systemically administered CNTF to
`
`accelerate local recovery at the site of peripheral
`
`nerve damage.
`
`The ability of CNTF to protect motor neurons from
`
`lesion—induced death may also make it effective in
`
`35
`
`preventing nerve cell degeneration associated with such
`
`neurodegenerative diseases as Parkinson’s disease,
`
`Alzheimer’s disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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`-3-
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`(ALS), and Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). U.S. patent
`
`application serial number 08/015,218 filed February 8,
`
`1993 and U.S. patent application serial number
`
`08/116,440 filed September 3, 1993, both of which are
`
`entitled Methods for Treating Amyotrophic Lateral
`
`Sclerosis With CNTF, are specifically incorporated
`
`herein by reference. These patents present evidence
`
`demonstrating the effectiveness of treating amyotrophic
`
`lateral sclerosis in humans with CNTF.
`
`In addition,
`
`Sendtner et al.
`
`(1990) Nature ig§2440-441,
`
`showed that
`
`local application of CNTF prevents lesion—induced death
`
`of motor neurons in the rat facial brain stem nucleus.
`
`Oppenheim g; a;.
`
`(1991) Science g§1:1616—1618,
`
`showed
`
`that CNTF promoted the in yiyg survival of chick spinal
`motor neurons.
`
`A major problem with the delivery of a
`
`therapeutically effective amount of CNTF to a patient
`
`for treatment or prevention of peripheral nerve damage
`is the instability of CNTF in solution.
`CNTF in
`
`solution rapidly precipitates when agitated or
`
`subjected to thermal incubation.
`
`To the extent that
`
`any of the protein is denatured,
`
`the effective amount
`
`of biologically active CNTF is diminished. Protein
`
`integrity must therefore be maintained during
`
`manufacture and storage as well as during
`
`administration. Proteins are particularly prone to
`
`degradation at elevated temperatures. Excipients known
`
`to physically stabilize proteins in solutions appear to
`
`negatively affect the thermal stability of CNTF.
`
`In addition, CNTF is subject to loss from solution
`
`by nonspecific adsorption to the surface areas of
`
`storage containers and dispensing devices.
`
`Such
`
`nonspecific binding may occur to a variety of materials
`
`including glass and plastics, for example, polyethylene
`
`or polypropylene. These materials may be in the form
`
`implantable infusion
`tubing, syringes,
`of vials,
`devices, or any other surface which may come in contact
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`with CNTF during its manufacture, storage or
`administration.
`
`For certain applications for the treatment or
`
`prevention of peripheral nerve damage in humans it is
`
`desirable to administer the CNTF,
`
`in formulation,
`
`intrathecally.
`
`Intrathecal administration necessitates
`
`that CNTF must be maintained in an aqueous solution for
`
`relatively long periods of time at elevated
`
`temperatures.
`
`In certain such administrations the CNTF
`
`formulations will be maintained at room temperature,
`
`while other administrations will actually require that
`
`the CNTF formulation will be held at body temperature.
`
`These are obviously relatively harsh conditions for a
`
`sensitive protein such as CNTF.
`
`In addition to the problems associated with the
`
`administration of CNTF,
`
`there are also problems
`
`associated with its long term storage from the time of
`manufacture to administration.
`
`Lyophilization is one method of enabling the long
`
`term storage of biological proteins,
`
`impeding
`
`degradation, aggregation, and/or nonspecific
`
`the lyophilization process itself
`adsorption. However,
`often presents difficulties. As the volume of liquid
`
`decreases during the freezing process,
`
`the effective
`
`salt concentration increases dramatically, which tends
`
`to denature the protein, reducing effective therapeutic
`
`activity upon reconstitution.
`
`In addition,
`
`formation
`
`of ice crystals during the freezing process may cause
`
`denaturation and also decrease the effective amount of
`
`bioactive CNTF available.
`
`The most desired formulation
`
`for CNTF must be able to prevent loss of bioactivity of
`the CNTF during the lyophilization process.
`
`The present invention includes formulations of
`
`CNTF which physically and thermally stabilize CNTF
`
`against degradation and precipitation under a wide
`
`variety of storage and administration regimes.
`
`This invention further includes formulations of
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`CNTF in which bioactivity is maintained after
`
`lyophilization and reconstitution, and methods of
`
`storing biologically active CNTF in solution.
`
`BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
`
`The present invention includes therapeutically
`
`useful formulations of CNTF which greatly reduce the
`
`prior art problems of loss of CNTF from solutions due
`
`to chemical degradation, precipitation, and adsorption.
`
`The present invention includes three types of
`
`stabilized CNTF formulations, characterized as
`
`stabilized aqueous formulations, aqueous formulations
`
`suitable for intrathecal administration and
`
`lyophilization formulations suitable for lyophilization
`
`and subsequent reformulations. Also included within
`
`the scope of this invention are CNTF containing
`
`mixtures that are the result of lyophilization of the
`
`lyophilization formulations of the present invention,
`
`as well as the same after reconstitution.
`
`This invention provides physically and chemically
`
`stable aqueous formulations of CNTF. Preferred
`
`formulation embodiments comprise aqueous solutions of:
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(c)
`
`ciliary neurotrophic factor;
`
`stabilizing agents;
`
`a sufficient amount of biologically
`
`acceptable salt to maintain isotonicity;
`
`(d)
`
`a buffer to maintain the pH of the
`
`formulation from about 4.5 to about 6.0; and
`
`optionally, a biologically acceptable water
`(e)
`soluble carrier.
`
`The pharmaceutical CNTF formulation embodiments of
`
`this invention suitable for intrathecal administration
`
`comprise aqueous solutions of:
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(c)
`
`ciliary neurotrophic factor;
`
`two or more stabilizing agents;
`
`a sufficient amount of a biologically
`
`acceptable salt to maintain isotonicity; and
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`(d)
`
`a buffer in an amount sufficient to maintain
`
`the pH of the formulation at about 6.0.
`
`This invention further includes pharmaceutical
`
`CNTF formulation embodiments suitable for
`
`lyophilization that comprise aqueous solutions of:
`
`(a)
`
`(b)
`
`(c)
`
`(d)
`
`ciliary neurotrophic factor;
`
`a biologically acceptable bulking agent;
`
`one or more stabilizing agent(s);
`
`a buffer in an amount sufficient to maintain
`
`the pH of the formulation at about 5.0 to about 7.6;
`and
`
`(e)
`
`a biologically acceptable salt.
`
`Further embodiments of this invention are the
`
`lyophilized formulations from which the water has been
`
`substantially removed. Upon reconstitution with a
`
`reconstituting vehicle, optionally including a
`
`biologically acceptable carrier,
`
`the lyophilized
`
`formulations of the present invention are suitable for
`
`administration to patients in need thereof.
`
`Such
`
`reconstituted solutions of CNTF are also included
`
`within the scope of this invention.
`
`Another embodiment of the present invention is a
`
`method for the prevention and treatment of peripheral
`
`nerve damage by administering a therapeutically
`
`effective amount of a human protein ciliary
`
`neurotrophic factor formulation as described herein to
`
`a patient in need thereof.
`
`In particular,
`
`the
`
`invention provides formulations for administering
`
`therapeutically effective amounts of CNTF in order to
`
`prevent and treat peripheral nerve damage,
`
`including
`
`neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease,
`
`Alzheimer’s disease, ALS, and SMA.
`
`The present
`
`invention also includes methods for preventing and
`
`treating peripheral nerve damage by administering to a
`
`patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective
`
`amount of CNTF formulated as described herein.
`
`It is to be understood that both the foregoing
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`general description and the following detailed
`
`description are exemplary and explanatory only and are
`not restrictive of the invention as claimed.
`
`DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
`
`Reference will now be made in detail to the
`
`presently preferred embodiments of the invention,
`
`which,
`
`together with the following examples, serve to
`
`explain the principles of the invention.
`
`The present invention includes therapeutically
`
`useful formulations of CNTF for the prevention and
`
`treatment of peripheral nerve damage,
`
`including
`
`neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and
`
`Alzheimer’s diseases, ALS, and SMA.
`
`The present invention includes the use of CNTF as
`
`a therapeutic agent by administering a therapeutic
`
`composition whose active ingredient consists of CNTF.
`
`Such therapeutic compositions include compositions
`
`suitable for use in a wide variety of administration
`
`regimes which are stable under a variety of storage and
`
`administration conditions. When included in most
`
`standard prior art formulations, CNTF is chemically
`
`unstable even when stored at 4°C.
`
`The therapeutic use
`
`of CNTF in the treatment of peripheral nerve damage
`
`requires formulations which are acceptable for rapid
`
`and easy administration to patients in need thereof,
`
`readily manufacturable, and stable for a prolonged
`
`period of time over a variety of storage conditions.
`
`This application describes CNTF formulations
`
`suitable for certain situations.
`
`The aqueous CNTF
`
`formulations described herein are suitable for
`
`maintaining the stability and bioactivity of CNTF in
`
`aqueous solution.
`
`The aqueous formulations suitable
`
`for intrathecal administration are suitable for
`
`maintaining the stability and bioactivity of CNTF in
`
`situations where the formulation is maintained at
`
`elevated temperatures for long periods of time and is
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`contained in high surface area containers.
`
`The
`
`lyophilization formulations of CNTF are suitable for
`
`maintaining the stability and bioactivity of CNTF when
`
`subjected to lyophilization and subsequent
`
`reconstitution.
`
`The most preferred embodiments of the
`
`present invention are aqueous formulations that are
`
`stable prior to lyophilization and that have retained
`
`their bioactivity following lyophilization,
`storage, and reconstitution.
`
`long term
`
`According to the present invention, CNTF may be
`formulated for use as a therapeutic agent when included
`
`in solution with agents that are effective in
`
`stabilizing the CNTF against precipitation from
`
`solution,
`
`thermal degradation and adsorption.
`
`Such
`
`agents include non-ionic surfactants such a
`
`polysorbate—BO, as well as propylene glycol,
`
`polyethylene glycol,
`
`lysine, arginine, cysteine,
`
`glutathione, ethanol and other alcohols.
`
`The preferred
`
`formulations of the present invention also may include
`other ingredients that function to improve the
`
`therapeutic capabilities of the CNTF.
`
`Such other
`
`ingredients include sodium chloride, glycerol, human
`
`serum albumin,
`
`sodium phosphate, and tris
`
`(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane.
`
`As used in the specification, "pharmaceutically
`effective amount" means an amount of CNTF which is
`
`therapeutically effective in various administration
`
`regimes in the prevention and treatment of peripheral
`
`nerve damage.
`
`"Biologically acceptable" applies to
`
`' materials characterized by the absence of significant
`
`adverse biological effects in yiyg.
`
`"Room temperature"
`
`is between about 22°C to about 25°C.
`
`"Body
`
`temperature" is between about 36°C to about 40°C.
`
`"Lyophilizable formulation" refers to an aqueous
`
`formulation of CNTF which may be freeze dried to a
`
`moisture content of less than about 2% and which
`
`retains at least about 70% of the initial CNTF
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`bioactivity upon reconstitution.
`
`"Isotonic" refers to
`
`a solution having approximately the same osmotic
`
`pressure as blood serum, about 300 mM per liter.
`
`A
`
`"carrier" is any biologically acceptable emulsifier,
`
`dispersing agent, surfactant, or protein which
`
`decreases adsorption of CNTF to a surface.
`
`The preferred form of CNTF is human CNTF (hCNTF).
`
`The most preferred form of hCNTF is recombinant hCNTF
`
`(rhCNTF). Methods of obtaining CNTF suitable for use
`
`in the formulations of this invention are known to
`
`those skilled in the art.
`
`For example, suitable rhCNTF
`
`may be produced by the recombinant DNA procedures
`
`described in U.S. patent number 5,141,856, specifically
`
`incorporated herein by this reference.
`
`The CNTF should
`
`be at least 65% pure, and most preferably at least 98%
`
`pure.
`
`The purity of isolated CNTF for use in the
`
`formulations may be determined by silver-stained SDS—
`
`PAGE or other means known to those skilled in the art.
`
`A. Aqueous CNTF formulations.
`
`In the aqueous CNTF formulations provided, CNTF is
`
`present in therapeutically effective amounts.
`
`Preferably CNTF comprises from about 0.01 to about 8.0
`
`mg/ml.
`The aqueous CNTF formulations optionally include
`carriers.
`The presence of the carrier in the
`
`formulation reduces or prevents CNTF adsorption to
`
`various surfaces.
`
`The need for a carrier depends upon
`
`the concentration of CNTF in the aqueous formulation.
`
`Suitable Carriers include, but are not limited to,
`
`polysorbates such as Tween® 80 and proteins such as
`
`serum albumin. Further, amino acids such as lysine and
`
`arginine have been shown to prevent adsorptive losses
`
`of CNTF.
`
`In one embodiment of the invention, human
`
`is particularly preferred.
`serum albumin (HSA)
`another embodiment of the invention, Tween® is
`
`In
`
`preferred.
`
`In yet another embodiment of the invention,
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`_10_
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`a combination of lysine and arginine is preferred.
`
`The CNTF formulations may also contain a
`
`sufficient amount of a chemically stabilizing agent
`
`such as glycerol. Glycerol has been shown to
`
`physically stabilize CNTF formulations from degradation
`
`resulting from repeated freezing and thawing cycles,
`
`and from degradation when exposed to high temperatures
`
`(370C or above).
`
`In the absence of a physically
`
`10
`
`stabilizing agent such as glycerol, CNTF in solution
`must be stored at
`
`-200C to maintain biological activity.
`
`The aqueous CNTF formulations further contain a
`
`biologically acceptable buffer to maintain solution pH.
`
`The preferred stable CNTF formulation is buffered with
`
`a biologically acceptable buffer to a pH between 4.5 to
`
`about 8.0, most preferably between about 5.0 and 7.6.
`
`Depending on the specific formulation, suitable buffers
`
`include citric acid, tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane,
`
`citrate, acetate, phosphate,
`
`tromethamine, and
`
`histidine.
`
`The preferred amount of buffer will vary
`
`depending on the type of buffer used and its buffering
`
`capacity.
`
`The buffer should be present in the
`
`formulation in sufficient quantity to maintain the
`
`preferred pH range.
`
`The preferred concentration of
`
`buffer for stable CNTF formulations is l to 50 mM.
`
`In one embodiment of the aqueous CNTF formulation
`
`of the present invention, a non—ionic surfactant is
`
`added to stabilize CNTF in solution upon agitation.
`
`In
`
`one embodiment of formulated CNTF,
`
`the non-ionic
`
`surfactant is polysorbate—BO (Tween® 80).
`
`The
`
`preferred concentration of Tween® 80 was found to
`
`increase with increasing CNTF concentration.
`
`In One
`
`embodiment of the present invention, CNTF is present in
`
`a concentration range of between 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml and
`
`the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate—BO (Tween® 80)
`
`in the concentration range of between 0.1 - 1.0%
`
`weight/volume (w/V).
`
`In a more preferred embodiment of
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`_11_
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`the present invention,
`
`the formulation further
`
`comprises glycerol in the concentration range between 4
`
`- 20%.
`
`In a further preferred embodiment of the
`
`present invention,
`
`the formulation comprises 0.01 — 8;0
`
`mg/ml CNTF, 0.2 — 0.8% (w/v) Tween® 80,
`
`5 - 15% (w/V)
`
`glycerol, human serum albumin (HSA)
`
`in the
`
`concentration range of 0.01 —
`
`5% (w/v),
`
`1—50 mM sodium
`
`phosphate, pH 6—8,
`
`1 — 50 mM tris (hydroxymethyl)
`
`aminomethane, and 100 — 400 mM sodium chloride.
`
`In a second embodiment of the aqueous CNTF
`
`formulation of the present invention, propylene glycol
`
`is added to prevent precipitation of CNTF in solution.
`
`In one embodiment of the present invention, CNTF is
`
`present in the formulation in the concentration range
`
`of between 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml and propylene glycol is
`
`present in the concentration range of between I — 30%
`
`(w/V).
`
`In a more preferred embodiment of the present
`
`invention,
`
`the formulation is further comprised of
`
`glycerol in the concentration range between 4 — 20%
`
`(w/v).
`
`In a further preferred embodiment of the
`
`present invention,
`
`the formulation is comprised of 0.01
`
`— 8.0 mg/ml CNTF, 20 -25% (w/v) propylene glycol, 10 —
`
`20% (w/v) glycerol, HSA in the concentration range of
`
`0.01 -
`
`5% (w/v),
`
`1 — 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6—8,
`
`I
`
`- 50 mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and 100 -
`400 mM sodium chloride.
`
`In a third embodiment of the aqueous CNTF
`
`formulation of the present invention, an alcohol is
`
`added to stabilize CNTF in solution upon agitation.
`
`Such alcohols that may be used include ethanol,
`
`propanol,
`
`t—butanol, and other simply alkyl alcohols.
`
`In one embodiment of the formulation of the present
`
`invention,
`
`the alcohol is ethanol.
`
`In a preferred
`
`embodiment of the present invention, CNTF is present in
`
`the concentration range of between 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml and
`
`ethanol is present in the concentration range of 0.1 —
`20% (v/v).
`In a more preferred embodiment of the
`
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`20
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`PCT/US95/02153
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`-12-
`
`present invention,
`
`the formulation further comprises
`
`glycerol in the concentration range between 4 — 20%
`
`(w/v).
`
`In a further preferred embodiment of the
`
`present invention,
`
`the formulation is comprised of 0.01
`
`5
`
`— 8.0 mg/ml CNTF,
`
`8 - 13% (v/v) ethanol, and 5
`
`- 20%
`
`(w/v) glycerol, HSA in the concentration range of 0.01
`
`~
`
`5% (w/V),
`
`l — 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 6-8,
`
`1 - 50
`
`mM tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane, and 100 — 400 mM
`sodium chloride.
`
`10
`
`B.
`
`Aqueous CNTF formulations suitable for Intrathecal
`
`Administration.
`
`Several embodiments of the CNTF formulation of the
`
`present invention are useful for intrathecal delivery.
`
`15
`
`The intrathecal CNTF formulations of the present
`
`invention represent a major advance in solving the
`
`problems of CNTF instability and surface adsorption
`
`upon incubation and agitation. An intrathecal
`
`formulation requires chemical, physical, and thermal
`
`20
`
`stability under all conditions associated with
`
`intrathecal delivery via an external or inplantable
`
`pump. Further, biological activity must not be
`
`decreased through surface adsorption upon incubation.
`
`CNTF formulations appropriate for intrathecal
`
`25
`
`delivery must also contain a sufficient amount of
`
`biologically acceptable salt to maintain fluid
`
`tonicity. Preferably,
`
`the CNTF formulation contains
`
`sufficient salt to be isotonic, within physiologically
`
`acceptable limits, with human blood or cerebral spinal
`
`30
`
`fluid.
`
`The preferred salt is sodium chloride (NaCl),
`
`but other biologically acceptable salts may be used,
`
`such as potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride
`
`(CaClz), and magnesium chloride (MgClz).
`
`The salt may
`
`be one salt or a combination of salts.
`
`A preferred
`
`35
`
`formulation comprises 100 to 400 mM salt of the aqueous
`formulation.
`
`One intrathecal formulation of the present
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`W0 95/2256!)
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`PCT/US95/02153
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`—l3—
`
`invention is comprised of 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml CNTF,
`(v/v) ethanol, and 5% lysine.
`In a preferred
`
`lO—l3%
`
`embodiment,
`
`the intrathecal formulation is further
`
`comprised of 10 mM phosphate (pH 7.0), 150 mM NaCl, and
`0.1 — 20% glycerol.
`
`An additional intrathecal formulation is comprised
`of 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml CNTF,
`20—25% propylene glycol, and
`10% glycerol.
`In a more preferred embodiment,
`the
`intrathecal formulation is further comprised of 3—5%
`lysine.
`In a preferred embodiment,
`the formulation is
`
`further comprised of 10 mM citrate acid (pH 6.0) and
`150 mM NaCl.
`
`An additional intrathecal formulation is comprised
`of 0.01 — 8.0 mg/ml CNTF,
`4% polyethylene glycol 8000
`(PEG 8000), and 10% glycerol.
`In a preferred
`
`the formulation is further comprised of 5%
`embodiment,
`lysine.
`In a more preferred embodiment,
`the
`
`formulation is further comprised of 10 mM citrate acid
`
`(pH 6.0) and 150 mM NaCl.
`
`A final intrathecal formulation is comprised of
`0.1 — 8.0 mg/ml CNTF,
`2% PEG 8000,
`10% propylene
`glycol, and 10% glycerol.
`The preferred embodiment is
`
`further comprised of 5% lysine, 10 mM citrate acid (pH
`6.0), and 150 mM NaCl.
`
`As described above,
`
`the therapeutic compositions
`
`of this invention may be administered intrathecally by
`continuous infusion from an implanted or an external
`
`pump. Other effective administration forms, such as
`
`parenterally slow-release formulations, parentally by
`injection,
`inhalant mists, orally active formulations,
`or suppositories, are also envisioned.
`
`C.
`
`Lyophilizable CNTF formulation.
`
`The most preferred embodiments of the CNTF
`
`formulation of the present invention are specifically
`formulated to remain stable and bioactive during and
`after lyophilization, and upon reconstitution of the
`
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`-14-
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`lyophilized material.
`
`The aqueous lyophilized
`
`formulations of this invention are particularly useful
`
`for providing long term storage of CNTF.
`
`The
`
`lyophilizable formulations of this invention comprise
`
`CNTF, a biologically acceptable bulking agent, a buffer
`
`to maintain the pH of the formulation from about 5.0 to
`
`about 7.5, biologically acceptable salt, and optionally
`a biologically acceptable water soluble carrier.
`
`CNTF is present in the lyophilizable formulations
`
`over the same concentration range as in the aqueous
`
`formulations described above.
`
`The bulking agent
`
`generally provides mechanical support by allowing the
`
`matrix to maintain its conformation during and after
`
`the freeze drying process. One or more sugars may be
`
`used as the bulking agent.
`
`Sugars, as used herein,
`
`include but are not limited to, monosaccharides,
`
`oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Examples of
`
`suitable sugars include fructose, glucose, mannose,
`
`ribose, xylose, maltose,
`
`lactose, sucrose, and dextran.
`
`Sugar also includes sugar alcohols, such as mannitol,
`
`sorbitol,
`
`inositol, dulcitol, xylitol, and arabitol.
`
`Mixtures of sugars may also be used in accordance with
`
`this invention.
`
`In one embodiment of the
`
`lyophilization formulation of the invention,
`
`polyethylene glycol of average molecular weight 3500
`
`The most preferred bulking
`is preferred.
`(PEG 3500)
`agent of the present invention is sucrose.
`
`Ideally,
`
`the choice of buffer takes into account
`
`potential pH shifts during lyophilization caused by
`
`sequential crystallization of buffer components.
`
`For
`
`example, with phosphate buffers,
`
`the basic component
`
`has a-higher eutectic point than the acidic component,
`
`hence it crystallizes out first and the pH drops. This
`
`behavior may be acceptable and perhaps even beneficial
`
`in the formulations of the present invention.
`
`In one
`
`embodiment of the invention, citric acid buffer is
`preferred because it is thought that both buffer
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`-15-
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`components have about the same eutectic point,
`
`resulting in very little pH fluctuation as the
`
`temperature drops. Other suitable buffers are the
`
`amino acids histidine and cysteine.
`
`The lyophilizable formulations may also comprise a
`
`biologically acceptable salt.
`
`The salt, which may be
`
`selected from the same salts useful in the aqueous
`
`formulations described above,
`
`is present in the
`
`lyophilizable formulations at the same or reduced
`
`concentrations as that in the aqueous formulations.
`
`Because the salt concentration may increase during
`
`lyophilization, it may be desirable to reduce the
`
`concentration of salt present in the lyophilizable
`
`formulations to prevent protein denaturation.
`
`Reductions in salt concentration in the lyophilizable
`
`formulations may be compensated for during
`
`reconstitution so as to provide a final formulation
`
`sufficiently isotonic to be suitable for administration
`
`into an individual.
`
`Optionally,
`
`the lyophilizable formulations
`
`comprise a biologically acceptable water soluble
`
`carrier.
`
`The carriers and the concentration of
`
`carriers which may be used in the lyophilizable
`formulations of this invention are the same as those
`
`that are suitable for use in the aqueous formulations.
`
`The lyophilizable formulations of this invention
`
`are generally lyophilized to a residual moisture
`
`content of less than about 2%; however,
`
`formulations
`
`which retain CNTF biological activity at higher or
`lower amounts of moisture content are also
`
`contemplated.
`
`An example of a formulation of CNTF which retains
`
`bioactivity after lyophilization and reconstitution is
`
`comprised of 0.5 mg/ml CNTF, 85 mg/ml sucrose, 2.0
`
`mg/ml polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80), 4.0 mg/ml cysteine,
`
`0.1 mg/ml disodium EDTA, and 2.0 mg/ml citric acid (pH
`
`5.0).
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`PCT/US95/02153
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`-16—
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`A further