(
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`(
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`REPORT
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`by
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`Jon Huls and Tom Archer
`Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
`Santa Monica, CA 90404
`
`B 6 °I lo Od--'d-
`
`19960307 006
`
`\
`
`Solutions for
`energY,
`environment
`& technology
`
`PACIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL
`SERVICES, INC.
`
`---------·-
`
`Approved for public release;
`Distribution Unlimited
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 001
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`

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`July 1980
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`RESOURCE RECOVERY FROM PLASTIC AND GLASS WASTES
`
`by
`
`Jon Huls and Tom Archer
`Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
`Santa Monica, CA 90404
`
`63) 1 ~ Lo Od~J
`
`Contract No. 68-03-2708
`
`Project Officer
`
`Stephen James
`Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division
`Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
`Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
`
`MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
`OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
`U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
`CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
`
`·1
`-151!:;~:;~:0-=,--)(J~'-~D~;
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`:~~·_;•j, '.1'Ei11Ju1J\' A
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 002
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`

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`DISCLAIMER
`
`This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental Research
`Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publi(cid:173)
`cation. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
`views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
`mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
`recommendation for use.
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 003
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`FORWARD
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`The Environmental Protection Agency was created because of increasing
`public and government concern about the dangers of pollution to the health
`and welfare of the American people. Noxious air, foul water, and spoiled
`land are tragic testimonies to the deterioration of our natural environment.
`The complexity of that environment and the interplay of its components
`require a concentrated and integrated attack on the problem.
`
`Research and development is that necessary first step in problem
`solution, and it involves defining the problem, measuring its impact, and
`searching for solutions. The Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
`develops new and improved technology and systems to prevent, treat, and
`manage wastewater and solid and hazardous waste pollutant discharges from
`municipal and community sources, to preserve and treat public drinking water
`supplies, and to minimize the adverse economic, social, health, and aes~
`thetic effects of pollution. This publication is one of the products of
`that research and provides a most vital communications link between the
`researcher and the user community.
`
`This publication reports on state-of-the-art for recovering glass and
`plastic wastes from solid wastes.
`It provides technical, environmental, and
`economic evaluation of information derived from literature.
`
`Francis T. Mayo, Director
`Municipal Environmental
`Research Laboratory
`
`iii
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 004
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`

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`ABSTRACT
`
`This research program was initiated with the overall objective of
`assessing and evaluating State-of-the-Art for recovery of glass and plastic
`wastes from solid wastes.
`
`Literature was gathered from numerous sources, contacts were made with
`industrial and recycling organizations, and questionnaires were distributed
`among applicable firms involved in glass and plastic recovery. Data derived
`from literature was collected, reduced and evaluated for technical, econo(cid:173)
`mic, and environmental content.
`
`Both industries were characterized by processes, material flows, econo-
`mic dynamics, and waste generated. Methods for recovery, (e.g., collecting,
`aggregating, processing, and transporting), and recycling were identified.
`Economic and environmental parameters are provided. Currently, labor(cid:173)
`intensive source separation of glass and plastics predominate, although
`mechanical recovery will achieve greater importance in the years ahead.
`
`Finally, research activities and State-of-the-Art abroad are identified.
`Where feasible, their relative importance is assessed.
`
`This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-2708 by
`Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. under the sponsorship of the U.S.
`Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers the period May 1978 to
`January 1980, and work was completed as of July 1, 1980.
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 005
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`CONTENTS
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`Foreword O O 9 G 9 e e e 8
`0 0 GIG 8 0 8 0 Cl 8 0 8 e 8 C 8 8 0 8 iii
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`Abs tract G
`vi
`Figures O
`Tab 1 es ••• 0 • • • 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 Cl • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • • e C) • • • V; i ;
`Acknowledgement ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• " ••••••••••••••••••••
`ix
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`CD 8 8 9 8 8 8 Cl
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`1.
`2 •
`3.
`4.
`5.
`6.
`7 .
`8.
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`Executive Summary ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
`Conclusions and Reconmendations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
`Manufacturing and Industrial Background for Plastics and Glass •••
`State-of-the-Art for Plastics Resource Recovery ••••••••••••••••••
`State-of-the-Art Glass Waste Recovery ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
`Environmental and Economic Evaluation ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
`State-of-the-Art Plastics and Glass Wastes Recovery Abroad •••••••
`Research of Plastics and Glass Waste Recovery/Reuse ••••••••••••••
`
`1
`7
`14
`32
`49
`80
`108
`131
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`Ref ere nee s C, a . . . . . . . . . . . . Cl C, • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • e O • • • a, • G a • • Cl • • • • • • C, • • • • • • • • • • • 0
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`• 140
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 006
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`

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`FIGURES
`
`Number
`l
`Interrelationships among various operations in the
`manufacture of plastics........................................
`
`15
`
`2 Typical flow diagram for manufacture of soda lime glass •••••••••• 27
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`3
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`Plastics industry solid waste generation ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33
`
`4 Knife geometry of slicer design •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 36
`
`5 Oppositely tilted rotor and bed knives ••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••• 36
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`6 Schematic of PET recovery process •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44
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`7 Post consumer PET recycling •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46
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`8 Glass industry recycle flowchart and sources of solid waste •••••• 50
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`9 Systems flowchart for related collection center operations ••••••• 58
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`10
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`11
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`Sketch of buyback operation •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60
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`Barrel storage by Recycling Enterprise, Inc. (REI) •••••••••••••••
`
`61
`
`61
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`12 Compartmentalized cullet 30 cubic yard bin •••••••••••••••••••••••
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`13 Bunkers for cullet storage (REI) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 62
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`14
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`Immediate processing schematic (Circa Glass, Inc.) ••••••••••••••• 63
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`15 Central materials processing station ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 64
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`16 Overview of curbside collection vehicles ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66
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`17
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`18
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`Flowchart of integrated collection •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• 66
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`Flowchart of separate collection •••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.• 67
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`19 Recovery l Flow Diagram ...••••.•••••••.....••.••.•...••.•...•.... 61
`
`20
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`21
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`Flow chart for Flakt 3R System .••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••• 112
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`Flow sheet of separation of garbage (Funabashi, Japan) .••.••••••• 115
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 007
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`

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`22
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`Plant for regeneration systems ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 116
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`23 Bottle bank system for flow diagram •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 120
`
`24 Manual processing ••••••••.• o • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 123
`
`25 Origin of the efficient processing ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124
`
`26. Added blasting device and magnetic drum •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 124
`
`27. Processing with crusher, conveyor and air classifier ••••••••••••• 125
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`28. Present state .•••.• e•••••••••a••••e••••••••e••••••o••••••••e••••• 125
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 008
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`

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`Number
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`TABLES
`
`l
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`2
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`Service Life of Various Plastic Products ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17
`
`Introduction of Plastics Resins •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18
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`3 Total U.S. Plastics Production (1977) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
`
`21
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`4
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`1976 Production Rates and Values of Shipments •••••••••••••••••••• 22
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`5 Share of Total Packaging Market •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 23
`
`6
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`Raw Material Batch Recipesa....................................
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`28
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`7 Glass Containers Percent of End-Uses by Weight ••••••••••••••••••• 30
`
`8 Estimates and Forecasts of Plastics Wastes Generated
`33
`and Recovered...................................................
`9 Recycling Efficiencies ••••••••••••••••.•••••••.••••.••••••••••••. 34
`
`10
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`11
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`12
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`13
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`Past and Present Recovery Facilities and Recovery
`Programs at Manufacturing Operations............................
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`40
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`Estimated Waste Glass Generation by Source (1977) •••••••••••••••• 52
`
`Summary of Glass Waste Estimates, Processing and Recovery
`for Municipal Waste, 1972-1985 (1,000 ton)b ••••••••••••••••••••
`
`Source and Quantity of Gullet for the Container
`Glass Industry (1978)...........................................
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`52
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`54
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`14 Average Composition of Delivered Materials ••••••••••••••••••••••• 59
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`15
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`16
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`Types of Equipment to be Considered for Source
`Separation Equipment Data Base..................................
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`Source Separation Programs Collecting Glass with
`Design Variables................................................
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`64
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`70
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`17 Resource Recovery Activities Which Recover Glass ••••••••••••••••• 73
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`18 Emissions From Controlled Combustion of Plastics
`in Solid Waste..................................................
`
`82
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 009
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`19 Heating Value for Various Components in Solid Waste •••••••••••••• 84
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`20 Environmental Impact Summary (2 Liter Bottles) ••••••••••••••••••• 85
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`21 Environmental Impact Comparison (Per lb Per 100,000 Sq. Ft.) ••••• 89
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`23 Capital Cost •. o••••••o•••••••••oe••e••ees•••••••••••••••••••••c•e 88
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`25 Total Cost to Recycle PET Bottles •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 88
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`26 Recycle Equipment List and Cost* (10 MM Lb/Yr Capacity) •••••••••• 89
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`27 Representative Dropoff System Cost Structures ($/Ton) •••••••••••• 93
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`28 Representative Curbside Collection Cost Structure* ••••••••••••••• 93
`
`29 Buy Back Center Materials and Prices ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 95
`
`30 Cost Projections for a Franklin, Ohio Glass Recovery
`Subsystem at 500 and 1000 Ton Per Day Resource
`Recovery Plants (Based on 1975 Costs) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 98
`
`31 Projected Listing and Costs for a Glass Processing
`Operation at 650 Tons/Month ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 99
`
`32 Estimated Capital Requirements for 18 Ton/Day
`Glass Wool Plant.co•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••e•••$• 104
`Incineration Cost Elements as a Percentage of Total
`Plant Operating Costs ••.•.•••..•.....•••.••..•...•••..••.... a••• 106
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`33
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`34 Waste Composition in Various Nations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 111
`
`35 Rate of Participation Per Municipality ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 126
`
`36 Foreign Materials Found in Container Glass Used in
`Foamed Glass Production ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 138
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 010
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`

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`ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
`
`The cooperation of the Glass Packaging Institute (GPI) and the Society
`for Plastics Industry (SPI) is gratefully acknowledged. We are particularly
`indebted to Mr. Steven Howard, Resource Recovery Consultant for GPI and
`Mr. John Lawrence, President, SPI for their active involvement, sustained
`interest, and enlightened critique.
`
`Secondary Resources Development Consultants participated in the review
`of technical information and in socio-economic analyses. Mr. dernarct
`Meyerson, Mr. Richard Anthony, and Dr. Neil Seldman were major contributors
`
`A special thanks to Professor T.H. Yen, Chairman, Chemical Engineering
`Department, University of Southern California, whose technical insights were
`invaluable to the successful completion of the project.
`
`Roy Sakaida, Ph.D., Project Director
`Jon Michael Huls, Project Manager
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 011
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`SECTION l
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`EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
`
`INTRODUCTION
`
`The objective of this report is to define the state-of-the-art for
`plastic and glass waste recovery as determined from available literature.
`Resource recovery technologies, both mechanical and labor intensive, are
`assessed for municipal and industrial waste sources. Where data are avail(cid:173)
`able, these technologies are discussed in terms of technical, economic,
`environmental, and social aspects. Current trends in plastic and glass
`waste recovery practices outside the U.n.ited States are provided. Research
`efforts are identified, and research needs to enhance recovery of wastes are
`addressed •
`
`The report is divided into 8 sections listed below:
`
`(1) Executive Summary
`(2) Conclusions and Recommendations
`(3) Manufacturing and Industrial Background for Plastics and Glass
`(4) State-of-the-Art for Plastic Wastes Recovery
`(5) State-of-the-Art for Glass Waste Recovery
`(6) Environmental and Economic Evaluation
`(7) State-of-the-Art for Plastic and Glass Waste Recovery Abroad
`{8) Research on Plastics and Glass Waste Recovery
`
`With the exception of Sections 4 and 5, plastics and glass discussions
`are integrated into each section on a subsection basis. This treatment is
`warranted in order to avoid confusion and allow a presentation in a sequen(cid:173)
`tial fashion.
`
`Study findings are discussed in the following subsections •
`
`WASTE GENERATION, SOURCES, RECOVERY AND IMPACTS
`
`Three sources of plastic and glass waste generation were identified:
`industrial, commercial, and municipal.
`Industrial waste is considered to
`be any material generated and discarded during the manufacturing process •
`Commercial waste is that waste generated during the final stages of product
`lines before consumer usage. Municipal waste represents post-consumer
`waste, as well as some industrial and commercial discards •
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 012
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`

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`Plastic Waste Generation
`
`Plastics production in 1977 totaled 15,411 Gg (33,~48 million lbs). Of
`that amount, approximately 80 percent was thermoplastics, which are amenable
`to remelting and, thus, refabrication, to a certain extent. The largest
`single end-use for plastics is in packaging, although most plastics are
`utilized in long-term uses. As a result, plastic wastes found in the muni(cid:173)
`cipal waste stream are normally plastics packaging. No hard data exist to
`indicate exact quantities of plastics recovered from waste streams. Esti(cid:173)
`mates indicated that of the 7,500 Gg (16,500 million lbs) generated annually
`from all sources, about 2,200 Gg (4,850 million pounds) were recovered, pri(cid:173)
`marily thro~gh industrial recycling. Currently, about 3 percent of the
`municipal waste stream is comprised of plastics.
`
`Plastics Wastes Resource Recovery
`
`Most industrial and commercial plastics wastes are relatively clean as
`non-mixed species.
`It is, therefore, economical to recover these materials.
`In-house recovery practices are well established within the industry and
`scrap dealers provide the remaining recovery potential.
`
`Contaminated and mixed plastics have limited usage for recycling.
`Plastics appear to be incompatible between different family types and
`produce products with less than desirable chemical and physical properties
`during manufacturing.
`
`Segregation of plastics from the municipal waste stream is a practice
`currently in its "infancy". Both mechanical and labor intensive modes,
`though, do exist for recovery. Limited research indicates that certain
`thermoplastics can be segregated, and that selected mixtures coupled with
`special binders can be developed for use in secondary products. Secondary
`product markets are not developed, however, and the processes for segrega(cid:173)
`tion and mixing/bonding are not commercially available.
`
`Reuse strategies have shown that clean and single material plastic
`waste streams derived from municipal waste (PET, for example) can be
`collected and recycled. However, this is limited and is useful only for
`beverage packaging.
`·
`
`Except on such limited basis, plastics materials recovery from the
`mixed municipal waste stream appears to be technically or economically
`infeasible at present. The greatest potential for successful plastics waste
`recovery seems to be the derivation or recovery of energy from combustion of
`a mixed plastics/organics waste fraction in the municipal waste stream, or
`to just enhance volume reduction through various forms of thermal treatment
`by utilizing the high energy value of plastics.
`
`In the latter, the presence of plastics enhances combustion due to a
`high Btu content. As waste contains a number of noncombustiole items and
`significant quantity of moisture, plastics can be an important offsetting
`combustible fraction.
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 013
`
`

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`Thermal treatment can be grouped into three general categories:
`
`• Large scale and modular incineration (with and without energy
`recovery)
`• Pyrolysis
`• Preprocessing for refuse-derived fuel
`
`For each of these methods, proponents desire the high energy content of
`plastics to enhance the overall energy content of the solid waste. Plastics
`found in MSW have heating values in excess of 42 kJ/g(l9,000 Btu/lo).
`Refuse heating values range near 11 kJ (5,000 Btu/lb). As a comparative
`point, coal has a typical energy content of 28 KJ/g (12,000 Btu/lo).
`
`An additional benefit of the thermal treatment systems is the potential
`for volume reduction of solid waste by as much as 90 percent.
`
`Thermal treatment systems can meet air quality standards with large
`expense and difficulty. The ash and sludges are considered to be biologi(cid:173)
`cally inert, but some hazardous constituents may be present. Hence, they
`must be properly disposed. Thermal treatment systems are detailed in
`Sections 4 and 6.
`
`Low-technology recovery systems such as source separation are often
`categorized as being labor-intensive. These recovery systems have met with
`limited success. The major reasons are that insufficient markets exist for
`the recovered materials, and recovery procedures are just beginning to be
`developed. One system in California (Poly II) has had a reported initial
`success in recovering plastics from mixed plastics obtained from municipal
`In Michiganj PET bottle recycling is commercially established •
`sources.
`
`Environmental and Economic Impacts
`
`Environmental and economic impacts of recovering energy values from the
`plastic portion of the municipal solid waste stream are difficult to quan(cid:173)
`tify for any municipal source. Several experimental results indicate that
`burning of plastics would impose minimal environmental impacts.
`Insuffi(cid:173)
`cient data exist on the feasibility of new enterprises related to plastics
`waste recovery and recycling.
`
`Plastic Waste Recovery Research
`
`Research activities continue at the governmental and industry levels.
`The Bureau of Mines still conducts technical research on segregating plas(cid:173)
`tic. A new thought expressed is that plastics of uniform variaoility
`(uniform by source and constant composition) may be recyclable even though
`materials are mixed. Specifications and secondary product market develop(cid:173)
`ment must be conducted in order to enhance such application.
`
`State-of-the-Art for Plastics Waste Recovery Abroad
`
`It appears that other countries are in similar conditions as the United
`States. However, Japan and Europe appear to be sligntly advanced in callee-
`
`3
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 014
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`

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`tion and reuse due to more extreme energy and materials shortages. The
`advantage of surplus labor is maximized in underdeveloped and some indus(cid:173)
`trialized countries.
`
`One aspect is that economy of scale is favorable in smaller-sized
`enterprises.
`
`Conclusion
`
`In conclusion, the state-of-the-art of plastics waste recovery is of
`limited status when assessed for the municipal waste stream.
`It appears
`that for future recovery of plastics, burning or tertiary recovery to
`recover energy values will be the predominant method. Again, such recovery
`can be attempted only for plastic entrained in mixed municipal refuse.
`Additional research is needed to establish markets for recovered plastics
`waste and secondary materials made from these. The experience of other
`countries may prove valuable in assessing any future recovery of plastics
`waste. The larger percentage of plastics in some foreign waste streams, and
`the relative lack of petroleum products has made recovery more feasible.
`Important points are that enhancement of plastics waste recovery requires
`either (1) a smaller range of diversity amongst plastics types to facilitate
`technical recovery, or (2) significant sources and uses for making recovery
`economical.
`
`Glass Waste Generation
`
`Glass production in 1978 was estimated to be about 18 Tg (20 million
`tons). Of this amount, about 70 percent was container glass products. The
`remaining production types of glass, in decreasing quantities, are flat
`glass, pressed and blown glass, and wool fiberglass.
`
`Commercial glass wastes cannot be quantified because of the diversity
`of the industry. The actual amount of glass waste generated is considerably
`higher than that from the industrial segment, but it is not as high as that
`from the municipal segment. A major contributor to the generation of glass
`waste is contamination of the glass with substances such as foods, paints,
`and of course, breakage.
`
`The amount of glass waste in the municipal waste stream is about 10
`percent. This amount represents approximately 70 percent of the total glass
`production. The amount of glass waste in the municipal solid waste stream
`is not necessarily 70 percent of that year's production, since the useful
`life of glass articles varies. Data indicate that ·more than 90 percent of
`the glass in municipal waste streams is of the container type. This is
`expected, since container glass often has a relatively short useful life.
`
`Glass Waste Resource Recovery
`
`It is the current practice of essentially all the glass manufacturing
`plants to recycle all their waste glass. Since this glass is of Known com(cid:173)
`position and relatively uncontaminated, the manufacturer attempts to utilize
`all available waste glass, either through direct revenue or sale to a broKer.
`
`4
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 015
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`

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`Purchased cullet (foreign cullet) is used less extensively in batch
`make-up. Several reasons for this include contamination, unknown composi(cid:173)
`tions, and color contaminants. Based on strict product specifications and
`competition within the industry for quality ware, these factors discourage
`foreign cullet utilization. Some segments within the industry rarely use
`foreign cullet in their batches. For example, flat glass and certain
`pressed and blown segments cannot use foreign cullet in their batches since
`it could affect the quality of their glassware.
`
`Even so, the container glass segment has used known foreign cullet in
`their batches.
`It has been reported that the container segment could use
`all potentially recoverable clean and color-sorted cullet. However, at the
`present, clean cullet is limited. Recycling centers provide small quan(cid:173)
`tities of clean cullet, and the high technology recovery systems provide
`potential for cullet recovery. These systems provide either mixed cullet or
`separated cullet. Still, the amount of contamination and marketing condi(cid:173)
`tions limit its general acceptance •
`
`Efforts to recover glass waste from commercial sources are enhanced by
`combined efforts of the glass manufacturer, intermediate processors, and
`recycling centers. This source tends to generate larger volumes per unit
`source, although it may be contaminated.
`
`Municipal glass waste recovery has been limited to source separation
`and pilot high technology mechanical recovery systems. Source separation
`practices are dispersed geographically across the United States. Most of
`these programs are community involved recycling efforts. Several privately
`funded source separation programs are showing economic feasibility. Limit(cid:173)
`ing factors for these recovery techniques appear to be economic and relate
`to transportation, labor, and collection and processing efficiencies.
`In
`most situations, it is economical to recover glass with simultaneous recov(cid:173)
`ery of aluminum and paper to offset the high transfer and processing costs
`associated with glass.
`
`Environmental and Economic Evaluation
`
`Adverse environmental impacts associated with source separation systems
`are minimal. Any excessive fuel usage by the consumer will probably be off(cid:173)
`set oy the reduction in landfill requirements.
`
`Municipal waste recovery through hign technology systems is limited to
`either froth flotation or optical sorting. These techniques are proven in
`the minerals industry, but have had limited success for glass recovery, both
`on experimental and full-scale basis. Economics prohibit exclusive recovery
`of glass. Rather these systems are used as a subcomponent to an overall
`recovery system •
`
`The environmental and economic- impact for glass waste recovery cannot
`be fully assessed since it is only a subsystem to the overall recovery
`system. From the literature, there appear to be no adverse environment
`impacts associated with glass recovery •
`
`5
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 016
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`

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`Glass Waste Recovery Research
`
`Foremost, a market for the recovered glass must exist. Presently there
`are only limited markets. One area of research that has been promising for
`glass waste recovery is its use in secondary products. Products such as
`glasphalt and glass foam insulation demonstrate the technical feasibility of
`using glass waste for secondary products.
`
`An area of some interest is reuse of products. The ENCORE! system, a
`wine bottle washing operation, depends on free market forces.
`It is both
`profitable and effective. Although there is a question of safety, no seri(cid:173)
`ous problems have been encountered to date.
`
`Technology Abroad for Glass Waste Recovery
`
`Technology here and abroad is generally parallel in its development.
`Outside the United States, labor-intensive recovery practices are used most
`commonly.
`
`Conclusion
`
`In conclusion, the state-of-the-art of glass recovery is that indus(cid:173)
`trial and commercial sources conduct the majority of clean recycling. Muni-
`cipal sources produce the greatest quantities of waste glass. Recovery on
`the municipal level is limited to source separation and large-scale recovery
`facilities. Market development remains the most serious research question
`facing glass recovery.
`
`6
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 017
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`

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`SECTION 2
`
`CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
`
`This report has assessed the state-of-the-art resource recovery for
`plastics and glass wastes. The following summarizes the major findings and
`research needs in areas considered essential for any successful future
`recovery of plastics and glass wastes.
`
`•
`
`CONCLUSIONS
`
`State-of-the-Art
`
`Plastics--
`•
`Industrial and corrmercial sources efficiently recycle using simple,
`proven technology. The main reasons are waste materials are concen(cid:173)
`trated, relatively uncontaminated and usually of known quality and
`composition.
`
`• No proven commercial scale recovery system singularly effects recov(cid:173)
`ery of waste. Rather, such materials are recovered as one component
`of an over-all recovery-collection approach.
`
`• Secondary products, on the whole, have not had specifications
`developed for product reuse. This has acted as a barrier to
`increased utilization since reuse processes have not necessarily
`been standardized •
`
`• Combustion and energy recovery hold the greatest promise for
`recovery of the bulk of the plastics fraction of the solid waste
`stream due to the number of different types of plastics and the
`differing degrees of degradation of components.
`
`• Source separation from the industrial to the residential levels
`constitutes the only significant recovery of waste from municipal
`waste sources.
`
`• For the immediate future, industrial and commercial sources will
`comprise the majority of recycling activity. Recovery from post(cid:173)
`consumer wastes must overcome significant market, institutional,
`technical, transportation, and specification barriers in order to
`compete successfully with virgin products •
`
`7
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 018
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`

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`Glass--
`• Glass manufacturers claim that 25 percent of the post-consumer waste
`stream could be recycled right now. Transportation and collection/
`delivery problems and contaminant levels restrict this.
`
`•
`
`Industrial and commercial sources efficiently recycle using simple,
`proven technology. The main reasons are waste materials are concen(cid:173)
`trated, relatively uncontaiminated and usually of known quality and
`composition.
`
`• Municipal sources of wastes are most often mixed with other compo(cid:173)
`nents of refuse; hence, recovery is difficult with poor economics;
`also, the ease of obtaining raw materials, prevents a significant
`recovery incentive.
`
`• No proven commercial scale recovery system singularly effects recov(cid:173)
`ery of waste. Rather, such materials are recovered as one component
`of an over-all recovery-collection approach.
`
`• Recovery is often inhibited due to the lack of efficient source
`separation processing equipment.
`
`• Standardized specifications have not been developed for secondary
`products which acts as barrier to glass reuse.
`
`• Mechanical recovery systems for glass wastes have primarily origi(cid:173)
`nated from other industries such as mining. They lack proven usage
`in waste separation where moisture, composition, physical proper(cid:173)
`ties, and economics vary widely.
`
`• A natinnal market for mixing color glass cullet could significantly
`enhance recovery of glass wastes from municipal sources by simpli(cid:173)
`fying collection and processing.
`
`• Source separation from the industrial to the residential levels
`constitutes the only significant recovery of waste from municipal
`waste sources.
`
`• For the immediate future, industrial and commercial sources will
`comprise the majority of recycling activity. Recovery from post(cid:173)
`consumer wastes must overcome significant market, institutional,
`technical, transportation, and specification barriers in order to
`compete successfully with virgin products.
`
`Environmental and Economic Considerations
`
`Plastics--
`• Waste recovery rates are negligible; hence, environmental and
`
`8
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`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1010
`Page 019
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`

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`economic impacts associated with recovery processes can only be
`speculative at this time. Rather, the continued disposal of these
`valuable products can only be a negative impact both environmentally
`and economically •
`
`• There is no concrete data available on emerging secondary product
`recycling to quantify potential environmental and economic impacts.
`It is desirable to recover