3:53 3.” ,
`
`gm"
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`3:90.33309313.136; “353
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`
`AWQNfiQ R GENNARO
`Edifor. and Chairman
`of the Ediforial Board
`
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`
`
`
`
`’i 990
`
`MACK PUBLISHING COMPANY
`
`Eosfon, Pennsylvania 16042
`
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`

`Entered according LU Act. of Congress, in the year 1885 by Joseph P Remington,
`in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington DC
`
`Copyright £889. 1894, 1905, 1907, 1917, by Joseph P Remington
`Copyright 1926, 1936. by Joseph P Remington Estate
`
`Copyright 1948, 1951,1351 The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science
`
`Copyright. © 1956. 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985. 1990. by The Philadelphia College of
`Pharmacy and Science
`
`Ali Rights Reserved
`
`Library of Congress Gaming Card No. 60-53334
`ISBN 0-912734~04-3
`
`The use of structural fornmn'as from USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names is by
`permission of The USP Convention” The Convention. is not responsible forany inaccuracy
`contained herein.
`
`NOTICE—This text is not intended to represent, nor shall it be interpreted to be, the equivalent
`of or a substitute for the official United States Pharmocnpeia (USP) and/or the National
`Formulary (NF).
`In the event Dfany difference or discrepancy between the current official
`USP or NF standard-5‘ 0f strength, quality: purity, packaging and (:1chng for drugs and
`representations of them herein. the context and effect of the officiai compendia shall
`prevail.
`
`Printed in the United States of America by the Mach Printing Company, Easton, Pcunsyiuania
`
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`

`

`”Tl—H
`
`. a treatise on the theory
`.
`Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences r
`and practice of the pharmaceutical sciences, with essential
`
`information about pharmaceutical and medicinal agents; also a guide
`
`to the professional responsibilities of the pharmacist as the
`
`. A textbook
`,
`drug-information specialist of the health team .
`and reference worlr for pharmacists, physicians and other
`
`practitioners of the pharmaceutical and medical sciences.
`
`EDETQRS
`
`Alfonso R Gennaro, Chairman
`
`Thomas Medwick
`
`Grafton D Chase
`
`Edward G Rippie
`
`Ara Der Marderosian
`
`Joseph B Schwartz
`
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Daniel A Hussar
`
`Ewart A Swinyard
`
`Gilbert L link
`
`AUTHORS
`
`The 109 chapters of this edition of Remington '5 Pharmaceutical
`Sciences were written by the editors. by members of the
`
`Editorial Board, and by other authors listed on page: ix to xi.
`
`Managing Editor
`
`Editorial Assistant
`
`John E Hoover
`
`Bonnie Brigham Packer
`
`Director
`
`Allen Misher 1965~ 1990
`
`Eighteenth Edition-— 1990
`
`Published in the 170th year of the
`PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND SCIENCE
`
`
`
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`
`Remington Historicei i @iogroohieoi hero
`
`The following is a record of the editors and the dates of publication of successive editions Of this book. prior 1‘0 the 13th
`Edition known as Remington's Practice of Pharmacy and subsequently as Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences.
`
`Joseph P Remington
`
`Joseph P Remington
`Assisted by
`E Fullerton Cook
`
`Associate Editors
`Ivor Griffith
`Adley I) Nichols
`Arthur Osol
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`Eric W Martin
`
`Editors
`E Fulietton Cook
`Eric W Martin
`
`Associate Editors
`E Emerson Leuallen
`Arthur Osol
`Linwood F Tice
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Assistant to the Editors
`John E Hoover
`
`First Edition, 1086
`Second Edition, 1369
`Third Edition, 1097
`Fourth Edition, 1905
`
`Fifth Edition, 1907
`Sixth Edition, 1917
`
`Seventh Edition, 1926
`
`Editors
`E Fulierton Cook
`Charles H LaWalI
`
`Eighth Edition, 1930
`
`Editors
`E Fullerton Cook
`Charles H LaWall
`
`Ninth Edition, 1948
`
`Tenth Edition, 1951
`
`Eleventh Edition, 1956
`
`Editors
`Eric \V Martin
`E Fullerton Cook
`
`Twelfth Edition, 1961
`
`Editors
`Eric W Martin
`E Fullerton Cook
`E Emerson Leuailen
`Arthur Osol
`Linwood F Tice
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Thirteenth Edition, 1965
`Editor-in-Chief
`Eric W Martin
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Herald R Cox
`Richard A Dena
`Alfonso R Gennato
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Fourteenth Edition, 1970
`Chairman. Editorioi Board
`Arthur Osol
`Editors
`Grafton D Chose
`Richard A Dena
`Alfonso R Gennaro
`Melvin R Gibson
`Stewart C Harvey
`Fifteenth Edition, 1975
`Chairman, Editorial Board
`Arthur Osol
`Editors
`John T Anderson
`Cecil L Bendush
`Grafton D Chase
`Aifanso R Gennara
`Melvin R Gibson
`
`Sixteenth Edition, 1980
`Chairman, Editorial Board
`Arthur Osol
`Editors
`Grafton D Chase
`Alfonso R Gennoro
`Melvin R Gibson
`
`C Boyd Granberg
`Stewart C Harvey
`
`Seventeenth EdItIOn, 1905
`Chairman, Editoriai Board
`Alfonso R Gennoro
`Editors
`Grafton D Chose
`Ara Der Marderoslan
`Stewart Harvey
`DanieE A Hussor
`Thomas Medwick
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`Robert E Klng
`E Emerson Leuaiien
`Arthur 0501
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Clarence T Van Meter
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`Robert E King
`Alfred N Martin
`Ewart A Swinyord
`Clarence T Van Meter
`Bernard Wltlin
`
`Managing Editor
`John E Hoover
`
`C Boyd Granberg
`Stewart C Harvey
`Robert E King
`Alfred M Martin
`Ewart A Swinyard
`
`Robert E King
`Aifted N Martin
`Ewart A Swinyard
`Gilbert LZink
`
`Edward G Ripple
`Joseph D Schwartz
`Ewart A Swlnyord
`Gilbert 1. link
`
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`
`Editorial Board Members and Editors
`
`Alfonso R Gennaro, PhD / Philadelphia College at Pharmacy andI Science—Professor of
`Chemistry. Chairman of the Editorio! Board and Editor, Remington '5 Pharmaceutical
`Sciences. Coauthor. Chapter 22. Coedltor, Part a, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
`Agents.
`
`Grotton D Chose, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Emeritus Professor of
`Chemistry, Editor. Part 5, Radioisotope-s in Pharmacy and Medicine. Author, Chapters
`32 and 33.
`
`Aro DerMotderoslon. PhD / Philadelphia Callege of Pharmacy and SciencemProfessor of
`Pharmacognosy. Research Professor in Medicinal Chemistry. Editor, Port 1.
`Orientation. Author, Chapters 64, 74 and 96.
`
`Stewart C Harvey, PhD / University of Utah School of Medicine—Professor of Pharmacology.
`Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 6, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents.
`Author, Chapters 05, 35, 40. 43 to 47, 49, 61 and 62. Coauthor. Chapters 36, 41 and
`50.
`
`Daniel A Hussor, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and ScienceHRemir-gton Professor of
`Pharmacy. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 9, Pharmaceutical Practice. Author,
`Chapters ‘K30 and 102.
`
`Thomas Modwiclr, PhD / Rutgers UniversityuProiessor and Chairman. Department of
`Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Editorial Board member. Editor, Part 3, Pharmaceutical
`Chemistry, and Part 4, Testing and Analysis. Coauthor. Chapter 26.
`
`Edward G Ripple, PhD / University ofMlnnesota College of Pharmacy— Professor of
`Pharmaceutics. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 2, Pharmaceutics. Author,
`Chapter 12. Coauthor, Chapter 66.
`
`Joseph D Schwartz, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—.Ltnwood TEce
`Professor of Pharmaceutics. Editorial Board Member. Editor, Part 8. Pharmaceutical
`
`Preparations and Their Manufacture. Coauthor. Chapters 65 and B9.
`
`Ewart A Swlnyotd, PhD / University at Utah— Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology, College of
`Pharmacy and School of Medicine. Editorial Board member. Editor, Part 6.
`Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents. Author, Chapters 39, 42, 46, 53 to 60, 63. 65
`and 70. Coauthor. Chapter 66.
`
`Gilbert I. link, PhD / Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science—Associate Professor of
`Biology, Editor, Part7, Biological Products, Author, Chapter 71.
`
`
`
`ix
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`
`
`Authors
`
`The following contributors to the Eighteenth Edition of Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences
`served as authors or coauthors. along with the editors and members of the Editorial Board,
`of the 109 chopters of this book.
`
`Hunted M Ahdmx, PhD / Vice President, Worldwide Pharmaceuti-
`cal Technical Operations, E It Squihb & Sons, Inc; Author of
`Chapter 30, Instrumental Methods of Analysis and Chapter
`31, Dissolution
`Ann 13 Amerson, PharmD/Profcssor, College of Pharmacy/Di-
`rector, Drug information Center, Chandler Medical Center,
`University of Kentucky; Author of Chapter 103, Clinical Drug
`Literature.
`Howard C Auscl, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy and Dean, College
`of Pharmacy, University of Georgia; Author of Chapter 101,
`The Prescription.
`Kenneth E Avis, DSe / Emeritus Professor, Pharmaceutics, Col—
`lege of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee, Memphis; Author
`of Chapter 84, Parenteral Preparations.
`Leonard C Bailey, PhD/Associate Professor of" Pharmaceutical
`Chemistry, Rutgers University College of Pharmacy; Author of
`Chapter 29, Chromatography.
`Lawrence H Block, PhD [Professor of Pharmaceutics, Dmpiesnn
`University School of Pharmacy; Author of Chapter 8'7, Medi-
`cated Applications.
`Joseph B Bogarduo, PhD / Basic Pharmaceutics Research, Eris-i
`tol~Mycrs Company; Coauthor of Chapter i8, Reaction Kinet-
`tCS.
`Sanford Bolton, PhD lChairman, Department of Pharmacy and
`Administrative Sciences, St John’s University; Author ofChap-
`ter 10, Statistics.
`John Basso, Pharml) [Professor of Clinical Pharmacy and Ad-
`junct Professor of Pediatrics, College of Pharmacy and School
`of Medicine, University of Utah; Coauthor of Chapter 34. Dis-
`eases: Manifestations and Path ophysiology.
`B Sue Erizueln, MS / Assistant Professor of Information Science,
`Head of Public Services, Joseph W England Library, Philadel»
`phia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of Chapter 't‘,
`Drug Information.
`Dale l3 Christensen, PhD/Associate Professor, Department of
`Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wash“
`ington; Coauthor of Chapter 1.1, Computer Science.
`Sebastian G Ciancio, DDS / Professor and Chairman, Depart—
`ment. ofPeriodontology, School of Dental Medicine, State Uni~
`versity of New York at Buffalo; Author of Chapter 109, Dental
`Services.
`Kenneth A Connors, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics, School of
`Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin; Author of Chapter 14,
`Complex Formation.
`Anthony J Cutie, PhD ll’rofeasor of Pharmaceutics, Arnold and
`Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences,
`Long Island University; Coauthor of Chapter 92, Aerosols.
`Anthony H DiSnuto, PhD/Vice President, Drug Delivery Re»
`search and Development, The Upjohn Company; Author of
`Chapter 76, Bioauoilobility and Bioequiualency Testing.
`Clarence A Disclicr,* PhD / Professor Emeritus, Rutgers Univer-
`sity; Author of Chapter 21, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemisr
`try.
`Clyde R Erskine, Jr, BSc/Vicc President, Corporate Quality
`Audits and Services, SmithKline Beckman Corporation; Au.
`titer of Chapter 82, Quality Assurance and Control.
`Lorraine D Evans, BS, H(ASCP)/Clinical Pathology, Bristol-
`Myers Company; Coauthor of Chapter 28, Clinical Analysis.
`William E Fassett, BS, MBA / Assistant Professor, Department of
`Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, University of Wash-
`ington; Coauthor of Chapter 11, Computer Science.
`Joseph L Fink IIl, BS(Pharm), JD /Assisl.ant Dean and Profes-
`sor, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky; Coauthor of
`Chapter 107, Laws Governing Pharmacy.
`
`A Deceased
`
`Michael It. Franklin, PhD / Professor of Pharmacology, College of
`Pharmacy and School of Medicine, University of Utah; Author
`of Chapter 52, Enzymes,
`Ruta Freimanis, BS, RPh /Associate Secretary, United States
`Adopted Names Council; Coauthor of Chapter 24, Drug No-
`menclature-m United States Adopted Names.
`James W Preston, MD, PhD/Professor and Chairman, Depart-
`ment at Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center;
`Coauthor ofChapter 34, Diseases: Mani/estarionsandl’atho-
`physiology.
`Robert L Giles, BA / Vice President and General Manager, Glenn
`Heal] Engineering Inc; Coauthor of Chapter 80, Plastic Poclrag~
`ing Materials.
`l-Iarold N Godwin, MS / Professor and Director of Pharmacy, The
`University of Kansas Medical Center; Author of Chapter 94,
`Institutional Patient Care.
`Frederick J Goldstein, PhD / Professor of Pharmacology, Phila-
`delphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of Chapter
`69. Pharrmrcological Aspects 0/ Substance Abuse.
`A Richard Goollmaian, BS, HPh [Director ofAlumni and Profes-
`sional Affairs, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Allied
`Health Sciences; Author of Chapter 1, Scope.
`Gerald Hecht, PhD / Director Process Development, Alccn Lab-
`oratories; Coauthor of Chapter 86, Ophthalmic Preparations.
`Judith A Hosp, MS / Instructor in Information Science, Coordina-
`tor of Bibliographic Instruction, Joseph W England Library,
`Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of
`Chapter 7. Drug information.
`Gregory J Highy, PhD / Director, American Institute ofthe Histo-
`ry ofPharmocy, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin—
`Madison;Au1.hcr of Chapter 2, Evolution of Pharmacy.
`Andrew S Katocks, Jr, PhD / Senior Research Pharmacologist.
`American Cyanarnid Company, Medical Research Division;
`Coauthor of Chapter 27, Biological Testing.
`Calvin Ii Knowlton, MDiv, RPh / Clinical Associate Professor of
`Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; An-
`thor of Chapter 4, The Practice of Community Pharmacy.
`Richard W Knueppcl, RPh / President, Knueppel Home Health
`Care Center; Author of Chapter 104. Health Accessories.
`Harry B Kostenhuuder, PhD /Associate Dean for Research, Col-
`lege of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky; Coauthor of Chap»
`ter 18, Reaction Kinetics.
`Richard L Kronenthal. PhD / Director of Research, Ethicon inc;
`Author of Chapter 105, Surgical Supplies
`ArthurJ Lawrence, PhD,RPh / Office of the Assistant Secretary
`of Health, US Public Health Service; Author of Chapter 6,
`Pharmacists in Government.
`Eric J Lien, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy/ Pharmaceutics and
`Biomedical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of
`Southern California; Author of Chapter 13, Molecular Struc-
`ture, Properties and States ofMotter.
`Mark A Longer, PhD / MCR Research Fellow, Department of
`Biological Sciences, University of Keele; Coauthor of Chapter
`91, Sustained—Helene Drug Delivery Systems.
`Werner Lowonthal, PhD/Professor of Pharmacy and Pharma-
`ceutics and Professor of Educational Development and Plan-
`ning, School of Pharmacy, Medical College of Virginia; Author
`of Chapter 9, Metrology and Calculation.
`Karen B Main, PhD IPhyeical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical De-
`velopment Department, ICI Pharmaceuticals Group; Coauthor
`of Chapter 26, Analysis of Medicinals.
`Duane D Miller, PhD/Professor and Chairman, Division of Me-
`dicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College 01' Pharmacy,
`
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`
`The Ohio State University; Author of Chapter 25, Structure-
`Activity Relationship and Drug Design.
`Michael Montague, PhD / Associate Professor of Pharmacy Ad-
`ministration, Philadclphia College of Pharmacy and Science;
`Coauthor of Chapter 3, Ethics and Author of Chapter 99, Drug
`Education.
`.
`John D Mullins, PhD / Consultant; Coauthor of Chapter 86, Ooh.»
`thalmic Preparation-s.
`Maven J Myers, PhD/Professor of Pharmacy Administration,
`Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Coauthor of
`Chapter 3, Ethics.
`J G Nnirn, PhD [ Professor of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
`University of’l‘oronto; Author of Chapter 83, Solutions, Emul-
`sions, Suspensions and Extracts.
`Paul J Nichol-gall, PhD/Professor of Pharmaceutical and Sci-
`ences [Directon Pharmaceutical Development Center, Mccli»
`cal University of South Carolina; Author of Chapter 1'], Ionic
`Solutions and Electrolytic Equillbrla.
`llohcrt E O’Connor, PhD [Merck Frosst Canada, Inc; Coauthor of
`Chapter 88, Powders.
`Melanie O’Neill [ Baotou Dickinson 8.: Company; Coauthor of
`Chapter '78, Sterilization.
`Richard W Pacina, PhD / President, Richard W Pccina S: Asso-
`clatca; Coauthor of Chapter 80, Plastic Packaging Materials.
`Garnet E Peck, PhD / Professor oflndustrial Pharmacy / Director
`of the Industrial Pharmacy Laboratory, Purdue University;
`Author of Chapter 77, Separation.
`G Briggs Phillips, PhD [ Becton Dickinson 8; Company; Coauthor
`of Chapter 78, Sterilization.
`Nicholas G Popuvich, PhD [Associate Professor of Pharmacy
`Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue
`University; Author of Chapter 93, Ambulatory Patient. Care.
`Stuart C Porter, PhD/Vice President, Research and Develop
`ment, Colorcon; Author of Chapter 90, Coating of Pl: nrmaccu-
`tical Dosage Forms.
`Galen lladobaugh, P111) / Director of Pharmaceutics, ParkeDavis
`Pharmaceutical Research Division, Warner-Lambert Compa-
`ny; Coauthor of Chapter 75, Frc/ormulotion.
`Paul L Ranolli, PhD [Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Adminis-
`tration, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science; Author
`of Chapter 98, Patient Ccmmimicatinu.
`Louis J llnvin, PhD [Dcpartmcntof Pharmaceutics. Research and
`Development, Smith Kline & French Laboratories; Coauthor of
`Chapter 75, Preforinulntlon.
`Jack W Reich, PhD /Vice President Regulatory Affairs, Gensia
`Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Author of Chapter 8. Research.
`James W Richards, MBA/Professor of Pharmacy Administra-
`tion, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan; Author of
`Chapter 108, Community Pharmacy Economics and Manogw
`Intent.
`Jack Robbins, PhD [ Director, Pharmacy Affairs, Schcring Lah-
`nratorles; Author of Chapter 5, Opportunities for Pharmacists
`in the Pharmaceutical Industry.
`Joseph R Robinson. PhD [Professor of Pharmacy, School of
`Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin; Coauthor of Chapter 91,
`Sustained-Release Drug Delivery Systems.
`Frank Rain, PhD / Professor of Biology, Philadelphia College of
`Pharmacy and Science; Author of Chapter 72, lmmunizing
`Agents and Diagnostic Shin Antigens.
`Douglas E Rollins, MD, PhD /Associate Professor of Medicine
`and Pharmacology, School of Medicine and College of Pharma-
`cy, UniVersity ofUtah; Author of Chapter 37, Clinical Pharma-
`colainetics.
`G Victor Ronni, PhD / Vice Presidont of Academic Affairs / Pro-
`fessor ofPharmacnlogy, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and
`Science; Coauthor of Chapter 27, Biological Testing and Coau-
`thor of Chapter 69,
`Edward Rudnic, Phi) / Director, Formulation Development,
`’ni‘ms.
`gcliel'lng Research; Coauthor of Chapter 89, Oral Solid Dosage
`Donald 0 Schiffman, PhD/ Secretary, United States Adopted
`
`Names Council; Coauthor of Chapter 24, Drug Nomencla-
`ture—wUnltcd States Adopted Names.
`Hans Schott, PhD / Professor of Pharmaceutics and Colloid
`Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Temple University; Coauthor
`of Chapter 19, Dispersc Systems and Author of Chapter 20,
`Rheology,
`John J Sciarra, PhD / President, Retail Drug Institute [Professor
`of Industrial Pharmacy, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of
`Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University: Coco--
`thor of Chapter 92, Aerosols.
`John H Shinkai, PhD / Emeritus Professor of Pharmaceutical
`Chemistry, Rutgers University, College of Pharmacy; Coauthor
`of Chapter 22, Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry.
`E Richard Shough, PhD/Associate Dean and Professor, Univer—
`sity ofOklahoma Health Sciencca Center, College ofl’hm'macy;
`Author of Chapter 73, Allcrgenic Extracts.
`Frederick P Siege}, Phl) / Professor of Pharmaceutics, Collage of
`Pharmacy, University of Illinois; Author of Chapter 79, Tonici-
`ly, Osmoticily, ()smolnlily and Osmolarity.
`Larry M Simousmcier, BS(Pharm), JD/Assoclatc Dean and
`Professor, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University;
`Coauthor of Chapter 107, Laws Governing Pharmacy.
`Robert D Smyth, PhI) [ Vice President, Pharmaceutical Develop-
`ment, Bristol-Myers Company; Coauthor of Chapter 28, Clini»
`col Analysis.
`Thomas C Sunder, lermD [Consultant Pharmacist; Author of
`Chapter 95, Lcng~'.l‘crm Care Facilities.
`Theodore D Solwloski, PhD / Professor of Pharmacy, College of
`Pharmacy, The Ohio State University; Author of Chapter 16.
`Solutions and Phase Equlllln-ia.
`Robert B Stewart, MS [Professor and Chairman, Department of
`Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Flori-
`da; Author of Chapter 67, Adverse Drug Reactions.
`James Swarbrick, DSc, PhD [ Professor and Chairman, Division
`of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North
`Carolina at Chapel Hill; Coauthor of Chapter 19, Dispersc
`Systems.
`Anthony It Temple, MD / Director, Regulatory and Medical All
`fairs, Mchil Consumer Products Company/Adjunct Asso-
`ciate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Penm
`sylvania School of Medicine / Lecturer, Philadelphia College of
`Pharmacy and Science; Author ofChapter 106, Poison Control.
`John P Tiachlo, PhD/Principle Scientist, lmmunohlology Re-
`search Institute; Author of Chapter 68, Phannacogcnctics.
`Salvatore J Turco, PharmD/Profcssor of Pharmacy, Temple
`University School of Pharmacy; Author ofChupter 85,1‘nlracc~
`nous Admixtures.
`Elizabeth B Vedas, PhD / Merck Frosst Canada, Inc; Author of
`Chapter 81, Stability of Pharmaceutical Products.
`Ernestine Vandcrveen, PhD [National Institute on Drug Abuse,
`ADAMHA; Coauthor of Chapter 51, Vitamins and Other Nu~
`Lrients.
`John E Vandcrvccn, PhD [ Division of Nutrition, Food and Drug
`Administration; Coauthor of Chapter 51, Vitamins and Other
`Nutrients.
`Vincent S Vcnturella, PhD [Section Manager, Pharmaceutical
`Research, Anaqucat, Div of ECG; Author of Chapter 23, Nata.—
`ral Products.
`Albert. I Wertheimer, PhD / Professor and Director, Department
`of Graduate Studies in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,
`College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; Author of
`Chapter 9'7, The Patient: Behavioral Determinants.
`Timothy S Wicdmann, PhD / Assistant Professor, College of
`Pharmacy, University of Minnesota; Author of Chapter 15,
`Thermodynamics.
`C Dean Withrow, PhD/Associate Professor of Pharmacology,
`School of Medicine, University of Utah; Coauthor of Chapter
`36, Basic lermacnlzirmtlcs, Coauthor of Chapter 41, Cardio~
`vascular Drugs and Coauthor of Chapter 50, Hormones.
`George Zografi, PhD [ Professor. School of Pharmacy, University
`of Wisconsin; Coauthor of Chapter 19, Dlspm-sc Systems.
`
`xi
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`heroines to the first Edition
`
`The rapid and substantial progress made in Pharmacy
`within the last. decade has created a necessity for a work
`treating of the improved apparatus, the revised processes,
`and the recently introduced preparations of the age.
`The vast advances made in theoretical and applied chemw
`istry and physics have much to do with the development of
`pharmaceutical science, and these have been reflected in all
`the revised editions of the Pharmacopoeias which have been
`recently published. When the author was elected in 1.874 to
`the chair of Theory and Practice of Pharmacy in the Phila-
`delphia College of Pharmacy, the outlines of study which
`had been so carefully prepared for the classes by his eminent
`predecessors, Professor William Procter, Jr, and Professor
`Edward Parrish, were found to be not strictly in accord,
`either in their arrangement of the subjects or in their method
`of treatment. Desiring to preserve the distinctive charac~
`teristics of each, an effort was at once made to frame a
`system which should embody their valuable features, cin~
`brace new subjects, and still retain that harmony of plan and
`proper sequence which are absolutely essential to the suc-~
`cess of any system.
`The strictly alphabetical classification of subjects which is
`now universally adopted by pharmacopoeias and dispense—
`tories, although admirable in works of reference, presents an
`effectual stumbling block to the acquisition of pharmaceuti-
`cal knowledge through systematic study; the vast accumula-
`tion of facts collected under each head being arranged lexi-
`cally, they necessarily have no connection with one another,
`and thus the saving of labor effected by considering similar
`groups together, and the value of the association of kindred
`subjects, are lost to the student.
`In the method offlrouping
`the subjects which is herein adopted, the constant aim has
`been to arrange the latter in such a manner that the reader
`shall be gradually led from the consideration of elementary
`subjects to those which involve more advanced knowledge,
`whilst the groups themselves are so placed as to follow one
`another in a natural sequence.
`The work is divided into six parts. Part I is devoted to
`detailed descriptions of apparatus and definitions and com~
`ments on general pharmaceutical processes
`The Official Preparations alone are considered in Part II.
`Due weight and prominence are thus given to the Pharmaco-
`poeia, the National authority, which is now so thoroughly
`recognized.
`in order to suit the convenience of pharmacists who prefer
`to weigh solids and measure liquids, the official formulas are
`expressed, in addition to parts by weight,
`in anoirdupois
`weight and opothccaries’ measure. These equivalents are
`
`printed in bold type near the margin, and arranged so as to
`fit them for quick and accurate reference.
`l’rece»
`Part III treats of Inorganic Chemical Substances.
`dance is of course given to official preparation in these. The
`descriptions, solubilities, and tests for identity and impuri-
`ties of each substance are systematically tabulated under its
`proper title.
`It is confidently believed that by this method
`of arrangement the valuable descriptive features of the
`Pharmacopoeia will he more prominently developed, ready
`reference facilitated, and close study of the details rendered
`easy. Each chemical operation is accompanied by equa-
`tions, whilst the reaction is, in addition, explained in words.
`The Carbon Compounds, or Organic Chemical Suh~
`stances, are considered in Part IV. Those are naturally
`grouped according to the physical and medical properties of
`their principal constituents, beginning with simple bodies
`like cellulin, gum, etc, and progressing to the most highly
`organized alkaloids, etc.
`Part V is devoted to Extemporaneous Pharmacy. Care
`has been taken to tract of the practice which would be best
`adapted for the needs of the many pharmacists who conduct
`operations upon a moderate scale, rather than for those of
`the few who manage very large establishments.
`In this, as
`well as in other parts of the work, operations are illustrated
`which are conducted by manufacturing pharmacists.
`Part VI contains a formulary of Pharmaceutical Prepare
`tions which have not been recognized by the Pharmacopoeia.
`The recipes selected are chiefly those which have been here-
`tofore rather difficult ofaccess to most pharmacists, yet such
`as are likely to be in request. Many private formulas are
`embraced in the collection; and such of the preparations of
`the old Pharmacopoeias as have not been included in the
`new edition, but are still in use, have been inserted.
`In conclusion, the author ventures to express the hope
`that the work will prove an efficient help to the pharmaceu-
`tical student as well as to the pharmacist and the physician.
`Although the labor has been mainly performed amidst the
`harassing cares of active professional duties, and perfection
`is known to be unattainable, no pains have been spared to
`discover and correct errors and omissions in the text. The
`author’s warmest acknowledgments, are tendered to Mr A B
`Taylor, Mr Joseph McCreery, and Mr George M Smith for
`their valuable assistance in revising the proof sheets, and to
`the latter especially for his work on the index. The outline
`illustrations, by Mr John Collins, were drawn ei ther from the
`actual objects or from photographs taken by the author.
`
`Philadelphia, October, .1885
`
`JPR.
`
`xii
`
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`
`

`

`
`
`Pretoce to the Eighteenth Edition
`
`In anticipation of setting forth this Preface and prior to
`gathering thoughts on paper (or more accurately, the word
`processor-ll, this Editor paused to reread the preface to the
`first edition of Remington, published in 1885. Since it ap-
`pears on the preceding page of this book it is recommended
`highly. The first paragraph would he just as suitable today
`as penned by Professor Remington 105 years ago.
`Each decade transcends the previous one and the pharma-
`ceutical and health sciences are not laggards. Every revi'
`sion of Remington has encompassed new viewpoints, ideas,
`doctrines or principles which, perhaps, were inconceivabie
`for the previous edition.
`It is a tribute to the authors and
`editors that they have kept abreast of the burgeoning litera-
`ture in their respective fields of expertise.
`Change not withstanding, the organization of this edition
`is similar to its immediate predecessors, being divided into 9
`Parts, each subdivided into several chapters. Every chapter
`has been called, revised and rewritten to update thematerial
`presented.
`Two new chapters are evident; Biotechnology and Drugs
`(Chapter 74) and Drug Education (Chapter 99). Three
`chapters of the previous edition, which embraced Inter-facial
`and Particle Phenomena and Colloidal and Course Disper-
`sions have been winnowed and combined into a single chap“
`ter entitled, Disperse Systems (Chapter 19).
`The current revision contains an additional 21 pages. A
`large amount of space (about 19 pages) gleaned from the
`review and condensation process, coupled with the extra
`pages, have been devoted primarily to expanding the con
`tents of Part 6, Pharnmceuticoe‘ and Medicinal Agents and
`Part 9, Pharmaceutical Practice.
`Excessive duplication of text is the bane of any editor
`dealing with a multitude of authors. While some duplica-
`tion in the discussion of rudimentary concepts is beneficial,
`there has been a special effort to cross-reference and elimi-
`nate unnecessary repetition. Space is at such a premium
`that it is hoped the reader will not be offended by being
`diverted to a different section of the text in order to obtain
`supplementary information.
`Photographs which depicted the typical “black box” have
`been eliminated almost completely and replaced by line
`drawings or schematic diagrams which are instructive rather
`than picturesque.
`Most of the drug monographs have been revmnped not
`only as a means ofupdating, but to gain a degree of uniformi~
`ty. All structural formulas are now in the standard USAN
`form. Duplication of chemical names has been minimized
`and the inclusion of trade names increased. No attempt has
`been made to ferret out every trade name by which a product
`is known, and only the most common are mentioned. The
`standard format for the major monographs is: Official
`Name, chemical name (CASminverted), trade namets) and
`inanufacturer(s), structural formula, GAS (Chemical Ab-
`stracts System) registry numher (in brackets), molecular
`formula and formula weight (in parenthesis). This is fol—
`lowed by the method of preparation (or a reference if the
`method is lengthy), physical description, solubility, uses,
`dose and dosage forms.
`The number of authors remains at 97, however, 36 new
`authors have joined as contributors to Remington. As the
`credentials of the new authors touch upon runny areas of
`pharmacy, every section of the book has been invigorated by
`the incorporation of updated and fresh concepts.
`
`As one primarily responsible for the production of a com—
`prehensive text devoted to the science and practice of phar—
`macy, the wisdom of Dr Eric Martin, editor of the 13th
`Edition, in creating an Editorial Board to share the error--
`mous burden, has been evident constantly. Each of the
`section editors labored diligently to comply with the logistics
`of maintaining a smooth flow of manuscripts and proofs.
`Also, each section editor doubled as an author or coauthor of
`one or more chapters.
`It wouid be remiss not to extend
`special mention to this group of dedicated people.
`Four memhers of the Editorial Board are serving for the
`first time after having been authors for several editions. Dr
`Ara DerMarderosian of PCPRLS, Editor for Part 1', Dr Daniel
`Hussar, also of PCP&S, Part 9; Dr Edward Rippie of the
`University of Minnesota, Part 2; and Dr Joseph Schwartz of
`PCP&S, Part 8. Each ofthe new members literally “jumped
`into the fray,” gave much of their precious time and have
`become “blooded” members of the staff.
`The stalwarts of the Editorial Board surviving the trihula»
`tions of one or more previous editions of this work demand
`singular attention, Dr Grafton Chase of 1301’sz for Part 5,
`Radioisotopes in. Pharmacy & Medicine; Dr Thomas Med-
`wick of Rutgers University for Part 3, Pharmacenticat
`Chemistry and Part 4, Testing and Analysis; and Dr Gilbert
`Zinlr of PCP&S for Part '7, Biological Products.
`Two dauntless, prolific contributors claim special recogni—
`tion. Drs Stewart Harvey and Ewart Swinyard, both of the
`University of Utah, have served on the Editorial Board for
`twenty and twenty-five years respectively, They hear the
`burden of Part 6, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal. Agents,
`which comprises over one-third of the book. Their diligence
`and meti