LERAVIGBULLETIN
`
`Nia nen 23
`
` &Society/Industry
`
`Charging the basic oxygen furnace with molten iron. Cover
`photo and photo on p 54 are courtesy of Wheeling Pittsburgh
`Steel Corp., Steubenville, Ohio.
`
`“<
`
`VoLUME 74, No. 5, May 1995
`
`MAY 1995
`THE MAGAZINE FOR TECHNOLOGY « ENGINEERING * MANUFACTURING
`
`UPCOMING EVENTS
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`12
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`3
`
`O-I Glass,Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 001
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 001
`
`

`

`Bringing NewTechnology to Market
`RichardG Wagner vareitsar cas. is.
`Refractories Challenge: Meeting
`Performance Demands
`GregoryR. Geiger.......... nepiddy- becker
`
`Acrylic Binder for Green Machining
`X.L. Kevin Wu and William J.
`MGAMARY Sisco cn oncec os tuoscussssiates sceesen anes
`
`49
`
`54
`
`61
`
`Refractory-Ceramic-Fiber Furnace Linings
`Gary Déren:... cts eevee ete 65
`
`Decolorizing Crystal Glass
`Michal Mithibauerscen cr. cc uctanete es euse ys
`
`70
`
`Porcelainized Stoneware Tile
`Tiziano Manfredini, Gian Carlo
`Pellacani, Marcello Romagnoli, and
`Litio Pennisieter a 76
`
`Tribological Characteristics of
`Zirconia-Yttria Ceramics
`Kamal E. Amin and Debashish Nag......
`
`80
`
`Update on Copper Oxide Superconductors
`Robert J. Cava...... aieddie 7 eanOM 85
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`SOCIETY BUSINESS
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`74
`
`American Ceramic Society Bulletin (ISSN 0002-7812).
`©1995 Published monthly, 12 times a year.
`Printed in the United States of America.
`Editorial and Subscription Offices: P.O. Box 6136, Westerville, OH 43086-
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`ACSBA7, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 1-132
`
`1
`4 6
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`/ \acrylic Binder for
`eo Machining...
`D
`
`TeaeagSy
`The American Ceramic Society Bulletin covers news and activities of the
`Society and its members, includes items of interest to the ceramic community,
`andprovides the most current information concerning all aspects of ceramic
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`Rretractories Challenge:
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`AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN
`
`O-I Glass,Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 002
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 002
`
`

`

`Decolorizing Crystal Glass
`
`Iron impurities give crystal glass an unacceptable color;
`therefore, it must be decolorized during the melting process,
`if a marketable productis to be produced.
`
`Michal Muhlbauer
`NeueStoeizle Kristall GmbH, Alt-Nagelberg, Austria
`
`
`PHYSICAL DECOLORIZATION WITH COMPLEMENTARY COLORS
`
`Complementary colors are linked with
`Violet
`arrows in the diagram. Mixing of the com-
`
`plementary colors yields gray. When a
`
`crystal glass has a blue-green color
`
`before decolorization, it is chemi-
`
`cally treated to produce a less-
`
`
`intense yellow-green color. Physical
`
`decolorization is completed by
`
`
`adding a small amountof the com-
`
`
`plementary colorviolet. A combination
`
`of selenium (red) and CoO (blue)
`
`
`Yellow-green
`
`provides the complementary violet color.
`
`
`
`
`Red
`
`Blue
`
`Orange
`
`Blue-green
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`small amount of iron
`oxide is always present
`in glass. Therefore, all
`crystal glass has to be
`decolorized. To decolorize a glass
`means to diminish and depress the
`color of the glass. After being
`decolorized, glass is clear and col-
`orless. Crystal glass melts that
`contain 20.03 wt%of iron oxide
`cannot be decolorized.
`Lead and soda-lime crystal
`glasses are melted under an oxi-
`dizing atmospherein a tank or pot
`furnace. The resulting color and
`brightness of the finished glass is
`determined by the melt. An
`acceptable glass results only when
`the glass is properly decolorized.
`The decolorizing process removes
`all the color produced by impuri-
`ties in the raw-material (i.e., sand,
`feldspar, limestone and soda ash)
`impurities, firing equipment (i.e.,
`pots, stirrers and furnace), pipes
`and impurecullet.
`Ferrous oxide (FeO) causes a
`blue-green color in glass, and fer-
`ric oxide (Fe,O,) causes a yellow-
`green color in glass. The intensity
`of the blue-green color caused by
`Fe?+ ions is ~15 times greater than
`the yellow-green color caused by
`Fe3+ ions in glass. Therefore,
`decolorization of crystal glass has
`two stages:
`* Chemical decolorization trans-
`forms all or almost all of the Fe?+
`ions to Fe** ions (less-intensive
`shades). The chemical decolorants
`are oxidizing agents that are added
`to the glass batch.
`¢ Physical decolorization removes
`
`Yellow
`
`Green
`
`the yellow-green color of the glass
`with a complementarycolor added
`to the glass batch. This color pro-
`duces a neutralgraytint in the glass
`that is not seen by the human eye.
`Decolorization reduces the light
`transmittance of glass. The better
`glass has been decolorized, the
`less gray color and the higherbril-
`liance it possesses.
`
`Decolorization in Practice
`The humaneyeis sensitive to glass
`color. Visual inspection is the best
`method to judge decolorized glass.
`Experienced technologists use
`glass rods from daily production
`for comparison with standard rods.
`Glass decolorants are generally
`used in combinations, not sepa-
`rately. There are two types of crys-
`tal glass that need to be decolorized:
`¢ Lead crystal glass is chemically
`decolorized with arsenic- or anti-
`mony-containing compounds and
`physically decolorized with NiO
`
`(~0.3-0.8 g/100 kg of sand). The
`resulting glass is colorless butless
`brilliant. Lead crystal can be made
`morebrilliant by adding erbium
`oxide (Er,0,) (~6 8/100 kg of
`sand). The furnace atmosphere
`must be oxidizing (~3.5% O,
`in
`waste gases).
`* Soda-lime crystal glass cannot
`be physically decolorized by NiO
`because, in this case, it does not
`provide a complementary color
`The batch must contain an oxi-
`dizer, such as a nitrate or a combi-
`nation of a selenium compound and
`neodymium oxide (Nd,O,). In the
`latter case, the active decolorant
`is Nd,O,, doped by the selenium.
`One of the best decolorizers for
`soda-lime crystal glass is cerium
`oxide (CeO) as the chemical deco!-
`orant and Er,O, doped with cobalt
`oxide (CoO) as the physical decol-
`orant. The furnace atmosphere
`must be oxidizing (~2-3% O, in the
`flue gases).
`
`
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 003
`
`

`

`fecolorants—CeO, and Er,0,
`wre expensive, but the resulting
`iss has a color that is brilliant
`d stable.
`
`potassium-free, but NiO must be
`used with other components,
`such as a mixture of ~52% PbO,
`33% manganese, 14% NiO and
`~1% CoO. This inexpensive mix-
`ture provides a usable decolorant
`when ~8 8/100 kg sandis added
`to the batch to produce less-
`expensive glasses. This glass is
`decolorized, but
`increasing
`amountsof this decolorantresults
`in glass that is gray or steel gray.
`Selenium and CoO combined
`with CeO,also serve as a chemical
`decolorant. The CeO, (~60 g/100
`kg of sand) transforms the Fe?+
`ions in the glass to Fe**, and the
`
`selenium (~40 g of ZnSeO,/ 100 kg
`of sand) and CoO (~0.06 8/100 kg
`of sand) provide the necessary vio-
`let color that is complementary to
`the yellow-green colorof Fe** ions.
`Selenium, as a decolorant, is sensi-
`tive to pull, furnace atmosphere
`and furnace temperature.
`Cullets containing selenium
`must always be checked, because,
`originally colorless, they may
`become rose colored during warm
`up. A similar change might occur
`to the finished ware going into
`the lehr, also during a time of
`temperature increase.
`
`Color induced in
`
`red-brown
`
`red
`
`ZnSeO,
`
`Blue-red
`Blue-red
`Blue-red
`
`Pink
`Pink
`Pink
`
`ecific Decolorants
`iO
`is
`the oldest physical
`colorant. NiO is convenient to
`fe for decolorizing lead erystal
`ss, because the glass contains
`edominantly potassium andlittle
`da. NiO has a rose color that is
`mplementary to the yellow-green
`lor of Fe?+ ions foundin theglass.
`7O alone cannot produce bril-
`ce in soda-lime glass that is
`Properties of Physical Decolorants
`Decolorant
`
`
`Erbium
`
`
`
` Nickel
`Cobalt
`Selenium
`Neodymium Manganese
`
`
`
`
`
`Selenium,
`Nd,0,
`Mn,O,,
`Introducedin
`NiO
`CoO
`Er,0,
`
`| glass as
`Na,SeO,,
`KMnO,
`
`
`
`
`Blue with
`Gray-red to
`Na-Ca glass
`Rose-brown
`Violet
`
`
`
`
`Blue with
`Red-violet to
`K-Ca glass
`Rose-brown
`Violet
`
`
`Blue with
`Red-violetto
`K-Pb glass
`Yellow-orange-
`Violet
`violet
`purple-red
`
`
`
`
`violet
`purple-red
`brown
`Borate glass:
`Borate glass:
`Other glass
`
`
`red
`yellow
`Stable
`Mn,O0,
`Stable
`Volatizes with
`Stable
`Stable
`At high temp
`Color stability
`
`
`decomposes
`increasing
`to MnO and O,
`temperature
`Stable
`Sensitive
`Stable
`FeSeincreases
`Stable
`Stable
`At cooling temp
`
`
`
`
`
`
`after colorizing
`in the lehr
`Stable
`Sensitive to
`Nonsensitive
`Sensitive,
`Nonsensitive
`Nonsensitive
`Against reducing
`
`
`reducing atmo-
`brown FeSe
`flame
`
`
`shere; MnO
`increases, poly-
`
`
`increases
`selenides develop
`
`
`Neutralto
`Oxidizing
`Neutral to
`Neutral to
`Oxidizing
` Oxidizing
`Favorable conditions
`oxidizing
`oxidizing
`oxidizing
`in furnace and batch
`
`
`FeO + Fe,O,
`FeO + Fe,0,
`FeO,
`FeO + Fe,0,
`Fe,O0,
`FeO + Fe,0,
`Complementary to
`
`
`
`
`
`
`blue-green yellow-green__blue-greenyellow blue-green blue-green
`
`
`Appropriate for
`Na-Ca and K-Ca
`All luxury
`All precious
`K-Ca and K-Pb
`All types of
`K-Pb glasses
`
`
`glasses
`glass
`glasses
`glasses
`glasses
`
`
`Amount per
`0.3-1
`0.05-0.15
`<50
`30-50
`30-250
`5-40
`
`
`Used with
`CoO
`NiO,
`CoO
`Selenium
`CeO,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Not always
`Behaviorof
`Neutral
`Neutral
`Neutral
`Neutral
`Neutral
`stable (see
`decolorized
`
`
`manganese as
`glassin
`decolorant
`daylight
`
`
`chemical
`
`
`Induces gray
`Needs no
`Used in
`Decolorization
`Remarks
`
`
`color if used
`other
`combination
`effect achieved
`in great amounts.
`with selenium by Mnform decolorant,
`
`
`Stable against
`and CeO,
`oneof the best
`redox conditions in
`decolorants
`
`melting furnace
`
`
`
`Note 1; Selenium andits compounds are unstable and,therefore, are recommended for use asdecolorants onlyforglassescontaining a maximum of 0.09% Fe,0,. However, in many
`*Manganeseis both chemical and physical decolorant.
`
`
`
`cases, selenium is used for glass containing moreiron. Selenium yields colorthatis complementary to the blue-green color of iron. Wheniron, as a chemical colorant, becomesyellow-
`
`
`
`reen in glass, the selenium is used with CoO, because that combination produces a violet shade that is necessary as a complementary color tothe yellow-green color of iron in glass.
`sullets containing selenium may contribute a rose shade to glass. Higheroxidizingforms ofselenium (Se* and Se*) are colorless:the Se* form givesglass a browncolor.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Varinm 74 No 5 May 1995
`iETT
`
`Used alone only See note 1
`in opal glass
`
`100 kg of sand (g)
`
`selenium,
`manganese*
`
`
`
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 004
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 004
`
`

`

`Decolorising Crystal Glass
`Neen
`Mn,O, is an alternative rose
`glass. The resulting blue color in
`is recommended that 2-6 ks of
`complementarycolor (10 g/100 ks
`the glass is covered by selenium,
`PbO/100 kg of sand be added The
`of sand is sufficient for potassium-
`which is sensitive to the melting
`amount of selenium must be
`conditions inside the furnace.
`rich glasses). However, Mn,O,
`found bya trial-and-error method
`loses its decolorization effect when
`When Er,O, is combined with
`because of variable amounts of
`the glass is melted a second time.
`CeO,, selenium is not needed, and
`arsenic used as an oxidi.ing
`Therefore, Mn,O, is more appro-
`do
`the resulting glass is colorless and
`agent. The Se** and Sejo:
`priate for batches using small
`brilliant. Er,O, better absorbs the
`not colorthe glass.
`amounts of cullet. The batch/cullet
`iron color (two absorption stripes at
`Another dydim combination
`ratio must be kept constant. Glass
`550 and 390 nm) than does Nd,O,.
`that includes manganese is used
`containinglittle iron (<0.015%)
`Dydim combinations are occa-
`with glass that is refined only
`can be successfully decolorized by
`sionally used as decolorants.
`with nitrate or with sinall
`CeO, and Mn,0,.
`When glass must be refined by
`amounts of arsenic (maximum of
`Nd,O, doped with selenium is a
`arsenic oxide, a dydim compound
`30 /100 kg of sand). Additions of
`useful combination with CeQ,.
`(e.g., 4 parts of Nd,O, and 1 part
`80-100 8/100 kg of sand of dvdim
`of Pr,0,) has to be used as the
`These decolorants are compar-
`and of 30-50 g/100 kg of sand of
`able with CoO doped with a
`decolorizing agent. Selenium
`manganese are acceptable.
`ihe
`selenium/CeO,
`combination.
`must be used with dydim to pro-
`higher the potassium content:
`in
`Nd,O, causes absorption in the yel-
`duce a colorless glass. The
`the glass the better; i.e., 'ead
`amount of arsenic to be used is
`low part of the visible light spee-
`glasses are easier to decolorize
`with that mixture. In the case of
`trum (590 nm) of soda-lime crystal
`100-200 g/100 kg of sand. Also, it
`
`Properties of Chemical Decolorants
`Decolorant
`
`Arsenic
`Manganese CeriumAntimony Peroxide
`
`
`
`
`
`As,03,
`Na,AsO,,
`Ca,(AsO,),
`Oxygen
`loss
`
`Sb,0,,
`NaSbO,
`Oxygen
`loss
`
`Very good
`Noneffective
`
`Oxidation
`to As,O,
`Very good,
`produces 0,
`
`Various
`
`3-5
`
`Neutral,
`oxidizing
`0.2-1
`
`Nonactive
`
`Oxidation
`to Sb,0,,
`very good,
`produces O,
`Neutral,
`oxidizing
`0.2-1
`
`Mn,0,,
`KMnO,
`
`Oxygen
`loss
`
`Powertul
`oxidizer
`Powertul
`oxidizer
`
`CeQ,,
`Ce(OH),
`Oxygen
`loss
`Decomposes
`above 1100°C
`
`BaO,
`
`Oxygen
`loss
`
`Very good
`Very good
`
`Very good
`
`Very good
`
`Neutralt
`
`Various
`
`30-250
`
`50-200
`
`Neutral,
`oxidizing
`1-1.5
`
`Sulfate
`
`Na,sO,,
`K,80,,
`MgSO
`Oxygen
`loss
`
`Chlorate
`
`Chloride
`
`NaCiO,,
`KCIO,
`Oxygenloss,
`volatizes iron
`
`Nacl, KC!
`MgCl,
`BaCl,
`Volatizes iron
`
`Very good
`Sulfate must be
`decomposed
`(1370°C)
`Neutral,
`oxidizing
`Ios
`
`Volatizes iron
`fast
`Volatizes iron
`
`Volatizes iron
`fast
`Volatizes iron
`
`Oxidizing
`
`Oxidizing
`
`3-5
`
`1-2
`
`
`
`Nitrate
`
`Introduced in
`glass as
`
`Decolorizing
`effect by
`Decolorizing
`effect wrt
`temperature*
`High temp
`
`Low temp
`
`Appropriate
`tank
`atmosphere
`Amount per
`100 kg sand
`(kg)
`Used with
`
`Useful for
`
`Behavior of
`decolorized
`glassin
`daylight
`Remarks
`
`Nitrate
`
`Nitrate
`
`Nitrate
`
`Lead glass
`
`Not always
`stable
`
`Lead glass
`Not always
`stable
`
`Lead glass
`
`Not always
`stable
`
`Nitrate,
`sulfate
`All types of
`precious glass
`Neutral
`
`Nitrate,
`CeO,
`Alkalislime
`glass
`Neutral,
`nonsensitive
`
`Nitrate,
`CeO,
`Akalisime
`glass
`Neutral,
`nonsensitive
`
`Nitrate,
`Akali-lime
`glass
`Neutral,
`nonsensitive
`
`Nitrate + BaOs
`Akali-lime
`glass
`Neutral,
`nonsensitive
`
`Neutral
`
`A dangerous
`poison, see
`note 1
`
`See note 2
`
`See note 3
`
`See note 4
`
`Rarely used
`
`Rarely used
`(goodrefining
`agent for akali-
`lime glass)
`
`Not usedfor
`lead glass,
`rarely used for
`other glasses
`
`Not used for
`lead glass
`
`*wrt is with respect to. Manganese compoundsaresensitive to atmospherein the tank;violet color of Mnis unstable.
`Note 1: Alkali-lime glass containing arsenic is not stable in daylight (Solarization). This glass is sensitive when it contains cerium or manganese. 4-8 kg of PbO/100 kg sand can be
`used as a counteragent. When both arsenic and manganese are presentin glass,arsenic is oxidized by manganese, whichlosesits decoloration efficiency.
`Note 2: Alkalistime glass containing Sb,0, is not stable in daylight. Alkaliime glass containing cerium or manganeseis sensitive to daylight. Alkalilime glass can be protected bv
`adding ~5 kg of PbO/100 kg of sand.
`Note 3. Manganese compounds are both chemical and physical decolorants. Alkalitime glass containing manganeseis notlight resistant. Alkalitime glass is sensitive when decc'
`orized by manganeseandit contains small amounts of arsenic, antimony or cerium. There is no protection against CeO,. ~5 kg of PbO/100 kg of sand can be used as a counteragent to
`arsenic or antimony.
`It can be protected by ~5 kg of PbO/100 kg of
`Note4: Soda—lime glass decolorized by CeO, and containing small amountsof arsenic, antimony or manganeseis sensitive to daylight.
`sand. Soda—lime glass containing manganese is decolorized by cerium and is sensitive to daylight; addition of PbO hasno effect. Arsenic cannot be used asa refining agent; cullets cor
`taining arsenic, antimony or manganese cannot be used.In these cases, ready-madeglassis sensitive to daylight.
`
`72
`
`AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY BULLETIN
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 005
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1012
`Page 005
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Level at Which Impurities
`etree ee CALLE
`
`Crystal Glass
`Amount(wt%) Impurity
`
`
`
`
`Alkali Glass Variations
`The decolorization of natrium
`glass (only soda or soda withlittle
`potassium in the batch)
`is
`different from that of kalium glass
`(greater potassium in the batch).
`A natrium glass can be better
`decolorized when adding a small
`amount of potassium to the
`batch. The reason: sodium-glass
`melts liberate oxygen easier than
`potassium glass melts and,
`therefore, promote Fe?* ions that
`cause the blue-green color in the
`glass. Sodium glasses can be
`better decolorized by rare earths,
`i.e., cerium-—neodymium-selen-
`ium, cerium—erbium, cerium-—erb-
`ium—cobalt and not by only
`selenium—cobalt oxides.
`Iron is always present in glass.If
`the glass is to be decolorized, the
`iron must be transformed to a
`higher valence (chemical decol-
`orants) and masked (physical
`decolorants). Fe** ions are pro-
`moted in a glassmelt by high
`alkali content, high potassium
`content and oxidizing tank atmo-
`sphere. Fe?* ions are supported by
`higheracidity of the glass, higher
`sodium content, oxygen absence
`in the glassmelt, higher tempera-
`ture, age of glassmelt in the tank
`and reducing tank atmosphere.
`Manyfactors must be considered
`when practicing glass decoloriza-
`tion. Each glass has its peculiar
`characteristics and the factory tech-
`nologist always must be alert to
`achieve acceptable colors ofglass.
`
`Problems
`It
`is important to use stable
`decolorants that are not sensitive to
`the atmosphere inside the furnace,
`
`it is recom-
`\da—lime glass,
`fended that 3-6 kg of PbO/100
`s of sand be addedto the batch.
`Dydim-NiO decolorant has
`coved useful in lead crystal glass.
`Jarge amountof arsenic (up to
`1000 ¢/100 kg of sand) is recom-
`aended to be addedto the batch.
`Phe glass should be melted in a
`igh-oxidation atmosphere; in
`ch a case, 0.4 g of NiO/100 kg
`f sand and 50 g of dydim /100 kg
`f sand are sufficient.
`
`ixcessive Decolorizing
`When greater amounts of some
`jecolorizers or when improper
`decolorizing blends are used, the
`resulting glass might be too dark
`sr be sensitive to daylight
`‘solarization).
`An excess of arsenic (21 kg/100
`ks of sand) in soda-lime crystal
`Blass produces a smoky color. An
`excess of antimony oxide (Sb,03)
`produces a similar result. PbO
`‘~5 kg/100 kg of sand) can be
`lused as a counteragent.
`If an excess of manganese and
`arsenic combined is used in a
`élass, it might become gray with a
`red tone.
`Arsenic—CeQ, overcolor in a
`glass alsois a problem. These two
`decolorants do not work together.
`When exposed to daylight, the
`glass becomes yellow to brown.
`Glasses containing 0.05% of CeO,
`and 0.003% of arsenic can be
`‘affected by daylight. These two
`‘decolorants, or with arsenic as
`refining agent, cannot be used
`together. Addition of 4-8 kg of
`PbO/100 ké of sand might reduce
`solarization effects.
`Antimony-CeO,overcoloris simi-
`lar
`in its consequences
`to
`arsenic-CeQ, overcolor. The result-
`ing overcolor also is yellow. PbO
`(~4 kg /100 kg of sand) again might
`be helpful as a protective agent.
`Arsenic-CeO,-manganese over
`' colors some lead crystal glasses.
`The literature shows that ~1 kg of
`arsenic/100 kg of sand, combined
`with CeO, and manganese makes
`this glass highly sensitive to day-
`light.
`
`and are stable with furnace
`temperature and pull. Glass color
`problems can be caused by:
`«Improper decolorant (e.é.,
`soda-lime crystal glass decol-
`orized by NiO);
`e Unstable decolorant (e..,
`selenium in a furnace where the
`atmospherevaries);
`¢ Fluctuating furnace atmo-
`sphere (e.g., oxygen content in
`flue gases is not constant);
`elIrregularly analyzed raw
`materials;
`* Use of sands of uncertain origin;
`¢ Primitive raw-material stocking;
`e Foreign or dirty cullet.
`A person responsible for glass
`quality must continuously observe
`the glass melt. After the glass color
`changes,it is too late to become
`concerned about the quality of the
`slass. Necessary remedies to slass
`color problems usually require a
`few days to havethe glass properly
`decolorized and made brilliant.
`Prevention and
`continuous
`checking of the entire melting
`process—from raw materials to
`batch preparation—results in
`high-quality glass products.
`a
`References
`10. Herfurth, Ueber die Verwendung
`seltener Oxyde in Faerbung und
`Entfaerbung von Glass. Glas-Email-
`Keramo-Technik 3.Jahrgang 1952 Heft 1.
`2Seltene Erden fuer die Entfaerbung
`und Faerbung von Glas. Auer Remy, H.
`Blum & Co. K.G., Hamburg, Germany,
`1961,
`3T. C. Shutt et al., “Technology and
`Economy of Decolorization,” Glass Ind.,
`52, 62-66 (1971).
`4Schriftenreihe Pigmente, Degussa
`Chemikalien fuer die Glasindustrie, No
`61. Degussa AG, Anorganische Produkte,
`Frankfurt, Germany, 1977.
`5J. Kocik, J. Nebrensky andI. Fanderlik,
`Handbook of Glass Coloring, Czech
`edition. SNTL, Prague, Czechoslovakia,
`1978.
`6”RawMaterials Handbook,” Ceram.
`Ind., [1] 122 (1984).
`
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`page 17 to circle numbers that pertain
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`73
`Votume 74, No. 5, May 1995a
`
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