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`Merriam-
`
`Webster’s
`Collegiate®
`Dictionary
`
`ELEVENTH
`
`EDITION
`
`
`
`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
`Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.
`
`0002
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`Copyright © 2012 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
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`Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. — Eleventh ed.
`p.
`cm.
`Includes index.
`
`(Laminated unindexed : alk. paper)
`ISBN 978-0-87779-807-1
`(Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
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`1. English language—Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. Merriam-
`Webster, Inc.
`PE1628.M36
`423—dc21
`
`2003
`
`2003003674
`(HP
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`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. principal copyright
`2003
`
`COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
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`All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
`reproduced or copied in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or
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`Made in the United States of America
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`16th Printing Quad Graphics Versailles KY January 2012
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`

`Contents
`
`Preface
`
`6a
`
`Explanatory Chart
`
`8a
`
`Explanatory Notes
`
`10a
`
`The English Language in the Dictionary
`
`25a
`
`Guide to Pronunciation
`
`33a
`
`Abbreviations in This Work
`
`38a
`
`Pronunciation Symbols
`
`40a
`
`A Dictionary of the English Language
`
`1
`
`Foreign Words and Phrases
`
`1460
`
`Biographical Names
`
`1466
`
`Geographical Names
`
`1511
`
`Signs and Symbols
`
`1600
`
`A Handbook of Style
`
`1604
`
`Index
`
`1623
`
`0004
`
`0004
`
`

`

`Preface
`
`When Webster's Collegiate Dictionary was first pub-
`lished, the year was 1898, and Americans were being ex—
`horted to “remember the Maine.” As the eleventh consec-
`utive edition of this standard reference book appears, we
`have crossed the nearly inconceivable divide between the
`second and third millennia of the modern era, but since
`daily lives can scarcely be led in constant awareness of a
`span of time that vast, we now situate ourselves, for the
`most part, in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
`Over the time between these editions, the world has made
`its way through two g10bal wars and many others of a
`more limited kind; wide-ranging social, political, and eco-
`nomic change (not
`to say, revolution); and successive
`waves of technological change that have transformed com-
`munication, transportation, information storage and re-
`trieval, and great numbers of other human activities. At
`every turn these events and developments have had a ma-
`jor effect on the stock of words that English speakers use,
`and it has been the job of a good general dictionary to
`record these changes. The present book is the latest effort
`by the editorial team of Merriam—Webster to meet that re-
`sponsibility.
`Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edi-
`tion, like all earlier editions is meant to serve the general
`public as its chief source of information about the words
`of our language. Its title may suggest a special appropriate-
`ness for the older student, but those who work in offices
`and those who read, think, and write at home will equally
`find it a trustworthy guide to the English of our day.
`The ever-expanding vocabulary of our language exerts
`inexorable pressure on the contents of any dictionary.
`Words and senses are born at a far greater rate than that at
`which they die out. The 1664 pages of this Collegiate make
`it the most comprehensive ever published. And its treat-
`ment of words is as nearly exhaustive as the compass of an
`abridged work permits. As in all Merriam-Webster dictio-
`naries, the information given is based on the collection of
`15,700,000 citations maintained in the offices of this com-
`pany. These citations show words used in a wide range of
`printed sources, and the collection is constantly being aug-
`mented through the efforts of the editorial staff. Thus, the
`user of the dictionary may be confident that entries in the
`Collegiate are based on current as well as older material.
`The citation files hold 5,700,000 more examples than were
`available to the editors of Webster’s Third New Interna-
`tional Dictionary, published in 1961, and 1,200,000 more
`than the editors of the Tenth Edition had at their disposal.
`The editors of this edition also had available to them a
`machine-readable corpus of over 76,000,000 words of text
`drawn from the wide and constantly changing range of
`publications that supply the paper slips in the citation
`files. It is now nearly four times the size of the corpus used
`by the editors of the Tenth Edition.
`Those entries known to be trademarks or service marks
`are so labeled and are treated in accordance with a formu-
`la approved by the United States Trademark Association.
`No entry in this dictionary, however, should be regarded
`as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
`The best features of the vocabulary section in the last
`edition have been retained, reviewed, and improved for
`this one. Additional pictorial illustrations are present, and
`many of them were drawn especially for this book in order
`to supplement and clarify definitions. Synonym para-
`graphs and usage paragraphs are both here again, aug-
`mented in number. The dates of first use provided at most
`main entries have proved to be very popular with users of
`the Collegiate. For the Eleventh Edition,
`thousands of
`these dates have been pushed back in time, anywhere from
`a single year to several centuries from published materials
`
`6a
`
`0005
`
`(both print and electronic) not available ten years ago,
`from the continuing investigations of our own editors, and
`from the contributions of hundreds of interested readers.
`Two important changes in the treatment of the vocabulary
`have been made for this edition, one to provide additional
`information and the other to make information easier to
`find. All standard variants are now shown at the relevant
`main entry so that the reader may see at a glance whether
`they are equal variants with the main entry or are distinct-
`ly less frequent. And entries for abbreviations as well as
`for the symbols for chemical elements are now quickly
`found in the vocabulary section and need not be sought in
`a separate section tucked away in the back matter, as in
`the previous edition.
`The front matter of this book establishes a context for
`understanding what this dictionary is and how it came to
`be, as well as how it may be used most effectively. The Ex-
`planatory Notes address themselves to the latter topic.
`They answer the user’s questions about the conventions,
`devices, and techniques by which the editors have been
`able to compress mountains of information about English
`words into so few pages. All users of the dictionary are
`urged to read this section through and then consult it for
`special information as they need to. The brief essay on our
`language as it is recorded in Merriam-Webster dictionar-
`ies, and this Collegiate in particular, is meant to satisfy an
`interest in lexicography often expressed in the correspon—
`dence which our editors receive. The Guide to Pronuncia-
`tion serves both to show how the pronunciations in this
`book are arrived at and to explain the mechanics of the re—
`spelling system in which they are set down.
`The back matter retains five sections from the last edi-
`tion of the Collegiate. These are Foreign Words and Phras-
`es that occur frequently in English texts but have not be-
`come part of the English vocabulary; thousands of proper
`names brought together under the separate headings Bio-
`graphical Names and Geographical Names; a gathering of
`important Signs and Symbols that cannot readily be alpha-
`betized; and a Handbook of Style in which various stylistic
`conventions (as of punctuation and capitalization) are
`summarized and exemplified. All the sections have been
`carefully updated for this edition.
`Looking at a copy of that long-ago first Collegiate Dic-
`tionary, one is struck by how different it is, as a physical
`book and as a work of reference, from the present edition.
`The board covers are heavy, the margins of the page are
`wide, and the type is relatively large; at the same time it
`holds only about 1100 pages and less than half the number
`of vocabulary entries of this Eleventh Edition. At that time
`the Merriam-Webster citation file was no more than in its
`infancy. Yet the editors of that book created it with the
`same careful, serious attention that the present editors
`have brought to their work.
`We believe that this work sustains and advances the tra-
`dition of excellence in lexicography that is the heritage of
`Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. The editorial staff who
`produced it include a number of people who have made
`contributions to three or four successive editions of the
`Collegiate Dictionary. That experience and that continuity
`form an important part of what the Eleventh Edition is, as
`do the energy and care of those who have joined the staff
`just within the last few years. Some of the latter group will
`very likely contribute in major ways to the twelfth, the
`thirteenth, perhaps even the fourteenth edition of the Col-
`legiate. In the meantime, the entire staff, whose names
`are given on the facing page, offer their work to people
`everywhere who need information about the vocabulary
`of English, in the assurance that it will prove a reliable
`companion.
`
`Frederick C. Mish
`Editor in Chief
`
`0005
`
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`Editorial Staff
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`Frederick C. Mish
`
`Director of Defining
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`General Reference Editors
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`Associate Editors
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`

`
`ultrabasic o umlaut
`1357
`
`erals (dunite and peridotite are ~ rocks) —— ultrabasic n
`I1:.tra-cen-trlf-u-gal \-.sen-'tri-fy9-gel, -fi-g91\ adj (1930) : of, relating
`to, or obtained by means of an ultracentrifuge — ul-tra-cen-trif-u-
`al-ly \-ga-lé\ adv
`1“ .tra-cen-trl-fuge \-'sen—tr9-.fyfij\ n (1924) : a high-speed centrifuge
`able to sediment colloidal and other small particles and used esp. in de-
`cu es
`ter-[mining sizes of such particles and molecular weights of large mole-
`zultracentrifuge vt (1934) : to subject to an ultracentrifuge — ul-tra-
`cenitrl-fu-ga-tlon \-.sen-tre—fyu-'ga-sh9n\ n
`ut-tra-flche \'ol-tro-.fésh\ n (1969) : a microfiche whose microimages
`are of printed matter reduced 90 or more times
`u|.tra-f|l-tra-|Ion \.al-tre<fil—'tra-shcn\ n (1908) : filtration through a
`medium (as a semipermeable capillary wall) which allows small mole-
`cules (as of water) to pass but holds back larger ones (as of protein) ——
`ul-tra-fil-traie \-'fil-.trat\ n
`ul-tra-high frequency \,al-tra-'hi-\ n (1932) : a radio frequency be-
`tween superhigh frequency and very high frequency — see RADIO FRE-
`QUENCY table
`1 : the principles of those who ad-
`uHra-ism \'ol-tro-.i-zom\ n (1821)
`vocate extreme measures (as radicalism) 2 : an instance or example of
`radicalism — uI-tra-ist \-tro-ist\ adj or n — ul-tra-is-Iic \.al—tro—'is-tik\
`ad!
`1u|.tra-Iight \'al—tra—.lit\ adj (1974) : extremely light in mass or weight
`an ~ alloy) (an ~ pullover)
`'fi'u tralight n (1974) : a very light recreational aircraft typically for one
`person that is powered by a small gasoline engine
`uI-tra-maf-ic \.al—tra-'ma-fik\ adj (1933) : ULTRABASIC
`ubtra-mar-a-thon \-'ma—ro-.thiin\ n (1977) : a footracc longer than a
`marathon —— uI-tra-mar-a-thon-er \—.tha—nar\ n
`1ul-tra-ma-rine \-m9-'rén\ 71 [ML ultramarinus coming from beyond the
`sea, fr. L ultra- + mare sea — more at MARINE] (1598)
`1 a (l) : a blue
`pigment prepared by powdering lapis lazuli
`(2) : a similar pigment
`prepared from kaolin, soda ash, sulfur, and charcoal b : any of sever-
`al related pigments 2 : a vivid blue
`zultramarlne adj (1652) : situated beyond the sea
`ul-tra-mi-cro \.ol-tra-'mi-(.)kr6\ adj (1937) : being or dealing with
`something smaller than micro
`ul-tra-mI-cro-scope \.sl-tra-'mi—kra-.sk6p\ n [back-formation fr. ultra-
`mjcroscopic] (1906) : an apparatus for making visible by scattered light
`particles too small to be perceived by an ordinary microscope
`uI-tra-mI-cro-scop-Ic \-.mi—kro-'ska-pik\ also ul-tra-mi-cro-scop-i-
`cal \-pi-kal\ adj [ISV] (1870)
`1 : too small to be seen with an ordinary
`microscope 2 : of or relating to an ultramicroscope — ul-travmi-ero-
`scop-I-cal-ly \-Di-k(o-)lé\ adv
`ul-tra-mI-cro-Iome \-'mi-kro-.t6m\ n (1946) : a microtome for cutting
`extremely thin sections for electron micrOscOpy —— ul-tra-mi-crot-o-
`my \-mi_-'krii—ta—mé\ n
`,
`-char,
`-'mi-ni-.chur,
`uI-tra-mIn-i-a-ture \-'mi-né-a-.chur,
`-'min-ya-,
`—.ty1‘.1r, -.tt'tr\ adj (1942) : SUBMINIATURE
`uI-tra-mon-tane \-'man-.tan,
`-.man—'\ adj [ML ulrramantanus, fr. L
`ultra- + mant-, mans mountain — more at MOUNT] (ca. 1618)
`1 : of or
`relating to countries or peoples beyond the mountains (as the Alps) 2
`: favoring greater or absolute supremacy of papal over national or di-
`
`ocesan authority in the Roman Catholic Church — ultramontane n,
`often cap
`ul-tra-mon-tan-ism \-'man-te-.ni—zam\ n
`ul-tra—pas-teumzed \-'pas-cha—.rizd, -'pas—tya-, —ts-\ adj (1953) : sub-
`jected to pasteurization at higher than normal temperatures esp. to ex-
`tend shelf life (~ cream)
`: having a wavelength below 10
`1
`ul-tra-sl'lorl \-'shOrt\ adj (1926)
`meters (~ radiation) 2 : very short in duration (an ~ pulse of light)
`uI-tra-son-ic \-'sa-nlk\ adj (1923)
`1 : having a frequency above the
`human car's audibility limit of about 20,000 hertz — used of waves and
`vibrations 2 : utilizing, produced by, or relating to ultrasonic waves
`or vibrations — ul-tra-son-i-cal-ly \-ni-k(a-)lé\ adv
`‘
`ul-tra-son-Ics \.al-tro—'s'a't—niks\ n pl (1924)
`1 : ultrasonic vibrations or
`compressional waves 2 sing in constr : the study of ultrasonic vibra-
`tions and their associated phenomena 3 : ultrasonic devices
`ul-tra-so-nog-ra-phv \-sa—‘na—gra-fé, —so-\ n [ultrasonic + -o- + graphy]
`(1951) : ULTRASOUND 2 — ulatra—so-no -ra-pher \-far\ n — ul-tra—
`so-no-graph-Ic \-.sé-na-'gra-fik, -.sa-\ a '
`ul-tra-sound \'al—tra-.saund\ n (1923)
`1 : vibrations of the same phys-
`ical nature as sound but with frequencies above the range of human
`hearing 2 : the diagnostic or therapeutic use of ultrasound and esp. a
`noninvasive technique involving the formation of a two-dimensional
`image used for the examination and measurement of internal body
`structures and the detection of bodily abnormalities — called also
`sonography 3 : a diagnostic examination using ultrasound
`uI-tra-struc-ture \'ol-tra-.strok-char\ n (1939) : biological structure
`and esp. fine structure (as of a cell) not visible through an ordinary mi-
`croscope — ul-tra-struc-tunal \.al-tro-'str9k-cha-ral, -'strak-shral\ adj
`— uI-tra-struc-turaal-ly adv
`1 : situated beyond the vis-
`ul-tra-vi-o-let \.al-tra-'vi—(a-)lat\ adj (1840)
`1ble spectrum at its violet end — used of radiation having a wavelength
`Shorter than wavelengths of visible light and longer than those of
`X-ra s
`2 : relating to, producing, or employing ultraviolet radiation
`—'u travlolet n
`llI-lra VI-res \.al-tro-'vi-(.)réz\ adv or adj [NL, lit., beyond power] (1793)
`: beyond the scope or in excess of legal power or authority
`I-Il-u-Iant \'cl-y9-lant, ‘yi'll-\ adj (1855) : having a howling sound : WAlL-
`ING (dark wasteland .
`.
`. ~ with bitter wind —Rudi Blesh)
`uhu-late \'ol-ya—.lat, 'yiil—\ vi Jet-ed: -lat-ln [L ululatus, pp. of ululare,
`0f imit. origin] (ca. 1623) : HOWL, WAIL — u -u-la-tlon \.al—ya-'la-shan\
`n
`ul-va \'al-va\ n [NL. genus name, fr. L, sedge] (ca. 1706) : SEA LE'I'rUCE
`Ulys-ses \yii-‘li-(.)séz\ n [L Ulysses, Uibres, fr. Gk Oulbces, Olysseus,
`Odysseus} (ca. 1530) : ODYSSEUS
`“[71 \a prolonged in sound, om\ interj (1672) —— used to indicate hesita-
`Ilon (well. ~, I don't know)
`“ma-ml \ii-‘mii-mé\ It Up, savoriness, flavor] (1979) : a taste sensation
`that is meaty or savory and is produced by several amino acids and nu-
`Cleotides (as glutamate and aspartate)
`Umay-yad \fi-‘mi—9d\ n, often attrib [Ar (bani?) umayya, Mcccan kin
`group to which the Umayyad caliphs belonged] (1758) : a member of a
`
`
`
`dynasty of caliphs based in Damascus that ruled from AD. 661 to 750
`um-bel \'om-bal\ n [NL umbella, fr. L, umbrella — more at UMBRELLA]
`(1597) : a racemose inflorescence typical of the carrot family in which
`the pedicels arise from about the same point to form a flat or rounded
`flower cluster — see INFLORESCENCE illustration
`umibel-late \'am-ba-.lat, .am-‘be-lzm adj (1760)
`1 : bearing, consisting
`of, or arranged in umbels 2 : resembling an umbel in form
`um-belvli-ter \.om-'be-lo-for\ n [NL Umbellt'feraE, group name, fern. pl.
`of umbellifer bearing umbels] (1718) : a plant of the carrot family
`um-bel-Iif-er-ous \.am-ba-'ii-f(a—)ras\ adj (1662) : of or relating to the
`1 carrot family (~ flower heads)
`"
`
`um—ber \'om-bar\ n [prob fr. obs. E, shade, color, fr. ME vmbre. umbre
`shade. shadow, fr. AF, fr. L umbra
`more at UMBRAGB] (1568)
`1 : a
`brown earth that is darker in color than ocher and sienna because of its
`content of manganese and iron oxides and is highly valued as a perma-
`nent pigment either in the raw or burnt state 2 a : a moderate to dark
`2 yellowrsh brown b : a moderate brown
`umber vt um-bered; um-ber-ing \-b(9-)rir_]\ (1610) : to darken with Or
`3 as if with umber
`umber at?) (1802) : of. relating to, or having the characteristics of um-
`1 her; spew” : of the color of umber
`1 : of,
`um-btl-I-cal \.am-'b1-li-kol, Brit also .am-baJli-ka“ adj (1541)
`relating to, or used at the navel 2 : of or relating to the central region
`of the abdomen 3 : being a necessary or nurturing link or connection
`(the town‘s ~ rail line)
`2umbilical n (1774) : UMBILICAL CORD 2
`umbilical cord n (1753)
`1 a z a cord arising from the navel that con-
`nects the fetus with the placenta and through which respiratory gases,
`nutrients, and wastes pass b : YOLK STALK 2 : a tethering or supply
`line (as for an astronaut outside a spacecraft or a diver underwater) 3
`: a necessary, supportive, or nurturing link or connection
`um-biH-cate \.9m-'bi-li-kot\ or umtbil-i-cated \-lo-.ka-t:;d\ adj (1698)
`1 : depressed like a navel 2 : having an umbilicus —— um-biI-i-ca-tion
`\.em-.bi-la-'ka-shan\ n
`um-bi-li-cus \.9m-'bi-li-kas, .9m-bo—‘li—\ n. pl um-bi-Ilnci \.cm-'bi-li-.ki,
`-.ké;
`,9m-ba-‘li—.ki, -.si\ or um-bl-ll-cus-es [L —— more at NAVEL]
`(1799)
`1 a : NAVEL 1 b : any of several morphological depressions;
`esp : HILUM 1 2 : a central point : CORE, HEART
`um-bles \'om-balz\ n pl [ME, alter. of noumbles, fr. OF nombles loins,
`alter. of lumbles, fr. L lumbuli, dim. of lumbi, p1. of Iumbus loin —
`more at LOIN] (15c) : the edible viscera of an animal (as a deer or hog)
`um-bo \'om-(.)b6\ n, pl um-bo-nes \.om-'b6-(.)néz\ or
`umbos [L', akin to L umbilicus — more at NAVEL]
`(1721)
`1 : the boss of a shield 2 : a rounded eleva-
`tion: as
`a : an inward projection of the tympanic
`membrane of the ear b : one of the lateral promi-
`nences just above the hinge of a bivalve shell — um-
`bo-nal
`\'am-ba-n=l,
`.am-‘bo-\ adj — um-bo-nate
`\'cm-bo-.nat, .am-‘bo-nat\ adj
`um-bra \'9m-bra\ n, pl umbras or um-brae \-(,)bré,
`-.bn”\ [L] (1638)
`T : a shaded area 2 a : a conical
`shadow excluding all light from a given source; specif
`: the conical part of the shadow of a celestial body ex-
`cluding all light from the primary source b : the cen-
`tral dark part of a sunspot — um-bral \-brel\ adj
`um-bra e \'om-brij\ 71 [ME. fr. AF, fr. L umbratt'cum,
`neut. 0 umbraticur of shade, fr. umbrarus, pp. of um-
`brare to shade, fr. umbm shade, shadow; akin to Lith unksme‘ shadow]
`(15c)
`1 : SHADE, SHADOW 2 : shady branches : FOLIAGE 3'3 : an
`indistinct indication : vague suggestion : HINT b : a reason for doubt
`: SUSPICION 4 : a feeling of pique or resentment at some often fancied
`slight or insult (took ~ at the speaker’s remarks)
`syn see OFFENSE
`um-bra- eous \.am-'bra-jas\ adj (1587)
`1 a : affording shade b
`: spotte with shadows 2 : inclined to take offense easily — um-bra-
`1 geous-Iy adv — um-bra-geous-ness n
`um-breI-la \.am-'bre-la, esp Southern 'am-.\ It [It ombrella, modif. of L
`umbella, dim. of umbra] (1611)
`1 : a collapsible shade for protection
`against weather consisting of fabric stretched over hinged ribs radiat-
`ing from a central pole; esp : a small one for carrying in the hand 2
`:
`the bell-shaped or saucer-shaped largely gelatinous structure that
`forms the chief part of the body of most jellyfishes
`3 : something
`which provides protection: as a : defensive air cover (as over a battle-
`front) b : a heavy barrage 4 : something which covers or embraces a
`broad range of elements or factors (decided to expand .
`.
`. by building
`new colleges under a federation ~ —Diane Ravitch)
`2umbrella vt -Iaed; -la-ing (1834) : to protect, cover. or provide with an
`umbrella
`umbrella plant it (ca. 1909) : a perennial sedge (Cyperus altermfolius)
`of Madagascar that has large terminal whorls of slender leaves and is
`often rown as an ornamental
`urnbre la tree It (ca. 1790) : any of various trees or shrubs resembling
`an umbrella esp.
`in the arrangement of leaves or the shape of the
`crown; exp 2 a widely cultivated schefflera (Schefllera actinaphylla syn.
`Brassat‘a actinophylla) of Australia and New Guinea having leaflets ra-
`diatin from an elongate petiole
`.
`Um-br -an \'om-bré-an\ n (1601)
`1 : a native or inhabitant of Umbria
`2 : the Italic language of ancient Umbria — see INDO-EUROPEAN LAN-
`GUAGES table — Umbrlan adj
`go a
`UAT1.b'lln.du \,om-'bt‘m-(.)di.'l\ n (ca. 1895) : a Bantu language of central
`uml-ak \"Li-mé-.ak\ n [Inuit umiaq] (1769) : an open Eskimo boat made
`1 of a wooden frame covered with hide
`um-laut \'iim-.laut, 'um-\ n [G, fr. um- around, transforming + Laut
`sound] (ca. 1845)
`1 a : the change of a vowel (as \ii\ to \e\ in goose.
`geese) that is caused by partial assimilation to a succeeding sound or
`that occurs as a reflex of the former presence of a succeeding sound
`which has been lost or altered b :' a vowel resulting from such partial
`
`
`
`
`Uumbo1
`
`\e\ abut \°\ kitten, F table \er\ further \a\ ash \i\ ace \i\ mop, mar
`\au\ out
`\ch\ chin \e\ bet
`\5\ easy \e\ 30 \i\ hit
`\i\ ice
`\i\ job
`\13\ sing \6\ go \o\ law \Oi\ boy \th\ thin \th\ the \i‘1\ loot \u\ foot
`\y\ yet
`\zh\ vision, beige \k, “. cc. w. y\ see Guide to Pronunciation
`
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