c12) United States Patent
`Severinsky et al.
`
`(IO) Patent No.:
`(45) Date of Patent:
`
`US 7,104,347 B2
`Sep.12,2006
`
`I IIIII IIIIIIII Ill lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll lllll 111111111111111111
`US00710434 7B2
`
`(54) HYBRID VEHICLES
`
`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
`
`(75)
`
`Inventors: Alex J. Severinsky, Washington, DC
`(US); Theodore Louckes, Holly, MI
`(US)
`
`(73) Assignee: Paice LLC, Boca Raton, FL (US)
`
`( *) Notice:
`
`Subject to any disclaimer, the term ofthis
`patent is extended or adjusted under 35
`U.S.C. 154(b) by 263 days.
`
`DE
`DE
`DE
`DE
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`EP
`
`(21) Appl. No.: 10/382,577
`
`(22) Filed:
`
`Mar. 7, 2003
`
`(65)
`
`Prior Publication Data
`
`US 2003/0217876 Al Nov. 27, 2003
`
`Related U.S. Application Data
`
`(60)
`
`(60)
`
`Division of application No. 09/822,866, filed on Apr. 2,
`2001, now Pat. No. 6,554,088, which is a continuation-in(cid:173)
`part of application No. 09/392,743, filed on Sep. 9, 1999,
`now Pat. No. 6,338,391, which is a continuation-in-part of
`application No. 09/264,817, filed on Mar. 9, 1999, now Pat.
`No. 6,209,672.
`Provisional application No. 60/122,296, filed on Mar. 1,
`1999, and provisional application No. 60/100,095, filed on
`Sep. 14, 1998.
`
`(51)
`
`Int. Cl.
`B60K 6/02
`
`(2006.01)
`
`(52)
`(58)
`
`U.S. Cl. ........................ 180/65.2; 180/65.4; 701/54
`Field of Classification Search ................ 180/65.2,
`180/65.3, 65.4, 65.8, 165; 60/706, 711, 716,
`60/718; 290/17, 40 R, 40 C; 322/16; 477/2,
`477/3; 701/54
`See application file for complete search history.
`
`(56)
`
`References Cited
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`
`(Continued)
`
`Primary Examiner-David R. Dunn
`(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Michael de Angeli
`
`(57)
`
`ABSTRACT
`
`A hybrid vehicle comprises an internal combustion engine,
`a traction motor, a starter motor, and a battery bank, all
`controlled by a microprocessor in accordance with the
`vehicle's instantaneous torque demands so that the engine is
`run only under conditions of high efficiency, typically only
`when the load is at least equal to 30% of the engine's
`maximum torque output. In some embodiments, a turbo(cid:173)
`charger may be provided, activated only when the load
`exceeds the engine's maximum torque output for an
`extended period; a two-speed transmission may further be
`provided, to further broaden the vehicle's load range. A
`hybrid brake system provides regenerative braking, with
`mechanical braking available in the event the battery bank is
`fully charged, in emergencies, or at rest; a control mecha(cid:173)
`nism is provided to control the brake system to provide
`linear brake feel under varying circumstances.
`
`41 Claims, 17 Drawing Sheets
`
`BMW1001
`Page 1 of 58
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`

`

`US 7,104,347 B2
`Page 2
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`BMW1001
`Page 2 of 58
`
`

`

`US 7,104,347 B2
`Page 3
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`
`BMW1001
`Page 3 of 58
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`US 7,104,347 B2
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`11/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`11/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`12/1999
`1/2000
`1/2000
`2/2000
`2/2000
`3/2000
`3/2000
`4/2000
`4/2000
`4/2000
`4/2000
`4/2000
`5/2000
`5/2000
`5/2000
`5/2000
`5/2000
`6/2000
`6/2000
`6/2000
`6/2000
`7/2000
`7/2000
`8/2000
`8/2000
`8/2000
`9/2000
`9/2000
`9/2000
`9/2000
`10/2000
`10/2000
`10/2000
`11/2000
`11/2000
`12/2000
`12/2000
`12/2000
`12/2000
`1/2001
`1/2001
`2/2001
`2/2001
`3/2001
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`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`EP
`FR
`JP
`JP
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`
`BMW1001
`Page 6 of 58
`
`

`

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`US 7,104,347 B2
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`1
`HYBRID VEHICLES
`
`CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED
`APPLICATIONS
`
`This application is a divsional of Application Ser. No.
`09/822,866, filed Apr. 2, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,554,088
`which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/264,817, filed
`Mar. 9, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,209,672, issued Apr. 3,
`2001, which in tum claims priority from provisional appli(cid:173)
`cation Ser. No. 60/100,095, filed Sep. 14, 1998, and is also
`a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/392,743, filed Sep. 9,
`1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,338,391, which in turn claims
`priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/122,296,
`filed Mar. 1, 1999.
`
`FIELD OF THE INVENTION
`
`This application relates to improvements in hybrid
`vehicles, that is, vehicles in which both an internal combus(cid:173)
`tion engine and one or more electric motors are provided to
`supply torque to the driving wheels of the vehicle. More
`particularly, this invention relates to a hybrid electric vehicle
`that is fully competitive with presently conventional
`vehicles as regards performance, operating convenience,
`and cost, while achieving substantially improved fuel
`economy and reduced pollutant emissions.
`
`DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART
`
`For many years great attention has been given to the 30
`problem of reduction of fuel consumption of automobiles
`and other highway vehicles. Concomitantly very substantial
`attention has been paid to reduction of pollutants emitted by
`automobiles and other vehicles. To a degree, efforts to solve
`these problems conflict with one another. For example, 35
`increased thermodynamic efficiency and thus reduced fuel
`consumption can be realized if an engine is operated at
`higher temperatures. Thus there has been substantial interest
`in engines built of ceramic materials withstanding higher
`combustion temperatures than those now in use. However, 40
`higher combustion temperatures in gasoline-fue