CROCKERYANDGLASS
`JOURNAL
`
`,IDAYeNUMBER
`
`DECEMBER
`
`:AW:_L_,_
`
`'
`
`.
`
`MORIMURA BROS.
`53-57 WEST 230 STREET, NEWYORK
`j-
`HEADQUARTERS FOR
`'QRIENTAL GOODS
`__ a
`‘-
`
`(SEE BACK covsn.)
`
`*.
`
`f
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 001
`
`

`

`11
`
`Qockery and Glass
`
`Na 25
`
`\\
`
`DECEMBER
`
`2“
`
`19w.
`
`Contents.
`
`Icabing 1am“.
`
`l
`
`VOL84
`
`f
`
`. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . ..
`
`. . ... . . . . . .. . .. . . ..
`
`Condition of
`..
`. . . .. . ..
`.
`21
`Elect Officers. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . ..
`Salesmen
`22
`Whatthe
`.. . . . . . .. ... . . ..
`are
`Potteries
`. . . . . .. .
`27
`Around the Glass
`. .. 29
`Factories .... . .. .. . . .
`. . .. . . ... . ..
`.
`.. . .
`Influence in Toyland............................
`The War’s
`. . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . ..
`39
`.. . .
`Durant Pottery...........
`42
`Appearance Counts in the Store.
`43
`Blown Glassware in the Making .. . . . . . . .. .
`55
`.. . . . .. . . ... . . . .. .. . ... .
`Settling Upon a New Location..........................
`57
`The Decorative Value of China..........
`61
`Pottery,“
`Garden
`63
`Sevres Transformed,
`73
`The Spread of the“Five and Ten” ldea............
`75
`Chemistry lnvolved in Making Glass Tableware.
`..
`79
`Poetic Account of an Exquisite Collection....
`.. . ....
`.. . . . ...
`91
`(a photographic depiction of bottle-making)
`“Told in Pictures"
`93
`Knowing the Origin of Goods.-.......................
`99
`The Pinholing of Glazes
`Value of Contrast in the Display of China and Glassware.--...-...-.---.....
`121
`The Organization of an Export Department
`-.
`122
`The White House China and Glass Collection. . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 137
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
`Editorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .
`Personal Paragraphs
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 140
`The Mail-Order Octopus“...
`..
`. 155
`...
`..
`How the “Thermos”
`Bottle Originated.
`159
`ASavings System for Factories
`169
`The Deep Philosophy of
`..
`173
`The Story of Simmons‘ Rise...
`. . . . . . ... . . _,. . . . . . . . ..
`..
`185
`_ Distinctive Window Dressing........_...........-- - ...
`. . . . . .. . . ..190
`The Composition of Chinese Glazes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 199
`Bohemian Glassware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203
`the Year in Chicago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`Review of
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 213
`Lineage of
`the Lamp. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 217
`Government May Control Coal
`Industry .. . . .. ... . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. 219
`How Big Business is Organized and Financed in Germany . . . . . . .
`. . . . .. . . . . . . ... . .. 227
`Supply Buyer for a Retail Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 231
`Advertising the Crockery and Glass Department .. . . . . . . . . . .
`. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. 237
`COVER DESIGN BY TADAWA WAKE.
`
`. .. . ..
`
`TArt “illustrations.
`. . . . . . .. 157
`Satsuma Jar. ... .. . . . . . . ... .... . . . . . ..
`25 ' Samurai. Warrior . . . . . . . . . . . . .
`59 l “Jesus Before
`the Pharisees".
`Electrolier. . . .
`. . .. . . ..
`.
`. . .. . . . . . . . .
`171
`Japanese Lamp Standard... .
`Egyptian Water Carrier . . . . . .. . ... .. 187
`77
`Chinese Vase. . . ... . . . .. ... .
`Cut Glass Vase . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. 117
`. .. . . .. 201
`“The Spirit of the Time".. . .. . . . . .. 123 l The Geisha ... . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 215
`Lamp . . . .. . . .. . . . .. 229
`The Prize Lamp..._ . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . . .. 14]
`Pottery
`Holland
`
`‘
`
`1
`
`17.x“WJIYY
`
`“‘7'
`
`.“p
`
`ww
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`"'I.
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`_'1
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 002
`
`

`

`79
`
`-_
`
`Chemistry involved in Making Glass
`Tableware.
`v,
`
`is also used. With soda glasses more
`cobalt oxide,
`It will be readily
`cobalt i
`seen that
`the
`s necessary.
`violet
`color,
`by manganese, being comple
`imparted
`mentary to the green shade caused by the presence of
`iron,
`serves
`the
`to decolorize
`the glass by masking
`green color,
`that i
`by causinga more uniform absorp
`tion of all
`the wave-lengths
`of
`the spectrum.
`Since
`manganese alone fails to absorb sufficient yellow,
`the
`blue of cobalt i
`s required to complete the decoloriza
`tion.
`The difference in color produced by manganese, de—
`pending upon the alkali
`in the glass, i
`s an interesting
`fact, which so far seems to have received no satisfac
`tory explanation.
`The fact
`the
`remains merely that
`double silicate of potassium and manganese
`has a
`color and more ofa violet
`much richer
`shade, while
`the
`silicate
`seems
`to
`have a
`sodium-manganese
`fainter
`color, and to incline more towards
`the red.
`The phenom
`However,
`this i
`s not the only difference.
`enon known as burning out of the color,
`s the
`that i
`of
`asa result
`the annealing‘process,
`disappearance,
`of the slight pink shade present
`in the glass asi
`t leaves
`the workmen’s hands, i
`s more strongly marked in the
`case of soda glasses, so that
`the ware asi
`placed
`in the annealling
`lehr must be givena decided pink in
`the case of soda glass,i
`to appear colorless at
`the other end of
`This fugitive
`the lehr.
`character
`of the manganese color i
`sa source of great annoyance
`the use of manganese, and
`and difficulty
`attending
`only by exercising great care and judgment
`that
`the proper balance of color between violet and green
`in the finished ware can be maintained.
`Another variation
`occurs according to the tempera
`If the pot has been
`ture of the pot when i
`filled.
`kept closed for some time after being worked
`out,
`so that i
`t has again reacheda very high temperature,
`s likely to the
`s then filled,
`the color of the glass i
`andi
`is,
`that
`less pink,
`than when the pot i
`lower,
`s filled
`Also, where eliptical
`ata lower
`temperature.
`regen
`erative furnaces are used, the end pots are less strongly
`heated than the side pots andi
`found that
`always
`
`is
`
`t
`
`is
`
`t
`
`is
`it
`
`is
`
`t
`
`is
`it
`
`f
`
`s,
`
`NE of the highest applications
`of the art of glass
`is found in the production
`of
`the finer
`making
`the varied uses to
`tableware.
`grades of
`Among all
`there is none requiring so much
`which glass is put
`care in the selection of materials, control of color,
`lus
`tre and uniformity in the glass itself, nor
`involving
`so much skill in the designing and producing of shapes
`It may be truthfully said that
`and decorations.
`the
`art of glass making has far outrun the science, and in
`many cases facts
`long ago discovered
`by the glass
`blower are still awaiting a suitable scientific explana
`tion, says Samuel R. Scholes, Ph.D.,
`in an address be
`Industry; many of the
`of Chemical
`fore the Society
`have not been tsuccessfully met
`difficulties
`involved
`or chemical knowl
`by the application
`of engineering
`edge.
`for
`for making
`The batch, or mixture,
`the glass
`simple to devise. The raw
`tableware is comparatively
`materials, as every one knows, are chiefly sand, sodium
`and potassium carbonates,
`red lead, calcium carbon
`ate and sodium and potassium nitrates.
`The propor
`to be used depend entirely upon the nature of
`tions
`the glass
`index,
`high refractive
`required.
`Density,
`and ease of cutting are increased with the increase
`The working properties
`in oxide of
`lead.
`and resis
`are conferred by lime;
`tance to attack by weathering
`while the percentage of alkalis in the glass governs the
`is, ease of melting and low viscosity
`that
`softness,
`at
`the working temperature. Within rather wide limits,
`the glass maker
`can vary the percentages
`of sand,
`and other bases to produce the glass desired.
`alkalis
`The most difficult part of glass making is the control
`I shall dwell upon
`of color, and it is this point
`that
`‘
`at some length.
`It is the usual American practice to decolorize glass
`with manganese dioxide, which imparts,
`in the case
`of potash glasses, a violet
`color, and in the case of
`glasses in which soda is the principal
`alkali, a reddish
`In addition to manganese, a little cobalt oxide
`violet.
`in a dilute form as “powder blue,” which
`introduced
`five per cent. of
`is a glass containing
`approximately
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 003
`
`

`

`80
`
`l
`
`the side pots in such a furnace require more manganese
`This effect
`is probably due to
`dioxide in each batch.
`It
`the action of heat on the free oxide of manganese.
`is known (1) that manganese dioxide decomposes upon
`to about 550° C., yielding oxygen
`and the
`heating
`This in turn loses oxygen at 940°
`sesquixide, Mn,o,.
`the stable oxide is
`C., and above that
`temperature
`Mn,O,. Thus, one third of the manganese has passed
`if it has been
`to a state forming a colorless
`silicate,
`for it has been
`heated rapidly to a high temperature,
`trivalent manganese is the form in which
`shown that
`in the glass to
`the manganese goes into combination
`It seems probable that,
`produce a colorless
`silicate.
`fusion of
`the batch is relatively cooler,
`the
`where
`alkalis takes place with attack upon the silica and con
`sequent solution of the oxides of manganese before
`thus preventing
`a very high temperature
`is reached,
`further loss of oxygen.
`Judging from the coloring power of manganese, as
`necessary to change
`indicated by the small quantities
`the shade of color
`in a pot of glass, com
`perceptibly
`little of the manganese originally added is
`paratively
`That
`really effective in producing
`in the glass.
`color
`is, in the case of potash glasses,
`it is easy to recog
`nize the difference in color where the quantity of man
`of an ounce,
`in 1,400
`ganese differs by one-quarter
`In the whole
`pounds of glass.
`ten
`batch perhaps
`If no, manganese
`ounces of manganese had been used.
`at all were put in, with the purity of materials now ob
`tainable,
`the glass would have had only a pale green
`it may be roughly estimated that not
`shade, so that
`ten per cent. of the total,
`more than one ounce, or
`was finally effective
`in coloring the glass,
`the rest
`its coloring power, or passed into other
`having lost
`It is well known that man~
`forms of combination.
`glass becomes pink or violet on exposure
`ganiferous
`to sunlight or other light containing much ultra-violet,
`in the presence of atmospheric
`such as an arc,
`oxygen
`The color so developed is very in
`and water vapor.
`if manganese could be so em
`tense,
`indicating that,
`ployed as to give its ~maximum coloration,
`a very
`small quantity woud suffice for decolorizing.
`The burning out of color seems to take place only
`after the glass has be—
`slowly at high temperatures
`is, after the last bubbles have risen
`come plain; that
`from the molten glass and the pot is ready to open and
`out of the color
`work. The rate of burning
`is quite
`the annealing temperature, which
`rapid, however,
`at
`temperature of the ware.
`is just below the softening
`As the melt proceeds, proofs are usually taken.
`These
`end of an iron
`removed on the
`are small
`samples
`in a shape similar to the finger of a glove.
`They
`rod,
`serve to show the number of bubbles still remaining
`time
`in the glass, and thus to indicate the probable
`The first proofs
`necessary to complete the plaining.
`taken off are always of very high color and this color
`as the plaining proceeds, until finally,
`just
`diminishes
`
`the glass has prac
`is ready to open,
`before the pot
`tically the color which it will have when it is worked,
`that be within a few hours or possibly twenty
`whether
`the fugitive nature of the
`four hours
`later—that is,
`manganese color is not rapidly manifest at a tempera
`V
`,
`ture of, say,
`l,(X)0° C.
`The theory sometimes advanced for the burning out
`of color during the annealing
`process has been that
`a reaction takes place between some higher oxide of
`iron, whereby the iron is oxi
`manganese and ferrous
`dized to the ferric condition
`re
`and the manganese
`Representing the ele
`silicate.
`duced to a colorless
`ments in the form of oxides,
`has been
`the equation
`written as follows: Mn,O, + ZFeO =Fe,O, + TMnO.
`In
`seems to me entirely erroneous.
`This explanation
`the actual melt has been carried on
`the first place,
`under strongly oxidizing conditions; nitrates are pres
`ent, serving to furnish an atmosphere of oxygen in the
`to mention the oxygen given ofi by red lead
`pot—not
`and manganese dioxide, and the oxygen contained in
`the air occluded in the loose batch as it is charged—
`than any iron present must al
`it would appear
`hence,
`ready be in the ferric condition when the melt is com
`is plain.
`plete and the glass
`for the disappearance
`Another theory proposed
`of
`is
`that manganese
`the manganese color
`sesquioxide,
`is in the colloidal
`when its imparts a color to the glass,
`this colloid returns to the crystal—
`condition, and that
`loid or ordinary state at certain temperatures. Analo
`gies are to be found in the case of certain ruby glasses,
`But,
`which lose their color upon being reheated.
`in
`it is usually possible to bring
`the case of ruby glasses,
`the reverse change, and to restore the ruby col
`about
`In the case of man
`or by proper heat
`treatment.
`ganese it is apparently
`to restore the color
`impossible
`treatment;
`by any heat
`the change is a permanent
`one. Moreover, sudden cooling from the molten state,
`in causing the
`to have a maximum effect
`which ought
`change from the colloid
`to maintain
`state, operates
`and it always requires slow
`the manganese
`color,
`or one pro
`through the change
`indicated,
`cooling
`longed heating at moderate temperature, to burn out
`the manganese color.
`I wish to propose another explanation
`for the phe
`I have only incomplete,
`for which as yet
`nomenon,
`It seems pos
`but nevertheless
`evidence.
`convincing,
`takes place when glass
`sible that a rearrangement
`colored by trvialent manganese is exposed to the an
`Such a re
`say 350° to 400° C.
`nealing temperature,
`action might be the formation of compounds
`in which
`the manganese plays an acidic role. Manganese
`diox
`in air or with nitrates, pro
`fused with an alkali
`ide,
`duces a green manganate.
`Suppose we assume then-—
`neglecting for the moment
`the silica and other bases-—
`that manganese trioxide behaves somewhat as nitric
`oxide does when dissolved in water;
`is, part of it
`that
`In this case, we should
`is oxidized and part
`reduced.
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 004
`
`

`

`81
`
`oxide, MnO, and some acidic man
`have manganous
`oxide, since it
`ganese oxide, say, MnO,. Manganous
`forms a colorless
`silicate,
`the
`can be neglected, but
`manganese trioxide may produce a green manganate
`If this ex
`with soda, potash or other bases present.
`planation of the loss of color is a true one, it ought
`to
`be a fact that
`the more basic glasses sufier a greater
`loss of color, and this is borne out
`The
`in practice.
`for example, of reducing the quantity of lead
`effect,
`oxide in a heavy lead glass is always to make possible
`the use of less manganese in the batch. The reduction
`of manganese is greater
`in proportion than the reduc
`tion of lead oxide, and, moreover,
`the lead oxide, as
`now furnished to glass makers,
`is so nearly free from
`iron that no manganese as such ought
`to be necessasy,
`because of the presence of lead oxide. By increasing
`the basic character of the glass, however, a great pro
`portion of lead might, according to the above theory,
`increase the rate of burning out of the color, and this
`is what does take place.
`Another consequence of this theory would be that
`if held at the annealing
`glasses containing manganese,
`long time, would be
`for a sufficiently
`temperature
`cOme actually
`green, and a more pronounced
`shade
`of green than if no manganese
`at all were present,
`since the green color of the manganate would be added
`This has
`to the green produced by the iron impurity.
`also been repeatedly
`noted in practice. My conclu
`sion is therefore
`on this point
`that a rearrangement
`to the fol
`takes place, perhaps
`somewhat
`according
`2Mn,Oa +R,O = 3MnO + R,MnO,.
`lowing equation:
`It also seems that
`the influence of temperature
`on
`the speed of the reaction
`reaches a maximum prob
`ably somewhere near the softening point of the glass—
`that is, at about 400° to 500° C. The silica is prob
`ably a stronger
`and re
`acid at higher
`temperatures,
`tards the formation of manganates.
`As stated above,
`this burning-out of color does take place, but more
`say 1000° C., so that, if
`slowly, at higher
`temperatures,
`the pot full of glass is left standing in the furnace in
`the pink color entirely disappears, and it is
`definitely,
`that glass so left in the pots be
`common knowledge
`It is also true that
`comes a very pronounced
`green.
`ware that
`is treated for a long time in the annealing
`in a kiln may be made to take on a stronger
`process
`green color than the glass made of the same materials,
`with the exception of the manganese, would show.
`I have already
`spoken of the comparatively
`rapid
`In
`change in the color during the melting process.
`terms of this theory,
`this change of color may be ex—
`plained as follows: While the glass is melting,
`the
`first compound formed is probably the alkaline silicate,
`produced by the interaction of sand and an alkali car
`bonate of nitrate.
`This silicate
`then begins
`to dis
`it must be well toward
`silica, but
`solve the remaining
`the end of the plaining process, before the glass as
`sumes anything like homogeneity.
`Therefore,
`there
`
`will be present
`local areas of highly alkaline glass, and
`the formation of man
`in these areas we would expect
`ganate to take the place very readily. When the glass
`is plain and all the silica dissolved, and a more homo
`the entire mass may be said to
`genous liquid formed,
`be distinctly acid in character,
`and the change in the
`of the manganese
`form of combination
`takes place
`much more slowly.
`Certain lines of experiment are indicated which may
`theory of manganate
`this
`serve to show whether
`These have not yet been
`is correct or not.
`formation
`if manganese
`For
`instance,
`dioxide
`is
`completed.
`it forms a green mangan
`fused with soda and nitre,
`it
`if this material
`is introduce into a glass batch,
`ate;
`should be possible to produce a green glass, especially
`if the proportion
`of silica to bases is not
`too high.
`It is easy to see how
`Such a glass has been prepared.
`manganates may form during the melting process, and
`partly melted batch has been taken from the pots, ex
`hibiting this green material.
`this manganate
`Perhaps
`dissolves to some extent unchanged, and to that extent
`I
`the color of the trivalent manganese:
`neutralizes
`it is barely possible that
`suggest here that
`the
`might
`trivalent manganese
`is re
`gives up oxygen, which
`tained in the glass under
`tremendous pressure, so that
`the actual bubbles of the gas do not appear. While
`this is within the range of possibility,
`it seems unlikely for
`it would not explain the tend
`obvious reasons. Moreover
`ency of glasses containing manganese to become actually
`From the facts at
`green upon continued heat treatment.
`I believe that the theory of manganate
`hand, therefore,
`formation seems reasonable, and I am endeavoring to find
`still more evidence which will tend to prove or disprove it.
`Other
`offer possibilities
`agents, which
`decolorizing
`are nickel and selenium. Nickel has the advantage of
`treatment,
`but
`the disad
`by heat
`being unchanged
`vantage of a general absorption
`of the light waves,
`is only partly selective. We are indebted to
`which
`of
`for the best work on the absorption
`Zsigmondy
`This lays the
`light waves by various bases in glass.
`It
`for scientific work on decolorization.
`foundation
`is obvious that,
`in order
`to decolorize glass,
`the bases
`introduced must be of a nature and amount
`to absorb
`In order
`to do so where
`all wave lengths
`equally.
`is used, cobalt also must be added, and the total
`nickel
`than when man
`is apparently
`greater
`absorption
`ganese and cobalt are used. The result
`is a darkening
`How
`of the glass,
`less light is transmitted.
`is,
`that
`ever, work is being done on the problem of using
`nickel, especially in soda glasses (which is again a less
`favorable condition), and it is possible that, by a proper
`of elements,
`this darkening
`effect may
`combination
`be minimized.
`is almost prohibited
`Selenium as a decolorizer
`by
`the development of the red color neces
`the fact
`that
`and these are difficult to
`sitates reducing conditions,
`Kraze has worked out very thoroughly the
`control.
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 005
`
`

`

`82
`
`use. Mr.
`the machine that has come into world-wide
`Owens began to work out the rather
`crude idea which
`he had in his mind in 1897, and continued without in
`terruption during eight years, when he had constructed
`a machine which he and Mr. Libbey regarded as prac
`tical, and which would manufacture bottles commercially
`at much less cost than they were being manufactured
`under the old method, and would solve many problems
`of the glass manufacturer.
`Not long before this time the Toledo Glass Co.
`lamp
`had been organized
`tumblers,
`to manufacture
`chimneys, etc., on a machine designed by Mr. Owens.
`This business, however, was
`sold out, and the Toledo
`Glass Co. became the parent organization
`of the Owens
`its allied interests.
`Bottle Machine Co. and all
`It was
`the original
`intention of the Owens
`company to limit
`its operations to the manufactureof
`the bottle machines
`For a number
`and license their use.
`of years the
`business was so conducted, but of late the company has
`found it desirable to engage in the actual
`business of
`making bottles for the trade, and it is to-day the largest
`of bottles in the world.
`manufacturer
`The United States uses more bottles than any other
`the consumption here annually being in excess
`country,
`of the bottles used in England, France, Germany and
`About sixty per cent of all bottles
`Ausrria combined.
`used in the United
`States are made
`on the Owens
`The rapid development of the uses of bottles
`machine.
`the world is the result of the Owens machine,
`throughout
`which produces a bottle of uniform capacity and quality
`and at a cost
`than prevailed be
`twenty
`per cent less
`fore its introduction.
`The machine
`the manufacture of
`is adapted for
`bottles ranging in capacity
`from one-tenth of an ounce
`It is automatic
`in all its workings,
`to thirteen gallons.
`and requires attention from one man
`From the
`only.
`time the "batch" of crude materials
`is dumped from
`the mouth of the furnace to be
`the wheelbarrow
`at
`melted down into glass,
`from the cold
`to the removal
`end of the lehrs of the finished bottle, no human hand
`“hands” on Mr. Owens'
`touches i
`but
`the many
`machine appear
`to be even more than
`human because
`precision and uniformity of working.
`of their greater
`Iti
`s a rapidly working machine,
`type being
`the latest
`capable of producing 75,000 quart jars in a single twenty
`four hour day.
`compli
`Such a machine is naturally
`cated and'of great size, the largest
`type for the manu
`facture of carboys weighing 200,000 pounds,
`requiring
`for shipment
`the use of five box cars, and costing $37.
`000 to1manufacture.
`'
`s now in use in every industrial
`The machine i
`and even in China and Japan.
`country in the world;
`the Owens machine will soon
`Whe're' labor'i
`s cheapest,
`be manufacturing
`bottles.
`
`t;
`
`OMEHOW the majority of our good habits neverar.‘
`found out.
`
`behavior of selenium, and (although
`is
`this element
`of
`in the production
`ruby
`successfully
`employed
`is very difficult to control
`it
`in any glass,
`glasses,
`it will come into general
`and it
`is improbable
`that
`'
`'
`use as a decolorizer.
`seems to resolve it—
`The problem of a decolorizer
`into:
`self
`(1) A development of a nickel—cobalt combination,
`which will absorb sufficient
`green without darkening
`the glass to a great extent.
`(2) A means of
`in some
`introducing manganese
`combination which will be more stable than the oxide
`the conditions of the melt.
`The phenomenon
`under
`of color, however, will probably persist
`of burning-out
`whenever manganese is used, and this makes the mat
`ter of color adjustment
`a very delicate operation.
`It is rarely that one finds a piece of tableware
`that
`is truly colorless; most of
`them show either a pink
`The development of a perfect decol
`or a green tint.
`orizing mixture is one of the greatest needs of present
`day glass making.
`
`READS
`
`LIKE MODERN FICTION.
`
`EING in need of operatives at one time, E. D. Libbey,
`visited Wheeling, W. Va., to secure men for his
`cut glass factory at Toledo, 0., and having employed
`as many as he wanted was about
`ready to take the
`train home when a man sent word to him in his room
`that he would like to see him.
`On enter
`at the hotel
`J. Owens, a
`this man told him that he was Michael
`ing,
`glass blower, and that he understood Mr. Libbey needed
`On the reply that all of the help necessary had
`help.
`been secured, Mr. Owens remarked, HYou
`had better
`I’ll be a valuable man for you.”
`it
`Perhaps
`take me.
`was this self confidence in what he could accomplish
`that attracted Mr. Libbey to Mr. Owens.
`At any rate,
`there was something which induced Mr. Libbey to take
`the young man home with him.
`For centuries the manufacture
`of glass had been
`by expert blowers whose work was per
`accomplished
`sheer strength
`through
`and lung
`of muscle
`formed
`to sap their life
`The work was of a character
`power.
`the longevity of glass blowers being per.
`very quickly,
`They acquired
`haps the shortest of any of the trades.
`great- skill in the handling of molten glass, and received
`Their labor became spasmodic
`very high daily wages.
`and unreliable,
`their em
`and their attitude
`toward
`ployers most exacting.
`features of theyprofes
`the unhealthy
`Considering
`state of affairs between em
`sion and the unsatisfactory
`it was natural
`that mechanical
`ployer and employe,
`means should be thought of to take the place of these
`few skillful but exacting glass blowers,
`comparatively
`A machine to do part of the work had been designed by
`others, but it was left for Mr. Owens’ brain to evolve
`
`O-I Glass, Inc.
`Exhibit 1017
`Page 006
`
`