Button cell - Wikipedia
`
`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cell
`
`A watch battery or button cell is a small single
`cell battery shaped as a squat cylinder typically 5 to
`25 mm (0.197 to 0.984 in) in diameter and 1 to 6 mm
`(0.039 to 0.236 in) high — resembling a button. A
`metal can forms the bottom body and positive
`terminal of the cell. An insulated top cap is the
`negative terminal.
`
`Button cells are used to power small portable
`electronics devices such as wrist watches, and pocket
`calculators. Wider variants are usually called coin
`cells. Devices using button cells are usually designed
`around a cell giving a long service life, typically well
`over a year in continuous use in a wristwatch. Most
`button cells have low self-discharge and hold their
`charge for a long time if not used. Relatively high-
`power devices such as hearing aids may use a zinc–air
`battery which have much higher capacity for a given
`size, but dry out after a few weeks even if not used.
`
`Button cells are single cells, usually disposable primary
`cells. Common anode materials are zinc or lithium.
`Common cathode materials are manganese dioxide,
`silver oxide, carbon monofluoride, cupric oxide or
`oxygen from the air. Mercuric oxide button cells were
`formerly common, but are no longer available due to
`the toxicity and environmental effects of mercury.
`
`Button, coin, or watch cells
`
`Button cell use in RTC modules as power source
`
`Cells of different chemical composition made in the
`same size are mechanically interchangeable. However,
`the composition can affect service life and voltage
`stability. Using the wrong cell may lead to short life or improper operation (for example, light
`metering on a camera requires a stable voltage, and silver cells are usually specified). Sometimes
`different cells of the same type and size and specified capacity in milliampere hour (mAh) are
`optimised for different loads by using different electrolytes, so that one may have longer service life
`than the other if supplying a relatively high current.
`
`Button cells are very dangerous for small children. Button cells that are swallowed can cause severe
`internal burns and significant injury or death.[1][2]
`
`Properties of cell chemistries
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`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cell
`
`Type designation
`Electrochemical system
`Package size
`Letter suffix
`Other package markings
`Date codes
`Common manufacturer code
`Rechargeable variants
`Health issues
`Accidental ingestion
`Mercury and cadmium
`Lithium
`See also
`References
`Sources
`External links
`
`Alkaline batteries are made in the same button sizes as the other types, but typically provide less
`capacity and less stable voltage than more costly silver oxide or lithium cells.[3]
`
`Silver cells may have a stable output voltage until it suddenly drops at end of life. This varies for
`individual types; one manufacturer (Energizer) offers three silver oxide cells of the same size, 357-303,
`357-303H and EPX76, with capacities ranging from 150 to 200 mAh, voltage characteristics ranging
`from gradually reducing to fairly constant, and some stated to be for continuous low drain with high
`pulse on demand, others for photo use.
`
`Mercury batteries also supply a stable voltage, but are now banned in many countries due to their
`toxicity and environmental impact.
`
`Zinc-air batteries use air as the depolarizer and have much higher capacity than other types, as they
`take that air from the atmosphere. Cells have an air-tight seal which must be removed before use; they
`will then dry out in a few weeks, regardless of use.
`
`For comparison, the properties of some cells from one manufacturer with diameter 11.6 mm and
`height 5.4 mm were listed in 2009 as:[4]
`
`Silver: capacity 200 mAh to an end-point of 0.9 V, internal resistance 5–15 ohms, weight 2.3 g
`Alkaline (manganese dioxide): 150 mAh (0.9), 3–9 ohms, 2.4 g
`Mercury: 200 mAh, 2.6 g
`Zinc-air: 620 mAh, 1.9 g
`
`Examining datasheets for a manufacturer's range[4] may show a high-capacity alkaline cell with a
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`capacity as high as one of the lower-capacity silver types; or a particular silver cell with twice the
`capacity of a particular alkaline cell. If the powered equipment requires a relatively high voltage (e.g.,
`1.3 V) to operate correctly, a silver cell with a flat discharge characteristic will give much longer service
`than an alkaline cell—even if it has the same specified capacity in mAh to an end-point of 0.9 V. If a
`device seems to "eat up" batteries after the original supplied by the manufacturer is replaced, it may be
`useful to check the device's requirements and the replacement battery's characteristics. For digital
`calipers, in particular, some are specified to require at least 1.25 V to operate and others 1.38 V.[5][6]
`
`While alkaline, silver oxide, and mercury batteries of the same size may be mechanically
`interchangeable in any given device, use of a cell of the right voltage but unsuitable characteristics can
`lead to short battery life or failure to operate equipment. Common lithium primary cells, with a
`terminal voltage around 3 volts, are not made in sizes interchangeable with 1.5 volt cells. Use of a
`battery of significantly higher voltage than equipment is designed for can cause permanent damage.
`
`International standard IEC 60086-3 defines an alphanumeric
`coding system for "Watch batteries". Manufacturers often have
`their own naming system; for example, the cell called LR1154
`by the IEC standard is named AG13, LR44, 357, A76, and other
`names by different manufacturers. The IEC standard and some
`others encode the case size so that the numeric part of the code
`is uniquely determined by the case size; other codes do not
`encode size directly.
`
`LR44 alkaline cell
`
`Examples of batteries conforming to the IEC standard are
`CR2032, SR516, and LR1154, where the letters and numbers indicate the following characteristics.
`
`Electrochemical system
`
`The first letter in the IEC standard system identifies the chemical composition of the battery, which
`also implies a nominal voltage:
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`
`Letter
`code
`
`Common
`name
`
`Positive
`electrode
`
`Electrolyte Negative
`electrode
`
`Nominal
`voltage
`(V)
`
`End-
`point
`voltage
`(V)
`
`L
`S
`
`P
`
`C
`
`B
`
`G
`
`Z
`
`Alkaline
`
`Silver
`
`Zinc-air
`
`Lithium
`
`Manganese dioxide
`
`Silver oxide
`
`Oxygen
`
`Manganese dioxide
`
`Carbon monofluoride
`
`Copper oxide
`
`Nickel
`oxyhydroxide
`
`Manganese dioxide, nickel
`oxyhydroxide
`
`M, N
`(withdrawn)
`
`Mercury
`
`Mercuric oxide
`
`Alkali
`
`Alkali
`
`Alkali
`
`Organic
`
`Organic
`
`Organic
`
`Alkali
`
`Alkali
`
`Zinc
`
`Zinc
`
`Zinc
`
`Lithium
`
`Lithium
`
`Lithium
`
`Zinc
`
`Zinc
`
`1.5
`
`1.55
`
`1.4
`
`3
`
`3
`
`1.5
`
`1.5
`
`1.0
`
`1.2
`
`1.2
`
`2.0
`
`2.0
`
`1.2
`
`?
`
`1.35/1.40
`
`1.1
`
`For types with stable voltage falling precipitously at end-of-life (cliff-top voltage-versus-time graph),
`the end-voltage is the value at the "cliff-edge", after which the voltage drops extremely rapidly. For
`types which lose voltage gradually (slope graph, no cliff-edge) the end-point is the voltage beyond
`which further discharge will cause damage to either the battery or the device it is powering, typically
`1.0 or 0.9 V.
`
`Common names are conventional rather than uniquely descriptive; for example, a silver (oxide) cell
`has an alkaline electrolyte.
`
`L, S, and C type cells are today the most commonly used types in quartz watches, calculators, small
`PDA devices, computer clocks, and blinky lights. Miniature zinc-air batteries – P type – are used in
`hearing aids and medical instruments. In the IEC system, larger cells may have no prefix for the
`chemical system, indicating they are zinc-carbon batteries; such types are not available in button cell
`format.
`
`The second letter, R, indicates a round (cylindrical) form.
`
`The standard only describes primary batteries. Rechargeable types made in the same case size will
`carry a different prefix not given in the IEC standard, for example some ML and LiR button cells use
`rechargeable lithium technology.
`
`Package size
`
`Package size of button batteries using standard names is indicated by a 2-digit code representing a
`standard case size, or a 3- or 4-digit code representing the cell diameter and height. The first one or
`two digits encode the outer diameter of the battery in whole millimeters, rounded down; exact
`diameters are specified by the standard, and there is no ambiguity; e.g., any cell with an initial 9 is
`9.5 mm in diameter, no other value between 9.0 and 9.9 is used. The last two digits are the overall
`height in tenths of a millimeter.
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`
`Diameter codes (1st 1 or 2 digits)
`Number
`Nominal
`Tolerance
`code
`diameter (mm)
`(mm)
`4.8
`±0.15
`
`4
`5
`6
`7
`9
`10
`11
`12
`16
`20
`23
`24
`44
`
`Several sizes of button and coin cell
`with four 9 V batteries as a size
`comparison
`
`5.8
`
`6.8
`
`7.9
`
`9.5
`
`10.0
`
`11.6
`
`12.5
`
`16.0
`
`20.0
`
`23.0
`
`24.5
`
`5.4
`
`±0.15
`
`±0.15
`
`±0.15
`
`±0.15
`
`±0.20
`
`±0.20
`
`±0.25
`
`±0.25
`
`±0.25
`
`±0.50
`
`±0.50
`
`±0.20
`
`Examples:
`
`CR2032: lithium, 20 mm diameter, 3.2 mm height
`CR2025: lithium, 20 mm diameter, 2.5 mm height
`SR516: silver, 5.8 mm diameter, 1.6 mm height
`LR1154/SR1154: alkaline/silver, 11.6 mm diameter, 5.4 mm height. The two-digit codes
`LR44/SR44 are often used for this size
`
`Some coin cells, particularly lithium, are made with solder tabs for permanent installation, such as to
`power memory for configuration information of a device. The complete nomenclature will have
`prefixes and suffixes to indicate special terminal arrangements. For example, there is a plug-in and a
`solder-in CR2032, a plug-in and three solder-in BR2330s in addition to CR2330s, and many
`rechargeables in 2032, 2330, and other sizes.[7]
`
`Letter suffix
`
`After the package code, the following additional letters may optionally appear in the type designation
`to indicate the electrolyte used:
`
`P: potassium hydroxide electrolyte
`S: sodium hydroxide electrolyte
`No letter: organic electrolyte
`SW: low drain type for quartz watches (analog or digital) without light, alarm, or chronograph
`functions
`W: high drain type for all quartz watches, calculators and cameras. The battery complies with all
`
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`
`the requirements of the international IEC 60086-3[8] standard for watch batteries.
`
`Other package markings
`
`Apart from the type code described in the preceding section, watch batteries
`should also be marked with
`
`the name or trademark of the manufacturer or supplier;
`the polarity (+);
`the date of manufacturing.
`
`Type CR2032 watch
`battery (lithium anode,
`3 V, 20.0 mm × 3.2 mm)
`
`Date codes
`
`Often a 2-letter code (sometimes on the side of the battery) where the first
`letter identifies the manufacturer and the second is the year of manufacture.
`For example:
`
`YN – the letter N is the 14th letter in the alphabet – indicates the cell
`was manufactured in 2014.
`
`There is no universal standard.
`
`The manufacturing date can be abbreviated to the last digit of the year,
`followed by a digit or letter indicating the month, where O, Y, and Z are used
`for October, November and December, respectively (e.g., 01 = January 1990 or January 2000, 9Y =
`November 1999 or November 2009).
`
`Leaked and corroded
`button cell
`
`Common manufacturer code
`
`A code used by some manufacturers is AG (alkaline) or SG (silver) followed by a number, as follows
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`
`G code
`xG0
`
`IEC code
`521
`
`xG1
`
`xG2
`
`xG3
`
`xG4
`
`xG5
`
`xG6
`
`xG7
`
`xG8
`
`xG9
`
`xG10
`
`xG11
`
`xG12
`
`xG13
`
`621
`
`726
`
`736
`
`626
`
`754
`
`920 or 921
`
`926 or 927
`
`1120 or 1121
`
`936
`
`1130 or 1131
`
`721
`
`1142
`
`1154
`
`To those familiar with the chemical symbol for silver, Ag, this may suggest incorrectly that AG cells are
`silver.
`
`In addition to disposable (single use) button cells, rechargeable
`batteries in many of the same sizes are available, with lower
`capacity than disposable cells. Disposable and rechargeable
`batteries are manufactured to fit into a holder or with solder tags
`for permanent connection. In equipment with a battery holder,
`disposable or rechargeable batteries may be used, if the voltage is
`compatible.
`
`A typical use for a small rechargeable battery (in coin or other
`format) is to back up the settings of equipment which is normally
`permanently mains-powered, in the case of power failure. For
`example, many central heating controllers store operation times
`and similar information in volatile memory, lost in the case of
`power failure. It is usual for such systems to include a backup
`battery, either a disposable in a holder (current drain is extremely
`low and life is long) or a soldered-in rechargeable.[9]
`
`Coin cells being tested
`
`Rechargeable NiCd button cells were often components of the
`backup battery of older computers; non-rechargeable lithium button cells with a lifetime of several
`years are used in later equipment.
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`
`Rechargeable batteries typically have the same dimension-based numeric code with different letters;
`thus CR2032 is a disposable battery while ML2032, VL2032 and LIR2032 are rechargeables that fit in
`the same holder if not fitted with solder tags. It is mechanically possible, though hazardous, to fit a
`disposable battery in a holder intended for a rechargeable; holders are fitted in parts of equipment
`only accessible by service personnel in such cases.
`
`Accidental ingestion
`
`Button cells are attractive to small children; they may put them in their mouth and swallow them. The
`ingested battery can cause significant damage to internal organs. The battery reacts with bodily fluids,
`such as mucus or saliva, creating a circuit which can release an alkali that is strong enough to burn
`through human tissue.[10]
`
`Swallowed batteries can cause damage to the lining of the oesophagus, and can create a hole in the
`oesophagus lining in two hours.[10] In severe cases, damage can cause a passage between the
`oesophagus and the trachea. Swallowed button cells can damage the vocal cords. They can even burn
`through the blood vessels in the chest area, including the aorta.[10]
`
`In Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 2,700,000, two children between 12 months
`and six years old died, and five suffered life-changing injuries, in the 18 months leading up to October
`2014. In the United States, on average over 3,000 pediatric button batteries ingestions are reported
`each year with a trend toward major and fatal outcomes increasing.[11] Coin cells of diameter 20 mm
`or greater cause the most serious injuries, even if expended and intact.[11][12] In Auckland, New
`Zealand as of 2018 there are about 20 cases per year requiring hospitalization.[13]
`
`In 2020, Duracell announced that they were coating some of their lithium button cells with a bitterant
`compound to discourage children from ingesting them.[14]
`
`Mercury and cadmium
`
`Some button cells contain mercury or cadmium, which are toxic. In early 2013 the European
`Parliament Environment Committee voted for a ban on the export and import of a range of mercury-
`containing products such as button cells and other batteries, to be imposed from 2020.[15][16]
`
`Lithium
`
`Lithium cells, if ingested, are highly dangerous. In the pediatric population, of particular concern is
`the potential for one of these batteries to get stuck in the oesophagus.[11][12] Such impactions can
`rapidly devolve and cause severe tissue injury in as little as two hours.[12][17][18] The damage is not
`caused by the contents of the battery, but by the electric current that is created when the anode
`(negative) face of the battery comes in contact with the electrolyte-rich esophageal tissue. The
`surrounding water undergoes a hydrolysis reaction that produces a sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)
`build-up near the battery's anode face (cathodic reaction in the electrolyte). This results in the
`liquefactive necrosis of the tissue, a process whereby the tissue effectively is melted away by the
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`
`alkaline solution.[17] Severe complications can occur, such as erosion into nearby structures like the
`trachea or major blood vessels, the latter of which can cause fatal bleeds.
`
`While the only cure for an esophageal impaction is endoscopic removal, a 2018 study from Children's
`Hospital of Philadelphia by Rachel R. Anfang and colleagues found that early and frequent ingestion
`of honey or sucralfate suspension prior to removal can reduce the injury severity to a significant
`degree.[18] As a result of these findings, US-based National Capital Poison Center (Poison Control)
`updated its triage and treatment guideline for button battery ingestions to include the administration
`of honey and/or sucralfate as soon as possible after a known or suspected ingestion.[19] Prevention
`efforts in the US by the National Button Battery Task force in cooperation with industry leaders have
`led to changes in packaging and battery compartment design in electronic devices to reduce a child's
`access to these batteries.[20][21] However, there still is a lack of awareness across the general
`population and medical community to its dangers. Central Manchester University Hospital Trust
`warns that "a lot of doctors are unaware that this can cause harm".[1]
`
`List of battery sizes
`List of battery types
`Battery recycling
`Artificial cardiac pacemaker
`Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
`
`1. BBC News:'Button battery' warning over child deaths in Manchester, 14 October 2014 (https://ww
`w.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-29610570) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2014
`1015133134/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-29610570) 15 October 2014 at
`the Wayback Machine. Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved on 2015-11-08.
`2. "See what a button battery can do to a child's throat" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-3743536
`4). BBC News Online. 22 September 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2016092222044
`6/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37435364) from the original on 22 September 2016.
`3. Alkaline button cell (https://www.amazon.co.uk/Hyundai-791-522-Alkaline-button/dp/B000N209O
`M). amazon.co.uk. A card marked with the name Hyundai with 30 button cells in 5 sizes made in
`China, stating that they are alkaline but with pictures of watches, calculators, etc. is sold for prices
`ranging from about £1 to £4 in the UK
`4. Energizer website (http://data.energizer.com/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090828093
`736/http://data.energizer.com/) 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine, with datasheets for many
`batteries of several chemistries
`5. Buying Button Cells for Digital Calipers (http://www.truetex.com/buttons.htm) Archived (https://we
`b.archive.org/web/20100727054346/http://www.truetex.com/buttons.htm) 2010-07-27 at the
`Wayback Machine. Truetex.com. Retrieved on 2015-11-08.
`6. Caliper Battery Life (http://www.davehylands.com/Machinist/Caliper-Batteries/) Archived (https://w
`eb.archive.org/web/20100621072728/http://www.davehylands.com/Machinist/Caliper-Batteries/)
`2010-06-21 at the Wayback Machine. Davehylands.com. Retrieved on 2015-11-08.
`
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`
`7. Panasonic CR battery data page (http://www.panasonic.com/industrial/batteries-oem/oem/primary-
`coin-cylindrical/br-cr.aspx) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130702222839/http://www.pan
`asonic.com/industrial/batteries-oem/oem/primary-coin-cylindrical/br-cr.aspx) 2013-07-02 at the
`Wayback Machine, showing many batteries in plug-in and horizontal and vertical solder versions.
`The same site lists rechargeable cells with various chemistries, in the same sizes and options as
`disposable batteries of the same size code and hence mechanically interchangeable, though
`carrying risks of malfunctioning and damage.
`8. IEC 60086-3 Standard for Watch Batteries (withdrawn) (http://webstore.iec.ch/p-preview/info_iec6
`0086-3%7Bed2.0%7Den_d.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130627045835/http://we
`bstore.iec.ch/p-preview/info_iec60086-3%7Bed2.0%7Den_d.pdf) 2013-06-27 at the Wayback
`Machine. (PDF) . Just scope/preview. Retrieved on 2015-11-08.
`9. Datasheet of a mains-powered smoke alarm, with models backed up by disposable battery or by
`rechargeable UL2330 button battery (http://www.kiddefirex.co.uk/utcfs/ws-5250/Assets/Datashee
`t%20KF3.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130805050433/http://www.kiddefirex.co.uk/
`utcfs/ws-5250/Assets/Datasheet%20KF3.pdf) 2013-08-05 at the Wayback Machine.
`Kiddefirex.co.uk (2015-10-01). Retrieved on 2015-11-08.
`10. "Button batteries – using them safely" (https://www.gosh.nhs.uk/conditions-and-treatments/conditio
`ns-we-treat/button-batteries-using-them-safely). Great Ormond Street Hospital. Great Ormond
`Street Hospital for Children. October 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-19.
`11. "Button Battery Statistics" (https://www.poison.org/battery/stats). www.poison.org. Retrieved
`2018-06-30.
`12. Litovitz, Toby; Whitaker, Nicole; Clark, Lynn; White, Nicole C.; Marsolek, Melinda (2010-06-01).
`"Emerging Battery-Ingestion Hazard: Clinical Implications" (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/co
`ntent/125/6/1168). Pediatrics. 125 (6): 1168–1177. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3037 (https://doi.org/10.
`1542%2Fpeds.2009-3037). ISSN 0031-4005 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005).
`PMID 20498173 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20498173).
`13. "Risk of swallowing deadly button batteries prompts new industry safety policy" (http://www.stuff.c
`o.nz/life-style/parenting/101091235/risk-of-swallowing-deadly-button-batteries-prompts-new-indust
`ry-safety-policy). Stuff. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
`14. Gartenberg, Chaim (2020-09-29). "Duracell's new coin batteries have a bitter coating that makes
`them taste terrible" (https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/29/21493443/duracell-new-coin-batteries-bit
`ter-coating-taste-terrible-child-protection). The Verge. Retrieved 2020-09-29.
`15. "EUBatteryDirective (2006/66/EC) Summary" (http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/eubattdirectivesum
`mary.pdf) (PDF). 8 December 2009. Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Archived (https://web.archiv
`e.org/web/20120710210826/http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/eubattdirectivesummary.pdf) (PDF)
`from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.148 Kb
`16. "Directive 2013/56/EU amending Directive 2006/66/EC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/
`ALL/?uri=CELEX:32013L0056) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235055/http://eur-l
`ex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32013L0056) 2016-03-04 at the Wayback
`Machine, European Parliament & Council, 20 November 2013, Retrieved 7 April 2015
`17. Jatana, Kris R.; Rhoades, Keith; Milkovich, Scott; Jacobs, Ian N. (2016-11-09). "Basic mechanism
`of button battery ingestion injuries and novel mitigation strategies after diagnosis and removal".
`The Laryngoscope. 127 (6): 1276–1282. doi:10.1002/lary.26362 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2Flary.2
`6362). ISSN 0023-852X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-852X). PMID 27859311 (https://pubm
`ed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27859311).
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`Button cell - Wikipedia
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`https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cell
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`18. Anfang, Rachel R.; Jatana, Kris R.; Linn, Rebecca L.; Rhoades, Keith; Fry, Jared; Jacobs, Ian N.
`(2018-06-11). "pH-neutralizing esophageal irrigations as a novel mitigation strategy for button
`battery injury". The Laryngoscope. 129: 49–57. doi:10.1002/lary.27312 (https://doi.org/10.1002%2
`Flary.27312). ISSN 0023-852X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0023-852X). PMID 29889306 (http
`s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29889306).
`19. "Guideline" (https://www.poison.org/battery/guideline). www.poison.org. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
`20. Litovitz, Toby; Whitaker, Nicole; Clark, Lynn (2010-06-01). "Preventing Battery Ingestions: An
`Analysis of 8648 Cases" (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/125/6/1178). Pediatrics. 125
`(6): 1178–1183. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-3038 (https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2009-3038).
`ISSN 0031-4005 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-4005). PMID 20498172 (https://pubmed.ncb
`i.nlm.nih.gov/20498172).
`21. Jatana, Kris R.; Litovitz, Toby; Reilly, James S.; Koltai, Peter J.; Rider, Gene; Jacobs, Ian N.
`(2013-09-01). "Pediatric button battery injuries: 2013 task force update" (https://doi.org/10.1016%2
`Fj.ijporl.2013.06.006). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 77 (9): 1392–1399.
`doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.06.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijporl.2013.06.006). ISSN 0165-5876
`(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-5876). PMID 23896385 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/238
`96385).
`
`IEC 60086-3: Primary batteries – Part 3: Watch batteries. International Electrotechnical
`Commission, Geneva, 1995. (also: BS EN 60086-3:1996)
`Sample of data sheets available from Energizer (http://data.energizer.com) : "CR2032 Technical
`Details" (http://data.energizer.com/PDFs/cr2032.pdf) (PDF). (56.2 KiB)
`"An Investigation of Alternatives to Miniature Batteries Containing Mercury" (http://www.sustainabl
`eproduction.org/downloads/MaineDEPButtonBatteryReportFinal12-17-04.pdf) (PDF). (440 KiB)
`
`Coin cell reference table (http://www.zbattery.com/Coin-Cell-Reference.html)
`Watch battery cross reference table (http://www.watchbattery.co.uk/Watch_Battery_Cross_Referen
`ce_Table.php)
`"IEC 60086-2 Primary batteries – Part 2: Physical and electrical specifications" (https://web.archiv
`e.org/web/20131102015107/http://image.sciencenet.cn/olddata/kexue.com.cn/bbs/upload/15791IE
`C60086-2_%7B10%5b1%5d%5b1%5d.1%7D(2001-10).pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
`p://image.sciencenet.cn/olddata/kexue.com.cn/bbs/upload/15791IEC60086-2_%7B10%5b1%5d%
`5b1%5d.1%7D(2001-10).pdf) (PDF) on 2013-11-02. (includes discharge characteristics)
`"DIRECTIVE 2006/66/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL" (http://eu
`r-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:266:0001:0014:en:PDF). (407 Kb) 6
`September 2006 (re recycling and disposal of batteries)
`
`Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Button_cell&oldid=991953469"
`
`This page was last edited on 2 December 2020, at 18:17 (UTC).
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`Inc., a non-profit organization.
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