I IIIII IIIIIIII Ill lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll 111111111111111111
`US007970412B2
`
`02) United States Patent
`Pande et al.
`
`(10) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`*Jun. 28, 2011
`
`(54) AIDED LOCATION COMMUNICATION
`SYSTEM
`
`(75) Inventors: Ashutosh Pantle, Noida (IN); Lionel
`Jacques Garin, Palo Alto, CA (US);
`Kanwar Chadha, Los Gatos, CA (US);
`Kurt Christian Schmidt, Lawndale, CA
`(US); Leon Kuo-Liang Peng, Mountain
`View, CA (US); Gengsheng Zhang,
`Cupertino, CA (US); Nicolas Patrick
`Vantalon, Nice (FR); Gregory B.
`Turetzky, San Jose, CA (US)
`
`(73) Assignee: SiRF Technology, Inc., San Jose, CA
`(US)
`
`( * ) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthls
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 951 days.
`
`This patent is subject to a terminal dis(cid:173)
`claimer.
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 11/185,533
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Jul. 20, 2005
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2006/0038719 Al
`
`Feb.23,2006
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/885,507,
`filed on Jul. 3, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of
`application No. PCT/US03/16308, filed on May 22,
`2003, which is a continuation-in-part of application
`No. 10/155,614, filed on May 22, 2002, now Pat. No.
`6,684,158, which is a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 09/795,871, filed on Feb. 28, 2001,
`now Pat. No. 6,427,120, said application No.
`
`(Continued)
`
`(51) Int. Cl.
`H04W24!00
`
`(2009.01)
`
`(52)
`
`(58)
`
`U.S. Cl. ..................... 455/456.1; 342/457; 342/387;
`342/352; 701/213; 701/200
`Field of Classification Search ............... 455/456.1,
`455/456.6, 12.1, 13.2, 440; 701/213, 200;
`342/357.12, 357.06, 357.1, 357.05, 357.03,
`342/357.09, 457, 387, 352
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
`4,426,712 A
`1/1984 Gorski-Popiel
`(Continued)
`
`EP
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`0511741
`11/1992
`(Continued)
`
`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
`Soliman et al., gps One: A hybrid position location system, 2000
`IEEE, pp. 334-335.
`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner - Pierre-Louis Desir
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm RatnerPrestia
`
`ABSTRACT
`(57)
`An Aided Location Communication System ("ALCS") is
`described that may include a geolocation server and a wire(cid:173)
`less communication device having a GPS section where the
`GPS receiver section is capable of being selectively switched
`between a standalone mode and at least one other mode for
`determining a geoloeation of the wireless eommunieations
`device. An Aided Location Communication Device
`("ALCD") is also described. TheALCD includes a position(cid:173)
`determination section having a GPS receiver and a commu(cid:173)
`nication section where the position-detennination section is
`selectively switchable between a GPS-standalone mode and
`at least one other mode for determining a geolocation of the
`ALCD.
`
`137 Claims, 19 Drawing Sheets
`
`110
`
`120
`
`JOO~
`
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`
`

`

`US 7,970,412 B2
`2
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`10/885,507 is a continuation of application No.
`10/127,229, filed on Apr. 19, 2002, now Pat. No.
`6,542,823, which is a continuation of application No.
`09/975,871, filed on Feb. 28, 2001, now Pat. No.
`6,427,120, said application No. 10/885,507 is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/194,627,
`filed on Jul. 12, 2002, which is a continuation of
`application No. 10/068,751, filed on Feb. 5, 2002, now
`Pat. No. 6,519,466, which is a continuation of
`application No. 09/781,068, filed on Feb. 8, 2001, now
`Pat. No. 6,389,291, said application No. 10/885,507 is
`a continuation-in-part of application No. 10/700,821,
`filed on Nov. 4, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part
`of application No. 09/575,492, filed on May 18, 2000,
`now Pat. No. 6,671,620, application No. 11/185,533,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`10/997,797, filed on Nov. 24, 2004, which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/759,677,
`filed on Jan. 18, 2004, which is a continuation of
`application No. 10/017,115, filed on Dec. 13, 2001,
`now Pat. No. 6,778,136, application No. 11/185,533,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`11/089,455, filed on Mar. 24, 2005, which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/855,507,
`filed on Jul. 3, 2004, application No. 11/185,533,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`11/022,294, filed on Dec. 22, 2004, which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/855,507,
`filed on Jul. 3, 2004, application No. 11/185,533,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`10/213,767, filed on Aug. 7, 2002, now Pat. No.
`7,009,555, which is a continuation of application No.
`09/828,066, filed on Apr. 5, 2001, now Pat. No.
`6,462,708, application No. 11/185,533, which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/199,253,
`filed on Jul. 18, 2002, application No. 11/185,533,
`which is a continuation-in-part of application No.
`11/149,438, filed on Jun. 6, 2005, which is a
`continuation of application No. 10/269,914, filed on
`Oct. 10, 2002, application No. 11/185,533, which is a
`continuation-in-part of application No. 10/269, 105,
`filed on Oct. 10, 2002, and a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 10/269,104, filed on Oct. 10, 2002.
`
`Provisional application No. 60/306,620, filed on Jul.
`18, 2001, provisional application No. 60/225,076,
`filed on Aug. 14, 2000.
`
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`
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`
`

`

`US 7,970,412 B2
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`OTHER PUBLICATIONS
`
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`27, No. 2, pp. 158-160 (1991).
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`II™, Single Chip
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`Technologies: Enabling the Future of Communications) (4 pages).
`
`* cited by examiner
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 1 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`110
`
`12~
`
`112
`
`114
`
`JOO~
`
`108
`
`102 D
`
`a a a
`a a a
`a a a
`a a a
`
`106
`
`Wireless
`Network
`
`FIG.1
`
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`
`

`

`FIG. 2
`
`212
`
`GPS-CLK
`
`204
`
`GPS Receiver
`
`202
`section
`
`Determination
`
`106
`
`210
`
`WPS-CLK
`
`200
`
`Section
`
`Communication
`
`Aided Location Communication Device ("ALCD") 102
`
`110
`
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`
`

`

`306
`
`302 D
`
`FIG.3
`
`End Application
`Geolocation
`
`~310
`
`Service Center
`
`Geo location
`
`+304
`
`300~
`
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`
`

`

`FIG.4
`
`414
`
`406
`
`GPS Constellation
`
`400
`
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`Apple EX1047 Page 7
`
`

`

`("O -Ut = '""' -
`Q --
`
`N
`~
`N
`?
`~
`
`\0
`
`r,;_ =- ("O
`
`FIG. 5
`
`506
`
`500
`
`+ GPS Constellation
`
`402
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 8
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun. 28, 2011
`
`Sheet 6 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`604
`
`600
`
`FIG. 6
`
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`Apple EX1047 Page 9
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 7 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`700
`
`FIG. 7
`
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`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 8 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`N=7
`--------
`--
`"'
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`set 82
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`film
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`set E2
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`FIG. 8
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 11
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 9 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`900
`
`FIG. 9
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 12
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 10 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1000
`
`FIG. 10
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 13
`
`

`

`1110
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1108
`
`US. Patent
`
`Jun. 28, 2011,
`
`Sheet 11 of 19
`
`C3III-I
`III—l
`!—
`
`FIG. 11
`
`1106
`
`1106
`
`FIG.11
`
`HOG
`
`/1100
`
`1104
`
` . a l“““:‘
`’ "Hull”?
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 14
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 12 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1213
`
`(
`
`1200
`
`1212
`
`1212
`
`______ ........ ~......
`
`1214
`
`1202
`
`1204
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`.• J,.,.
`
`1208
`
`1206
`
`FIG.12
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 15
`
`

`

`US Patent
`
`Jun. 28, 2011
`
`Sheet 13 0f 19
`
`US 7,970,412 32
`
`1302
`
`FIG. 13
`
`1304
`
`~
`
`1310
`
`1300
`
`rEXIT
`
`1300
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 16
`
`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 14 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1400
`
`1410
`
`FIG. 14
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 17
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 15 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`Time
`Reference
`
`Basestation
`Clock
`
`2
`
`3
`
`GPS Clock
`
`FIG. 15
`
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`Apple EX1047 Page 18
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 16 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`Basestation
`Clock
`
`1
`
`Call Processor
`Clock
`
`2
`
`GPS Clock
`
`FIG. 16
`
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`Apple EX1047 Page 19
`
`

`

`FIG. 17
`
`Communication
`
`Serial
`
`GPS Section
`
`Call Processor
`
`Pulse
`Gate
`
`Count
`
`111.Q
`
`Counter
`
`{1700
`
`IPR2020-01192
`Apple EX1047 Page 20
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`

`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 18 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`Stan
`
`1800
`
`(
`
`Receiving at least one signal from at least on!GPS satellite at the
`ALCD, wherein the ALCD may be selectively switchd between an
`GPS-autonomous mode and at least one other mode
`
`Determining the geolocation ofthe ALCO
`
`Selectively sending the determined geolocatiomf the ALCD to
`a geolocation server via a witless network
`
`End
`
`FIG. 18
`
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`

`U.S. Patent
`
`Jun.28,2011
`
`Sheet 19 of 19
`
`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1922
`
`1914 ~
`~v
`
`1916 --
`
`Position-determination Section 1904
`
`OPS-Engine 1902
`
`GPS Front-end
`
`~
`
`ill.2
`
`I
`
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`1918
`
`19 28
`
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`\ 1926
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`GPS Processor
`
`.l2l2.
`
`j
`
`1920
`
`Host Processor 1906
`
`Navigation Software
`1924
`
`Communication Section 1908
`
`FIG.19
`
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`

`

`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`1
`AIDED LOCATION COMMUNICATION
`SYSTEM
`
`CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`2
`tinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/759,
`677, filed Jan. 18, 2004, titled "Fast Acquisition of a GPS
`Signal," which is a continuation of U.S. patent application
`Ser. No. 10/017,115, filed Dec. 13, 2001, titled "FastAcqui-
`5 sitionof a GPS Signal," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,778,136, both of
`which are incorporated into this application by reference in
`TI1is application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
`their entirety.
`application Ser. No. 10/885,507, filed Jul. 3, 2004, titled
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`"Aided Location Comnnmication System," which is a con(cid:173)
`patent application Ser. No. 11/089,455, filed Mar. 24, 2005,
`tinuation-in-part of PCT application Serial No. PCT/US03/
`10 titled "A System For Providing Location Based Services Over
`16308, filed May 22, 2003, titled "Search Domain Reducing
`A Network," which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. U.S.
`Frequency Transfer in a Multi-mode Global Positioning Sys(cid:173)
`patent application Ser. No. 10/885,507, both of which are
`tem Used With Wireless Networks," which is a continuation(cid:173)
`incorporated into this application by reference in their
`in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/155,614, filed
`entirety.
`May 22, 2002, titled "Search Domain Reducing Frequency
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`Transfer in a Multi-mode Global Positioning System Used
`patent application Ser. No. 11/022,294, filed Dec. 22, 2004,
`With Wireless Networks," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,158,
`titled "Satellite Positioning Aided Conummication System
`which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. patent application Ser.
`Selection," which is a continuation-in-part ofU.S. U.S. patent
`No. 09/795,871, filed Feb. 28, 2001, titled "Information
`application Ser. No. 10/885,507, both of which are incorpo-
`Transfer in a Multi-mode Global Positioning System Used
`20 rated into this application by reference in their entirety.
`with Wireless Networks," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,120,
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`which claims priority under Section 119(e) to U.S. Provi(cid:173)
`patent application Ser. No. 10/213,767, filed Aug. 7, 2002,
`sional Application Ser. No. 60/225,076, filed Aug. 14, 2000,
`now U.S. Pat. No. 7,009,555 titled "GPS Based Positioning
`all of which are incorporated into this application by refer(cid:173)
`System for Mobile GPS Tenninals," which is a continuation
`ence in their entirety.
`25 ofU.S. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/828,066, filed Apr.
`Additionally, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/885,507
`5, 2001, titled "GPS Based Positioning System for Mobile
`is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`GPS Terminals," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,462,708, both of which
`10/385,198, filed Mar. 10, 2003, titled "Information Transfer
`are incorporated into this application by reference in their
`in a Multi-mode GPS Used with Wireless Networks," which
`entirety.
`is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/127,
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`229, filed Apr. 19, 2002, titled "Information Transfer in a
`patent application Ser. No. 10/199,253, filed Jul. 18, 2002,
`Multi-mode GPS Used with Wireless Networks," now U.S.
`titled "Tracker Architecture for GPS System," which claims
`Pat. No. 6,542,823, which is a continuation of U.S. patent
`priority under Section 119( e) to U.S. Provisional Application
`application Ser. No. 09/795,871, filed Feb. 28, 2001, titled
`Ser. No. 60/306,620, filed Jul.18, 2001, titled "TrackerArchi-
`"Information Transfer in a Multi-mode Global Positioning
`35 tecture for GPS System," all of which are incorporated into
`System Used with Wireless Networks," now U.S. Pat. No.
`this application by reference in their entirety.
`6,427,120, which claims priority under Section 119(e) to U.S.
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/225,076, filed Aug. 14,
`patent application Ser. No. 11/149,438, filed Juu. 6, 2005,
`2000, all of which are incorporated into this application by
`titled "Host Based Satellite Positioning Systems," which is a
`reference in their entirety.
`40 continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/269,914,
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/885,507 is also a con(cid:173)
`filed Oct. 10, 2002, titled "Host Based Satellite Positioning
`tinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/194,
`Systems," both of which are incorporated into this application
`627, filed Jul. 12, 2002, titled "Multi-mode GPS For Use with
`by reference in their entirety.
`Wireless Networks," which is a continuation of U.S. patent
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`application Ser. No. 10/068,751, filed Feb. 5, 2002, titled 45
`patent application Ser. No. 10/269, 105, filed Oct. 10, 2002,
`"Multi-mode Global Positioning System For Use with Wire(cid:173)
`titled "Layered Host Based Satellite Positioning Solutions,"
`less Networks," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,519,466, which is a
`which is incorporated into this application by reference in its
`continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/781,068,
`entirety.
`filed Feb. 8, 2001, titled "Multi-mode Global Positioning
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S.
`System For Use with Wireless Networks," now U.S. Pat. No.
`50 patent application Ser. No. 10/269,104, filed Oct. 10, 2002,
`6,389,291, which claims priority under Section l 19(e) to U.S.
`titled "Navigation Processing in Host Based Satellite Posi(cid:173)
`Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/225,076, filed Aug. 14,
`tioning Solution," which is incorporated into this application
`2000, all of which are incorporated into this application by
`by reference in its entirety.
`reference in their entirety.
`U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/885,507 is also a con- 55
`tinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/700,
`821, filed Nov. 4, 2003, titled "Satellite Based Positioning
`Method and System for Coarse Location Positioning," which
`is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
`09/575,492, filed May 18, 2000, titled "Method andAppara- 60
`tus for Determining Global Position Using Almanac Infor(cid:173)
`mation," now U.S. Pat. No. 6,671,620, both of which are
`incorporated into this application by reference in their
`entirety.
`This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. 65
`patent application Ser. No. 10/997,797, filed Nov. 24, 2004,
`titled "Frequency Phase Correction System," which is a con-
`
`1. Field of Invention
`This invention relates to Global Positioning ("GPS")
`receivers, and in particular to multi-mode GPS receivers for
`use with wireless networks.
`2. Related Art
`The worldwide utilization of wireless devices such as two(cid:173)
`way radios, portable televisions, Personal Digital Assistants
`("PD As") cellular telephones ( also generally known a
`"mobile phones" and/or "cell phones"), satellite radio receiv(cid:173)
`ers and Global Positioning Systems ("GPS") is growing at a
`rapid pace. Cellular telephones, including Personal Co11I11rn-
`
`15
`
`30
`
`BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
`
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`US 7,970,412 B2
`
`10
`
`3
`nication System ("PCS") devices, have become common(cid:173)
`place. The use of these wireless devices to provide voice, data,
`and other services, such as Internet access, has provided many
`conveniences to cellular system users. Additionally, the num(cid:173)
`ber of features offered by many wireless service providers is
`increasingly matching the features offered by traditional
`land-line telephone service providers. Features such as call
`waiting, call forwarding, caller identification ("caller I.D."),
`three-way calling, data transmission and others are com-
`monly offered by both land-line and wireless service provid-
`ers. These features generally operate in the same manner on
`both wireless devices and land-line telephones.
`Furthermore, other wireless communications systems,
`such as two-way paging, trunked radio, Specialized Mobile 15
`Radio ("SMR") utilized by police, fire, and paramedic depart(cid:173)
`ments, have also become common mobile communications.
`GPS systems (also known as Satellite Positioning System
`"SPS" or Navigation Satellite System) have also become
`commonplace. In general, GPS systems are typically satellite 20
`( also known as "space vehicle" or "SV") based navigation
`systems. Examples ofGPS systems include but are not lim(cid:173)
`ited to the United States ("U.S.") Navy Navigation Satellite
`System ("NNSS") (also know as TRANSIT), LORAN, Sho(cid:173)
`ran, Decca, TACAN, NAVSTAR, the Russian cmmterpart to 25
`NAVSTAR known as the Global Navigation Satellite System
`("GLONASS") and any future Western European GPS such
`as the proposed "Galileo" program. As an exan1ple, the US
`NAVSTAR GPS system is described in GPS Theory and
`Practice, Fifth ed., revised edition by Hofmann-Wellenhof, 30
`Lichtenegger and Collins, Springer-Verlag Wien NewYork,
`2001, which is folly incorporated herein by reference.
`Typically, GPS receivers receive radio transmissions from
`satellite-based radio navigation systems and use those
`received transmissions to determine the location of the GPS 35
`receiver. It is appreciated by those skilled in the art that the
`location of the GPS receiver may be determined by applying
`the well-known concept of intersection utilizing the deter(cid:173)
`mined distances from the GPS receiver to three GPS satellites
`that have known GPS satellite locations.
`Generally, each GPS satellite in a GPS satellite-based radio
`navigation system broadcasts a radio transmission, that con(cid:173)
`tains its location information, and orbit information. More
`specifically as an example, each of the orbiting GPS satellites
`in the United States GPS system contains four highly accurate
`atomic clocks: two Cesium and two Rubidium. These clocks
`provide precision timing pulses, which are utilized in gener(cid:173)
`ating two unique binary codes (also known as a pseudo ran(cid:173)
`dom noise "PRN," or pseudo noise "PN" code), that are
`transmitted from the GPS satellites to Earth. These PN codes
`identify the specific GPS satellite in the GPS constellation.
`Each GPS satellite also transmits a set of digitally coded
`ephemeris data that completely defines the precise orbit of the
`GPS satellite. The ephemeris data indicates where the GPS
`satellite is at any given time, and its location may be specified
`in tem1s of the GPS satellite gronnd track in precise latitude
`and longitude measurements. The information in the ephem(cid:173)
`eris data is coded and transmitted from the GPS satellite
`providing an accurate indication of the exact position of the
`GPS satellite above the earth at any given time.
`Generally in GPS systems, there are four variables,
`namely, position determined by x, y, and z coordinates, and
`time (x, y, z, and t). These variables are determined by using
`triangulation techniques and accurate system clocks to deter(cid:173)
`mine the location of a GPS receiverthroughrange, range-rate,
`and pseudo-range measurements made by or at the GPS
`receiver. To accurately detennine the x, y, z, and t variables,
`
`4
`four GPS satellite signals are typically needed to provide four
`simultaneous equations that are solved for the four variables.
`These GPS satellites are configured, primarily, to provide a
`GPS receiver with the capability of determining its position,
`expressed for example by latitude, longitude, and elevation.
`This is typically accomplished by a resection process utiliz(cid:173)
`ing the distances measured from the GPS receiver to the GPS
`satellites.
`As an example, if a GPS receiver utilized a clock that was
`precisely set to GPS system time a true distance, or range, to
`each GPS satellite from the GPS receiver could be accurately
`measured by recording the time required for the coded GPS
`satellite signal to reach the GPS receiver. Each range would
`define the surface of a sphere with its center at a given GPS
`satellite and the intersections of these spheres of at least three
`GPS satellites would yield three unknowns such as latitude,
`longitude, and elevation.
`Unfortunately, GPS receivers typically utilize inexpensive
`crystal oscillator clocks that are set approximately to GPS
`system time. Therefore, these clocks is offset from the true
`GPS system time, and because of this offset, the distance
`measured to the GPS satellite differs from the "true" range. It
`is appreciated by those skilled in the art that these distances
`are known as "psuedoranges" because they are usually equal
`to the "true" range plus a range correction resulting from the
`GPS receiver clock error or bias. Generally, four simulta(cid:173)
`neously measured psuedoranges are needed to solve for four
`unknowns because these four unknowns include the three
`unknowns latitude, longitude, and elevation plus the GPS
`receiver clock bias (also known as a "time ambiguity"). It is
`appreciated that numerous well known teclmiques may be
`utilized to reduce the effects of the time ambiguity such as the
`solution described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,670, issued Sep. 9,
`2003, and titled "Resolving Time Ambiguity in GPS Using
`Over-determined Navigation Solution," which is herein
`incorporated by reference in its entirety.
`With the growing widespread use of these teclmologies,
`current trends are calling for the incorporation of GPS ser-
`40 vices into a broad range of electronic devices and systems,
`including PDAs, cellular telephones, portable computers,
`radios, satellite radios, trucked radio, SMR, automobiles,
`two-way pagers and the like. At the same time, electronic
`device manufacturers constantly strive to reduce costs and
`45 produce the most cost-attractive product possible for consum(cid:173)
`ers.
`In cellular telephony, the interest of integrating GPS
`receivers with cellular telephones stems from a new Federal
`Communications Commission ("FCC") requirement that cel-
`50 lular telephones be locatable within 50 feet once an emer(cid:173)
`gency call, such as a "911" call ( also referred to as "Enhanced
`911" or "E911") is placed by a given cellular telephone.
`When emergencies occur, people are accustom to dialing 911
`(normally referred to as a "911" call) on a land-based (also
`55 known as "land-line") telephone and contacting an emer(cid:173)
`gency center that automatically is able to identify the location
`of the land-based telephone where the call originated.
`Unfortunately, wireless devices, such as cellular tele(cid:173)
`phones, are nnable to communicate their location without a
`60 person actively entering or describing their location. In
`response, the United States Congress, through the FCC, has
`enacted a requirement that cellular telephones be locatable to