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` HANDBOOK OF
` OPTICS
`
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` Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest
`
` Hecht — THE LASER GUIDEBOOK
` Manning — STOCHASTIC ELECTROMAGNETIC IMAGE PROPAGATION
` Nishihara , Haruna , Suhara — OPTICAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
` Rancourt — OPTICAL THIN FILMS USERS’ HANDBOOK
` Sibley — OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS
` Smith — MODERN OPTICAL ENGINEERING
` Smith — MODERN LENS DESIGN
` Waynant , Ediger — ELECTRO-OPTICS HANDBOOK
` Wyatt — ELECTRO-OPTICAL SYSTEM DESIGN
`
` To order , or to recei ␷ e additional information on these or
` any other McGraw - Hill titles , please call 1 - 8 0 0 - 8 2 2 - 8 1 5 8
` in the United States . In other countries , please contact
` your local McGraw - Hill Of fice .
`
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` HANDBOOK OF
` OPTICS
`
` Volume II
` Devices , Measurements ,
` and Properties
`
` Second Edition
`
` Sponsored by the
` OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
`
` Michael Bass Editor in Chief
` The Center for Research and
` Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida
` Orlando , Florida
`
` Eric W . Van Stryland Associate Editor
` The Center for Research and
` Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida
` Orlando , Florida
`
` David R . Williams Associate Editor
` Center for Visual Science
` Uni ␷ ersity of Rochester
` Rochester , New York
`
` William L . Wolfe Associate Editor
` Optical Sciences Center
` Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona
` Tucson , Arizona
`
` McGRAW-HILL , INC .
` Auckland Bogota ´
` New York San Francisco Washington , D .C .
` Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
` Montreal
` New Delhi
` San Juan Singapore
` Sydney Tokyo Toronto
`
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`

` Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
` Handbook of optics / sponsored by the Optical Society of America ;
` Michael Bass , editor in chief . — 2nd ed .
` p .
` cm .
` Includes bibliographical references and index .
` — 2 . Devices , measurement , and properties .
` Contents :
` ISBN 0-07-047974-7
` 2 . Optical instruments—
` 1 . Optics—Handbooks , manuals , etc .
` Handbooks , manuals , etc .
` I .
` Bass , Michael .
` II . Optical Society
` of America .
` QC369 . H35
` 535—dc20
`
` 1995
`
` 94-19339
` CIP
`
` Copyright (cid:214) 1995 , 1978 by McGraw-Hill , Inc . All rights reserved . Printed
` in the United States of America . Except as permitted under the United
` States Copyright Act of 1976 , no part of this publication may be
` reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means , or stored in a data
` base or retrieval system , without the prior written permission of the
` publisher .
`
` 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC / DOC 9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4
`
` ISBN 0-07-047974-7
`
` The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S . Chapman , the editing
` supervisor was Paul R . Sobel , and the production supervisor was Suzanne
` W . Babeuf . It was set in Times Roman by The Universities Press (Belfast)
` Ltd .
`
` Printed and bound by R . R . Donnelly & Sons Company .
`
` This book is printed on acid-free paper .
`
` Information contained in this work has been obtained by
` McGraw-Hill , Inc . from sources believed to be reliable . How-
` ever , neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the
` accuracy or completeness of any information published herein
` and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for
` any errors , omissions , or damages arising out of use of this
` information . This work is published with the understanding that
` McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are
` not attempting to render engineering or other professional
` services . If such services are required , the assistance of an
` appropriate professional should be sought .
`
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`

` CONTENTS
`
` Contributors
`
` xvi
`
` Preface
`
` xix
`
` Glossary and Fundamental Constants
`
` xxi
`
` Part 1 .
`
` Optical Elements
`
` Chapter 1 . Lenses R. Barry Johnson
`
` 1 . 5
`
` 1 . 1 .
` 1 . 2 .
` 1 . 3 .
` 1 . 4 .
` 1 . 5 .
` 1 . 6 .
` 1 . 7 .
` 1 . 8 .
` 1 . 9 .
` 1 . 10 .
` 1 . 11 .
` 1 . 12 .
` 1 . 13 .
` 1 . 14 .
` 1 . 15 .
` 1 . 16 .
` 1 . 17 .
` 1 . 18 .
` 1 . 19 .
` 1 . 20 .
` 1 . 21 .
` 1 . 22 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 . 3
` Introduction /
` /
` 1 . 5
` Basics
` /
` 1 . 8
` Stops and Pupils
` F-Number and Numerical Aperture /
` Magnifier or Eye Loupe /
` 1 . 9
` /
` 1 . 9
` Compound Microscopes
` /
` 1 . 1 0
` Field and Relay Lenses
` Aplanatic Surfaces and Immersion Lenses
` /
` 1 . 1 1
` Single Element Lens
` Landscape Lenses and the Influence of Stop Position /
` /
` 1 . 1 9
` Two-Lens Systems
` /
` 1 . 2 3
` Achromatic Doublets
` /
` 1 . 2 6
` Triplet Lenses
` /
` Symmetrical Lenses
` Double-Gauss Lenses
` /
` 1 . 2 9
` Petzval Lenses
` /
` 1 . 2 9
` Telephoto Lenses
` /
` 1 . 3 0
` Inverted or Reverse Telephoto Lenses
` Performance of Representative Lenses 1 . 30
` Rapid Estimation of Lens Performance /
` Bibliography /
` 1 . 4 1
`
` 1 . 9
`
` /
`
` 1 . 1 0
`
` 1 . 1 7
`
` 1 . 2 7
` /
` 1 . 2 8
`
` 1 . 3 6
`
` Chapter 2 . Afocal Systems William B. Wetherell
`
` 2 . 1 .
` 2 . 2 .
` 2 . 3 .
` 2 . 4 .
` 2 . 5 .
` 2 . 6 .
` 2 . 7 .
` 2 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 . 1
` Gaussian Analysis of Afocal Lenses
` /
` 2 . 7
` Keplerian Afocal Lenses
` Galilean and Inverse Galilean Afocal Lenses
` /
` 2 . 1 6
` Relay Trains and Periscopes
` Reflecting and Catadioptric Afocal Lenses
` /
` 2 . 2 2
` References
`
` /
`
` 2 . 2
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 2 . 1 4
`
` 2 . 1 9
`
` 1 .1
`
` 1 .3
`
` 2 .1
`
` v
`
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`

` vi
`
` CONTENTS
`
` Chapter 3 . Polarizers Jean M. Bennett
`
` 3 .1
`
` 3 . 1 .
` 3 . 2 .
` 3 . 3 .
` 3 . 4 .
` 3 . 5 .
` 3 . 6 .
` 3 . 7 .
` 3 . 8 .
` 3 . 9 .
` 3 . 10 .
` 3 . 11 .
` 3 . 12 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 . 1
` 3 . 2
` Prism Polarizers
` /
` 3 . 9
` Glan-Type Prisms
` Nicol-Type Prism /
` 3 . 1 7
` /
` 3 . 1 9
` Polarizing Beam-Splitter Prisms
` /
` 3 . 2 6
` Dichroic and Dif fraction-Type Polarizers
` Non-Normal-Incidence Reflection and Transmission Polarizers
` /
` 3 . 4 6
` Retardation Plates
` Variable Retardation Plates and Compensators
` /
` 3 . 6 0
` Half-Shade Devices
` Minature Polarization Devices
` /
` 3 . 6 2
` References
`
` /
`
` 3 . 3 6
`
` /
`
` 3 . 5 7
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 3 . 6 1
`
` Chapter 4 . Nondispersive Prisms William L. Wolfe
`
` 4 .1
`
` 4 . 1 .
` 4 . 2 .
` 4 . 3 .
` 4 . 4 .
` 4 . 5 .
` 4 . 6 .
` 4 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 4 . 1
` Inversion , Reversion /
` 4 . 2
` /
` Deviation , Displacement
` 4 . 2
` /
` Summary of Prism Properties
` /
` 4 . 3
` Prism Descriptions
` /
` 4 . 2 9
` References
`
` 4 . 3
`
` Chapter 5 . Dispersive Prisms and Gratings George J. Zissis
`
` 5 .1
`
` 5 . 1 .
` 5 . 2 .
` 5 . 3 .
` 5 . 4 .
` 5 . 5 .
` 5 . 6 .
`
` 5 . 1
`
` Glossary /
` 5 . 1
` Introduction /
` /
` 5 . 1
` Prisms
` /
` 5 . 3
` Gratings
` Prism and Grating Configurations and Instruments
` /
` 5 . 1 5
` References
`
` /
`
` 5 . 4
`
` Chapter 6 . Integrated Optics Thomas L. Koch , F. J. Leonberger , and
` P. G. Suchoski
`
` 6 . 1 .
` 6 . 2 .
` 6 . 3 .
` 6 . 4 .
` 6 . 5 .
` 6 . 6 .
` 6 . 7 .
` 6 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 6 . 2
` /
` 6 . 3
` Device Physics
` Integrated Optics Materials and Fabrication Technology /
` /
` 6 . 2 0
` Circuit Elements
` Applications of Integrated Optics
` /
` 6 . 3 7
` Future Trends
` /
` 6 . 3 8
` References
`
` 6 . 2 8
`
` /
`
` 6 . 1 2
`
` Chapter 7 . Miniature and Micro-Optics Tom D. Milster
`
` 7 . 1 .
` 7 . 2 .
` 7 . 3 .
` 7 . 4 .
` 7 . 5 .
`
` Glossary /
` 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` 7 . 2
` /
` 7 . 2
` Uses of Micro-Optics
` Micro-Optics Design Considerations
` /
` 7 . 4
` Molded Microlenses
`
` /
`
` 7 . 2
`
` 6 .1
`
` 7 .1
`
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` CONTENTS
`
` vii
`
` 7 . 6 .
` 7 . 7 .
` 7 . 8 .
` 7 . 9 .
` 7 . 10 .
` 7 . 11 .
`
` /
` 7 . 1 2
` Monolithic Lenslet Modules
` Distributed-Index Planer Microlenses
` /
` 7 . 1 6
` Smile Microlenses
` /
` 7 . 1 8
` Micro-Fresnel Lenses
` 7 . 2 7
` Other Technologies
` /
` 7 . 3 1
` References
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 7 . 1 3
`
` Chapter 8 . Binary Optics Michael W. Farn and Wilfrid B. Veldkamp
`
` 8 .1
`
` 8 . 1 .
` 8 . 2 .
` 8 . 3 .
` 8 . 4 .
` 8 . 5 .
` 8 . 6 .
` 8 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 8 . 1
` Introduction /
` 8 . 2
` /
` 8 . 2
` Design—Geometrical Optics
` Design—Scalar Dif fraction Theory /
` Design—Vector Dif fraction Theory /
` Fabrication /
` 8 . 1 4
` /
` 8 . 1 8
` References
`
` 8 . 1 0
` 8 . 1 4
`
` Chapter 9 . Gradient Index Optics Duncan T. Moore
`
` 9 .1
`
` 9 . 1 .
` 9 . 2 .
` 9 . 3 .
` 9 . 4 .
` 9 . 5 .
` 9 . 6 .
` 9 . 7 .
` 9 . 8 .
` 9 . 9 .
` 9 . 10 .
`
` Glossary /
` 9 . 1
` Introduction /
` 9 . 1
` /
` 9 . 2
` Analytic Solutions
` Mathematical Representation /
` /
` 9 . 2
` Axial Gradient Lenses
` /
` 9 . 5
` Radial Gradients
` Radial Gradients with Curved Surfaces
` /
` 9 . 7
` Shallow Radial Gradients
` /
` 9 . 8
` Materials
` 9 . 9
` References
`
` 9 . 2
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 9 . 7
`
` Chapter 10 . Optical Fibers and Fiber-Optic Communications Tom G. Brown
`
` 10 .1
`
` 10 . 1 .
` 10 . 2 .
` 10 . 3 .
` 10 . 4 .
` 10 . 5 .
` 10 . 6 .
` 10 . 7 .
` 10 . 8 .
` 10 . 9 .
` 10 . 10 .
` 10 . 11 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 0 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 0 . 3
` Principles of Operation /
` 1 0 . 4
` Fiber Dispersion and Attenuation /
` 1 0 . 8
` /
` 1 0 . 1 1
` Polarization Characteristics of Fibers
` /
` Optical and Mechanical Properties of Fibers
` /
` 1 0 . 1 9
` Optical Fiber Communications
` /
` 1 0 . 3 7
` Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fibers
` Optical Fiber Materials : Chemistry and Fabrication /
` /
` 1 0 . 4 6
` References
` Further Reading /
`
` 1 0 . 4 9
`
` 1 0 . 1 2
`
` 1 0 . 4 2
`
` Chapter 11 . X-Ray Optics James E. Harvey
`
` 11 .1
`
` 11 . 1 .
` 11 . 2 .
` 11 . 3 .
` 11 . 4 .
` 11 . 5 .
` 11 . 6 .
` 11 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 1 . 2
` Historical Background /
` 1 1 . 3
` Optical Performance of X-Ray / EUV Imaging Systems
` Dif fraction Ef fects of Grazing Incidence X-Ray Optics
` Ghost Images in Grazing Incidence X-Ray Telescopes
` /
` Scattering Ef fects from Optical Fabrication Errors
`
` /
` 1 1 . 6
` /
` 1 1 . 8
` /
` 1 1 . 1 4
` 1 1 . 1 6
`
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`

` viii
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 11 . 8 .
` 11 . 9 .
` 11 . 10 .
`
` Image Quality Predictions for Various Applications
` Summary and Conclusion /
` 1 1 . 2 9
` /
` 1 1 . 3 0
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 1 . 2 5
`
` Chapter 12 . Acousto-Optic Devices and Applications I. C. Chang
`
` 12 .1
`
` 12 . 1 .
` 12 . 2 .
` 12 . 3 .
` 12 . 4 .
` 12 . 5 .
` 12 . 6 .
` 12 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 2 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 2 . 2
` Theory of Acousto-Optic Interaction /
` /
` 1 2 . 1 4
` Acoustic-Optic Materials
` /
` 1 2 . 1 6
` Basic Acousto-Optic Devices
` /
` 1 2 . 3 4
` Applications
` 1 2 . 4 9
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 2 . 3
`
` Chapter 13 . Electro-Optic Modulators Theresa A. Maldonado
`
` 13 .1
`
` 13 . 1 .
` 13 . 2 .
` 13 . 3 .
` 13 . 4 .
` 13 . 5 .
` 13 . 6 .
` 13 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 3 . 3
` Crystal Optics and the Index Ellipsoid /
` /
` 1 3 . 6
` The Electro-Optic Ef fect
` /
` 1 3 . 1 5
` Modulator Devices
` /
` Appendix : Euler Angles
` /
` 1 3 . 3 3
` References
`
` 1 3 . 3 3
`
` 1 3 . 4
`
` Chapter 14 . Liquid Crystals Shin - Tson Wu
`
` 14 .1
`
` 14 . 1 .
` 14 . 2 .
` 14 . 3 .
` 14 . 4 .
` 14 . 5 .
` 14 . 6 .
` 14 . 7 .
` 14 . 8 .
` 14 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 4 . 2
` Physical Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals
` /
` 1 4 . 1 0
` Physical Mechanisms for Modulating Light
` /
` 1 4 . 1 2
` Electro-Optics of Nematic Liquid Crystals
` /
` Electro-Optics of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals
` /
` 1 4 . 1 9
` Electro-Optics of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals
` Conclusion /
` 1 4 . 2 3
` /
` 1 4 . 2 4
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 4 . 2
`
` 1 4 . 1 7
`
` Part 2 .
`
` Optical Instruments
`
` Chapter 15 . Cameras Norman Goldberg
`
` 15 .1
`
` 15 .3
`
` 15 . 1 .
` 15 . 2 .
` 15 . 3 .
` 15 . 4 .
` 15 . 5 .
` 15 . 6 .
` 15 . 7 .
` 15 . 8 .
` 15 . 9 .
` 15 . 10 .
` 15 . 11 .
` 15 . 12 .
` 15 . 13 .
`
` 1 5 . 4
`
` /
`
` 1 5 . 5
`
` Introduction /
` 1 5 . 3
` Background /
` 1 5 . 3
` Properties of the Final Image /
` Film Choice /
` 1 5 . 5
` Resolving Fine Detail
` /
` 1 5 . 6
` Film Sizes
` Display /
` 1 5 . 6
` Distributing the Image /
` /
` 1 5 . 7
` Video Cameras
` /
` 1 5 . 8
` Instant Pictures
` 1 5 . 8
` Critical Features
` Time Lag /
` 1 5 . 9
` Automation /
` 1 5 . 1 0
`
` 1 5 . 7
`
` /
`
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`

` CONTENTS
`
` ix
`
` 15 . 14 .
` 15 . 15 .
` 15 . 16 .
` 15 . 17 .
` 15 . 18 .
` 15 . 19 .
`
` Flash /
` 1 5 . 1 6
` Flexibility through Features and Accessories
` /
` 1 5 . 1 8
` Advantage of Various Formats
` Large Format : A Dif ferent World /
` 1 5 . 1 9
` /
` 1 5 . 2 1
` Special Cameras
` Further Reading /
` 1 5 . 2 8
`
` /
`
` 1 5 . 1 7
`
` Chapter 16 . Camera Lenses Ellis Betensky , M. Kreitzer , and J. Moskovich
`
` 16 .1
`
` 16 . 1 .
` 16 . 2 .
` 16 . 3 .
` 16 . 4 .
` 16 . 5 .
` 16 . 6 .
` 16 . 7 .
`
` /
`
` Introduction /
` 1 6 . 1
` Imposed Design Limitations
` /
` 1 6 . 2
` Modern Lens Types
` Classification System /
` 1 6 . 2 0
` Lens Performance Data /
` 1 6 . 2 5
` /
` 1 6 . 2 6
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 1 6 . 2 6
` References
`
` 1 6 . 1
`
` Chapter 17 . Microscopes Shinya Inoue ´ and Rudolf Oldenboug
`
` 17 .1
`
` 17 . 1 .
` 17 . 2 .
` 17 . 3 .
` 17 . 4 .
` 17 . 5 .
` 17 . 6 .
` 17 . 7 .
` 17 . 8 .
` 17 . 9 .
` 17 . 10 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 7 . 1
` General Optical Considerations
` Microscope Lenses , Aberrations
` Contrast Generation /
` 1 7 . 2 2
` /
` 1 7 . 3 7
` Illumination and Imaging Modes
` Optical Manipulation of Specimen with the Light Microscope /
` /
` 1 7 . 4 8
` Mechanical Standards
` /
` 1 7 . 4 9
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 1 7 . 4 9
` References
`
` 1 7 . 4
` 1 7 . 1 2
`
` /
` /
`
` 1 7 . 4 7
`
` Chapter 18 . Reflective and Catadioptric Objectives Lloyd Jones
`
` 18 .1
`
` 18 . 1 .
` 18 . 2 .
` 18 . 3 .
` 18 . 4 .
` 18 . 5 .
` 18 . 6 .
` 18 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 8 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 8 . 1
` /
` 1 8 . 2
` Glass Varieties
` Introduction to Catadioptric and Reflective Objectives
` /
` 1 8 . 3 8
` Field-of-View Plots
` /
` 1 8 . 4 0
` Definitions
` /
` 1 8 . 4 2
` References
`
` /
`
` 1 8 . 2
`
` Chapter 19 . Scanners Leo Beiser and R. Barry Johnson
`
` 19 .1
`
` 19 . 1 .
` 19 . 2 .
` 19 . 3 .
` 19 . 4 .
` 19 . 5 .
` 19 . 6 .
` 19 . 7 .
` 19 . 8 .
` 19 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 1 9 . 1
` Introduction /
` 1 9 . 2
` Scanned Resolution /
` 1 9 . 7
` Scanners for Remote Sensing /
` 1 9 . 1 5
` Scanning for Input / Output Imaging /
` 1 9 . 2 6
` /
` 1 9 . 3 4
` Scanner Devices and Techniques
` Scan-Error Reduction /
` 1 9 . 5 1
` /
` 1 9 . 5 4
` References
` Further Reading /
`
` 1 9 . 5 6
`
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`

` x
`
` CONTENTS
`
` Chapter 20 . Optical Spectrometers Brian Henderson
`
` 20 .1
`
` 20 . 1 .
` 20 . 2 .
` 20 . 3 .
` 20 . 4 .
` 20 . 5 .
` 20 . 6 .
` 20 . 7 .
` 20 . 8 .
` 20 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 0 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 0 . 2
` /
` Optical Absorption Spectrometers
` /
` 2 0 . 5
` Luminescence Spectrometers
` Photoluminescence Decay Time /
` 2 0 . 1 2
` /
` 2 0 . 1 5
` Polarization Spectrometers
` 2 0 . 2 3
` High-Resolution Techniques
` Light Scattering /
` 2 0 . 3 0
` /
` 2 0 . 3 2
` References
`
` /
`
` 2 0 . 2
`
` Chapter 21 . Interferometers P. Hariharan
`
` 21 .1
`
` Glossary /
` 2 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 1 . 1
` /
` 2 1 . 2
` Basic Types of Interferometers
` Three-Beam and Double-Passed Two-Beam Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 0
` Fringe-Counting Interferometers
` Two-Wavelength Interferometry /
` 2 1 . 1 1
` /
` Frequency-Modulation Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 2
` Heterodyne Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 3
` Phase-Shifting Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 4
` Phase-Locked Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 5
` Laser-Doppler Interferometers
` 2 1 . 1 6
` Laser-Feedback Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 7
` Fiber Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 1 9
` Interferometric Wave Meters
` Second-Harmonic and Phase-Conjugate Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 2 2
` Stellar Interferometers
` Michelson’s Stellar Interferometers
` Gravitational-Wave Interferometers
` /
` 2 1 . 2 5
` References
`
` 2 1 . 1 1
`
` /
`
` /
` /
`
` 2 1 . 2 2
` 2 1 . 2 3
`
` /
`
` 2 1 . 7
`
` 2 1 . 2 1
`
` /
`
` 21 . 1 .
` 21 . 2 .
` 21 . 3 .
` 21 . 4 .
` 21 . 5 .
` 21 . 6 .
` 21 . 7 .
` 21 . 8 .
` 21 . 9 .
` 21 . 10 .
` 21 . 11 .
` 21 . 12 .
` 21 . 13 .
` 21 . 14 .
` 21 . 15 .
` 21 . 16 .
` 21 . 17 .
` 21 . 18 .
` 21 . 19 .
`
` 22 . 1 .
` 22 . 2 .
` 22 . 3 .
` 22 . 4 .
` 22 . 5 .
` 22 . 6 .
` 22 . 7 .
` 22 . 8 .
` 22 . 9 .
` 22 . 10 .
` 22 . 11 .
` 22 . 12 .
` 22 . 13 .
` 22 . 14 .
` 22 . 15 .
` 22 . 16 .
` 22 . 17 .
` 22 . 18 .
` 22 . 19 .
` 22 . 20 .
`
` Chapter 22 . Polarimetry Russell A. Chipman
`
` 22 .1
`
` /
`
` 2 2 . 3
`
` /
` /
`
` 2 2 . 4
` 2 2 . 4
` 2 2 . 5
`
` /
`
` Glossary /
` 2 2 . 1
` /
` 2 2 . 3
` Objectives
` /
` 2 2 . 3
` Polarimeters
` Light-Measuring and Sampling-Measuring Polarimeters
` /
` 2 2 . 4
` Sample-Measuring Polarimeters
` Complete and Incomplete Polarimeters
` Polarization Generators and Analyzers
` Classes of Light-Measuring Polarimeters
` /
` 2 2 . 5
` Time-Sequential Measurements
` Polarization Modulation /
` 2 2 . 5
` Division of Aperture /
` 2 2 . 5
` Division of Amplitude /
` 2 2 . 6
` /
` 2 2 . 6
` Definitions
` /
` 2 2 . 8
` Stokes Vectors and Mueller Matrices
` Phenomenological Definition of the Stokes Vector
` /
` 2 2 . 9
` Polarization Properties of Light Beams
` /
` 2 2 . 1 0
` Mueller Matrices
` Coordinate System for the Mueller Matrix /
` 2 2 . 1 2
` /
` Elliptical and Circular Polarizers and Analyzers
` /
` 2 2 . 1 4
` Light-Measuring Polarimeters
`
` /
`
` 2 2 . 8
`
` 2 2 . 1 3
`
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` CONTENTS
`
` xi
`
` 2 2 . 1 7
`
` 2 2 . 2 0
`
` 2 2 . 2 3
`
` 2 2 . 2 5
`
` 22 . 21 .
` 22 . 22 .
` 22 . 23 .
` 22 . 24 .
` 22 . 25 .
` 22 . 26 .
` 22 . 27 .
` 22 . 28 .
` 22 . 29 .
` 22 . 30 .
` 22 . 31 .
` 22 . 32 .
` 22 . 33 .
` 22 . 34 .
` 22 . 35 .
` 22 . 36 .
` 22 . 37 .
` 22 . 38 .
`
` /
` 2 2 . 1 6
` Sample-Measuring Polarimeters for Measuring Mueller Matrix Elements
` Polarimetric Measurement Equation and Polarimetric Data Reducation Equation /
` /
` 2 2 . 1 9
` Dual Rotating Retarder Polarimeter
` /
` Incomplete Sample-Measuring Polarimeter
` /
` 2 2 . 2 0
` Dual Rotating Polarizer Polarimeter
` /
` 2 2 . 2 2
` Nonideal Polarization Elements
` /
` Polarization Properties of Polarization Elements
` /
` 2 2 . 2 3
` Common Defects of Polarization Elements
` The Muller Matrix for Polarization Component Characterization /
` Application of Polarimetry /
` 2 2 . 2 6
` /
` 2 2 . 2 8
` Interpretation of Mueller Matrices
` Diattenuation and Polarization Sensitivity /
` Polarizance /
` 2 2 . 2 9
` Physically Realizable Mueller Matrices
` Depolarization /
` 2 2 . 3 0
` /
` Nondepolarizing Mueller Matrices and Jones Matrices
` Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Polarization Elements
` /
` 2 2 . 3 3
` References
`
` 2 2 . 2 8
`
` /
`
` 2 2 . 3 0
`
` 2 2 . 3 1
` /
` 2 2 . 3 2
`
` Chapter 23 . Holography and Holographic Instruments Lloyd Huf f
`
` 23 .1
`
` 23 . 1 .
` 23 . 2 .
` 23 . 3 .
` 23 . 4 .
` 23 . 5 .
` 23 . 6 .
` 23 . 7 .
` 23 . 8 .
` 23 . 9 .
` 23 . 10 .
`
` 2 3 . 2
`
` Glossary /
` 2 3 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 3 . 2
` /
` Background and Basic Principles
` Holographic Interferometry /
` 2 3 . 5
` /
` 2 3 . 1 2
` Holographic Optical Elements
` Holographic Inspection /
` 2 3 . 1 7
` Holographic Lithography /
` 2 3 . 1 6
` Holographic Memory /
` 2 3 . 2 5
` Conclusion /
` 2 3 . 2 6
` /
` 2 3 . 2 6
` References
`
` Part 3 .
`
` Optical Measurements
`
` Chapter 24 . Radiometry and Photometry Edward F. Zalewski
`
` 24 .1
`
` 24 .3
`
` 24 . 1 .
` 24 . 2 .
` 24 . 3 .
` 24 . 4 .
` 24 . 5 .
` 24 . 6 .
` 24 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 4 . 3
` Introduction /
` 2 4 . 6
` Radiometric Definitions and Basic Concepts
` /
` 2 4 . 1 5
` Radiant Transfer Approximations
` /
` 2 4 . 1 2
` Absolute Measurements
` Photometry /
` 2 4 . 4 0
` /
` 2 4 . 4 8
` References
`
` /
`
` 2 4 . 8
`
` Chapter 25 . The Measurement of Transmission , Absorption , Emission , and
` Reflection James M. Palmer
`
` 25 .1
`
` 25 . 1 .
` 25 . 2 .
` 25 . 3 .
` 25 . 4 .
` 25 . 5 .
` 25 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 5 . 1
` Introduction and Terminology /
` Transmittance /
` 2 5 . 3
` Absorption /
` 2 5 . 4
` Reflectance /
` 2 5 . 4
` Emittance /
` 2 5 . 7
`
` 2 5 . 2
`
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`

` xii
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 25 . 7 .
` 25 . 8 .
` 25 . 9 .
` 25 . 10 .
` 25 . 11 .
` 25 . 12 .
` 25 . 13 .
` 25 . 14 .
`
` Kirchhof f’s Law /
` 2 5 . 8
` Relationship Between Transmittance , Reflectance , and Absorption /
` Measurement of Transmittance /
` 2 5 . 8
` Measurement of Absorption /
` 2 5 . 1 1
` Measurement of Reflectance /
` 2 5 . 1 1
` Measurement of Emittance /
` 2 5 . 1 6
` /
` 2 5 . 1 8
` References
` Further Reading /
`
` 2 5 . 2 5
`
` 2 5 . 8
`
` Chapter 26 . Scatterometers John C. Stover
`
` 26 .1
`
` 26 . 1 .
` 26 . 2 .
` 26 . 3 .
` 26 . 4 .
` 26 . 5 .
` 26 . 6 .
` 26 . 7 .
` 26 . 8 .
` 26 . 9 .
`
` /
`
` Glossary /
` 2 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 6 . 1
` /
` 2 6 . 2
` Definitions and Specifications
` Instrument Configurations and Component Descriptions
` /
` 2 6 . 9
` Instrumentation Issues
` /
` 2 6 . 1 1
` Measurement Issues
` Incident Power Measurement , System Calibration , and Error Analysis
` Summary /
` 2 6 . 1 4
` 2 6 . 1 5
` References
`
` /
`
` 2 6 . 5
`
` /
`
` 2 6 . 1 3
`
` Chapter 27 . Ellipsometry Rasheed M. A. Azzam
`
` 27 .1
`
` 27 . 1 .
` 27 . 2 .
` 27 . 3 .
` 27 . 4 .
` 27 . 5 .
` 27 . 6 .
` 27 . 7 .
` 27 . 8 .
` 27 . 9 .
` 27 . 10 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 7 . 1
` Introduction /
` 2 7 . 2
` /
` 2 7 . 3
` Conventions
` Modeling and Inversion /
` 2 7 . 4
` Transmission Ellipsometry /
` 2 7 . 1 0
` Instrumentation /
` 2 7 . 1 0
` Jones-Matrix Generalized Ellipsometry /
` 2 7 . 1 9
` Mueller-Matrix Generalized Ellipsometry /
` 2 7 . 2 0
` /
` 2 7 . 2 2
` Applications
` 2 7 . 2 2
` References
`
` /
`
` Chapter 28 . Spectroscopic Measurements Brian Henderson
`
` 25 .1
`
` 28 . 1 .
` 28 . 2 .
` 28 . 3 .
` 28 . 4 .
` 28 . 5 .
` 28 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 8 . 1
` /
` 2 8 . 2
` Introductory Comments
` Optical Absorption Measurements of Energy Levels
` The Homogeneous Lineshape of Spectra /
` 2 8 . 1 4
` Absorption , Photoluminescence , and Radiactive Decay Measurements
` /
` 2 8 . 2 6
` References
`
` 2 8 . 2
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 2 8 . 2 0
`
` Chapter 29 . Optical Metrology Daniel Malacara and Zacarias Malacara
`
` 29 .1
`
` 29 . 1 .
` 29 . 2 .
` 29 . 3 .
` 29 . 4 .
` 29 . 5 .
` 29 . 6 .
` 29 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 2 9 . 1
` /
` 2 9 . 1
` Introduction and Definitions
` Lengths and Straightness Measurements
` /
` 2 9 . 1 2
` Angle Measurements
` Curvature and Focal Length Measurements
` /
` 2 9 . 2 7
` Velocity Measurements
` /
` 2 9 . 2 9
` References
`
` /
`
` 2 9 . 3
`
` /
`
` 2 9 . 2 0
`
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`

` Chapter 30 . Optical Testing Daniel Malacara
`
` CONTENTS
`
` xiii
`
` 30 .1
`
` 30 . 1 .
` 30 . 2 .
` 30 . 3 .
` 30 . 4 .
` 30 . 5 .
` 30 . 6 .
` 30 . 7 .
` 30 . 8 .
` 30 . 9 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 0 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 0 . 1
` Classical Noninterferometric Tests
` /
` 3 0 . 6
` Interferometric Tests
` Increasing and Sensitivity of Interferometers
` Interferogram Evaluation /
` 3 0 . 1 2
` Phase-Shifting Interferometry /
` 3 0 . 1 6
` /
` 3 0 . 2 2
` Measuring Aspherical Wavefronts
` /
` 3 0 . 2 5
` References
`
` 3 0 . 1
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 3 0 . 8
`
` Chapter 31 . Use of Computer-Generated Holograms in Optical
` Testing Katherine Creath and James C. Wyant
`
` 31 .1
`
` 31 . 1 .
` 31 . 2 .
` 31 . 3 .
` 31 . 4 .
` 31 . 5 .
` 31 . 6 .
` 31 . 7 .
` 31 . 8 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 1 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 1 . 2
` /
` 3 1 . 2
` Types of CGHs
` /
` 3 1 . 3
` Plotting CGHs
` Interferometers Using Computer-Generated Holograms
` /
` 3 1 . 7
` Acuracy Limitations
` 3 1 . 8
` Experimental Results
` /
` 3 1 . 1 0
` References
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 3 1 . 6
`
` Chapter 32 . Transfer Function Techniques Glenn D. Boreman
`
` 32 .1
`
` 32 . 1 .
` 32 . 2 .
` 32 . 3 .
` 32 . 4 .
` 32 . 5 .
` 32 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 2 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 2 . 1
` /
` 3 2 . 2
` Definitions
` /
` MTF Calculations
` MTF Measurements
` /
` 3 2 . 9
` References
`
` 3 2 . 4
` /
` 3 2 . 7
`
` Part 4 .
`
` Optical and Physical Properties of Materials
`
` Chapter 33 . Properties of Crystals and Glasses William J. Tropf ,
` Michael E. Thomas , and Terry J. Harris
`
` 33 .1
`
` 33 .3
`
` 33 . 1 .
` 33 . 2 .
` 33 . 3 .
` 33 . 4 .
` 33 . 5 .
` 33 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 3 . 3
` Introduction /
` 3 3 . 5
` /
` 3 3 . 6
` Optical Materials
` /
` Properties of Materials
` /
` 3 3 . 3 8
` Properties Tables
` /
` 3 3 . 8 4
` References
`
` 3 3 . 7
`
` Chapter 34 . Polymeric Optics John D. Lytle
`
` 34 .1
`
` 34 . 1 .
` 34 . 2 .
` 34 . 3 .
` 34 . 4 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 4 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 4 . 1
` /
` 3 4 . 2
` Forms
` Physical Properties
`
` /
`
` 3 4 . 2
`
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` xiv
`
` CONTENTS
`
` 34 . 5 .
` 34 . 6 .
` 34 . 7 .
` 34 . 8 .
` 34 . 9 .
`
` /
` 3 4 . 6
` Optical Properties
` Optical Design /
` 3 4 . 8
` Processing /
` 3 4 . 1 2
` /
` 3 4 . 1 9
` Coatings
` /
` 3 4 . 2 0
` References
`
` Chapter 35 . Properties of Metals Roger A. Paquin
`
` 35 .1
`
` 35 . 1 .
` 35 . 2 .
` 35 . 3 .
` 35 . 4 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 5 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 5 . 3
` Summary Data /
` 3 5 . 1 2
` /
` 3 5 . 7 4
` References
`
` Chapter 36 . Optical Properties of Semiconductors Paul M. Amirtharaj and
` David G. Seiler
`
` 36 .1
`
` 36 . 1 .
` 36 . 2 .
` 36 . 3 .
` 36 . 4 .
` 36 . 5 .
` 36 . 6 .
` 36 . 7 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 6 . 1
` Introduction /
` 3 6 . 3
` /
` 3 6 . 8
` Optical Properties
` /
` Measurement Techniques
` /
` 3 6 . 8 2
` Acknowledgments
` Summary and Conclusions
` /
` 3 6 . 9 2
` References
`
` 3 6 . 5 9
`
` /
`
` 3 6 . 8 2
`
` Chapter 37 . Black Surfaces for Optical Systems Stephen M. Pompea and
` Robert P. Breault
`
` 37 .1
`
` 37 . 1 .
` 37 . 2 .
` 37 . 3 .
` 37 . 4 .
` 37 . 5 .
` 37 . 6 .
` 37 . 7 .
` 37 . 8 .
` 37 . 9 .
` 37 . 10 .
` 37 . 11 .
`
` 3 7 . 6 3
`
` Introduction /
` 3 7 . 1
` /
` Selection Process for Black Baf fle Surfaces in Optical Systems
` /
` 3 7 . 1 5
` The Creation of Black Surfaces for Specific Applications
` /
` 3 7 . 1 8
` Environmental Degradation of Black Surfaces
` /
` 3 7 . 2 1
` Optical Characterization of Black Surfaces
` Surfaces for Ultraviolet and Far-Infrared Applications
` Survey of Surfaces with Optical Data /
` 3 7 . 2 9
` /
` 3 7 . 3 0
` Paints
` /
` 3 7 . 6 3
` Conclusions
` /
` Acknowledgments
` /
` 3 7 . 6 3
` References
`
` /
`
` 3 7 . 2 3
`
` 3 7 . 1 2
`
` Part 5 .
`
` Nonlinear and Photorefractive Optics
`
` Chapter 38 . Nonlinear Optics Chung L. Tang
`
` 38 .1
`
` 38 .3
`
` 38 . 1 .
` 38 . 2 .
` 38 . 3 .
` 38 . 4 .
` 38 . 5 .
` 38 . 6 .
`
` Glossary /
` 3 8 . 3
` Introduction /
` 3 8 . 4
` /
` 3 8 . 6
` Basic Concepts
` Material Considerations
` Appendix /
` 3 8 . 2 3
` 3 8 . 2 5
` References
`
` /
`
` /
`
` 3 8 . 2 0
`
`APPL-1019 / Page 15 of 87
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`

` Chapter 39 . Photorefractive Materials and Devices Mark Cronin - Golomb and
` Marvin Klein
`
` 39 .1
`
` CONTENTS
`
` xv
`
` 39 . 1 .
` 39 . 2 .
` 39 . 3 .
` 39 . 4 .
` 39 . 5 .
`
` Introduction /
` 3 9 . 1
` /
` 3 9 . 1 1
` Materials
` /
` 3 9 . 2 5
` Devices
` /
` 3 9 . 3 5
` References
` Further Reading /
`
` 3 9 . 4 2
`
` Index follows Chapter 39
`
` I .1
`
`APPL-1019 / Page 16 of 87
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`
`

`

` CONTRIBUTORS
`
` Materials Technology Group , Semiconductor Electronics Di ␷ ision , National
` Paul M . Amirtharaj
` Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland ( CHAP . 36 ) .
` Rasheed M . A . Azzam Department of Electrical Engineering , College of Engineering , Uni ␷ ersity of
` New Orleans , New Orleans , Louisiana ( CHAP . 27 ) .
` Leo Beiser Inc . , Flushing , New York ( CHAP . 19 ) .
` Leo Beiser
` Research Department , Michelson Laboratory , Na ␷ al Air Warfare Center , China
` Jean M . Bennett
` Lake , California ( CHAP . 3 ) .
` Ellis Betensky Opcon Associates , Inc . , West Redding , Connecticut ( CHAP . 16 ) .
` Glenn D . Boreman The Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL ) ,
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida , Ornando , Florida ( CHAP . 32 ) .
` Breault Research Organization , Inc . , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 37 ) .
` Robert P . Breault
` Tom G . Brown The Institute of Optics , Uni ␷ ersity of Rochester , Rochester , New York ( CHAP . 10 ) .
` I . C . Chang Aurora Associates , Santa Clara , California ( CHAP . 12 ) .
` Russell A . Chipman Physics Department , Uni ␷ ersity of Alabama in Hunts ␷ ille , Hunts ␷ ille , Alabama
` ( CHAP . 22 ) .
` Katherine Creath Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 31 ) .
` Mark Cronin-Golomb Electro - Optics Technology Center , Tufts Uni ␷ ersity , Medford , Massachusetts
` ( CHAP . 39 ) .
` Michael W . Farn MIT / Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington , Massachusetts ( CHAP . 8 ) .
` Norman Goldberg Madison , Wisconsin ( CHAP . 15 ) .
` P . Hariharin Di ␷ ision of Applied Physics , CSIRO , Sydney , Australia ( CHAP . 21 ) .
` Terry J . Harris Applied Physics Laboratory , Johns Hopkins Uni ␷ ersity , Laurel , Maryland
` ( CHAP . 33 ) .
` James E . Harvey The Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL ) ,
` Uni ␷ ersity of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida ( CHAP . 11 ) .
` Brian Henderson Department of Physics and Applied Physics , Uni ␷ ersity of Strathclyde , Glasgow ,
` United Kingdom ( CHAPS . 20 , 28 ) .
` Research Institute , Uni ␷ ersity of Dayton , Dayton , Ohio ( CHAP . 23 ) .
` Lloyd Huf f
` Shinya Inoue ´
` Marine Biological Laboratory , Woods Hole , Massachusetts ( CHAP . 17 ) .
` R . Barry Johnson Optical E .T .C . , Inc . , Hunts ␷ ille , Alabama and Center for Applied Optics ,
` Uni ␷ ersity of Alabama in Hunts ␷ ille , Hunts ␷ ille , Alabama ( CHAPS . 1 , 19 ) .
` Lloyd Jones Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 18 ) .
` Marvin Klein Hughes Research , Malibu , California ( CHAP . 39 ) .
`
` xvii
`
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`

`

` xviii
`
` CONTRIBUTORS
`
` Thomas L . Koch AT & T Bell Laboratories , Holmdel , New Jersey ( CHAP . 6 ) .
`
` M . Kreitzer
`
` Opcon Associates , Inc . , Cincinnati , Ohio ( CHAP . 16 ) .
`
` F . J . Leonberger
`
` United Technologies Photonics , Bloomfield , Connecticut ( CHAP . 6 ) .
`
` John D . Lytle Ad ␷ anced Optical Concepts , Santa Cruz , California ( CHAP . 34 ) .
`
` Daniel Malacara Centro de In ␷ estigaciones en Optica , A .C . , Leo ´ n , Gto , Mexico ( CHAPS . 29 , 30 ) .
`
` Zacarias Malacara Centro de In ␷ estigaciones en Optica , A .C . , Leo ´ n , Gto , Mexico ( CHAP . 29 ) .
`
` Theresa A . Maldonado Department of Electrical Engineering , The Uni ␷ ersity of Texas at Arlington ,
` Arlington , Texas ( CHAP . 13 ) .
`
` Tom D . Milster
`
` Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 7 ) .
`
` Duncan T . Moore The Institue of Optics and Gradient Lens Corporation , Rochester , New York
` ( CHAP . 9 ) .
`
` J . Moskovich Opcon Associates , Inc . , Cincinnati , Ohio ( CHAP . 16 ) .
`
` Rudolf Oldenbourg Marine Biological Laboratory , Woods Hole , Massachusetts ( CHAP . 17 ) .
`
` James M . Palmer
`
` Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 25 ) .
`
` Roger A . Paquin Ad ␷ anced Materials Consultants , Tucson , Arizona and Optical Sciences Center ,
` Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 35 ) .
`
` Stephen M . Pompea S . M . Pompea and Associates , Tucson , Arizona and Steward Obser ␷ atory ,
` Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 37 ) .
`
` Materials Technology Group , Semiconductor Electronics Di ␷ ision , National Institue
` David G . Seiler
` of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland ( CHAP . 36 ) .
`
` John C . Stover
`
` TMA Technologies , Bozeman , Montana ( CHAP . 22 ) .
`
` P . G . Suchoski
`
` United Technologies Photonics , Bloomfield , Connecticut ( CHAP . 6 ) .
`
` Chung L . Tang School of Electrical Engineering , Cornell Uni ␷ ersity , Ithaca , New York ( CHAP . 38 ) .
`
` Michael E . Thomas Applied Physics Laboratory , Johns Hopkins Uni ␷ ersity , Laurel , Maryland
` ( CHAP . 33 ) .
`
` William J . Tropf
` ( CHAP . 33 ) .
`
` Applied Physics Laboratory , Johns Hopkins Uni ␷ ersity , Laurel , Maryland
`
` Wilfrid B . Veldkamp MIT / Lincoln Laboratory , Lexington , Massachusetts ( CHAP . 8 ) .
` Optical Research Associates , Framington , Massachusetts ( CHAP . 2 ) .
` William B . Wetherell
`
` William L . Wolfe Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 4 ) .
`
` Shin-Tson Wu Exploratory Studies Laboratory , Hughes Research Laboratories , Malibu , California
` ( CHAP . 14 ) .
`
` Optical Sciences Center , Uni ␷ ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona and WYKO
` James C . Wyant
` Corporation , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP . 31 ) .
`
` Edward F . Zalewski
`
` Hughes Danbury Optical Systems , Danbury , Connecticut ( CHAP . 25 ) .
`
` George J . Zissis En ␷ ironmental Research Institue of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan ( CHAP . 5 ) .
`
`APPL-1019 / Page 18 of 87
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`

`

` PREFACE
`
` The Handbook of Optics , Second Edition , is designed to serve as a general purpose
` desktop reference for the field of Optics yet stay within the confines of two books of finite
` length . Our purpose is to cover as much of optics as possible in a manner enabling the
` reader to deal with both basic and applied problems . To this end , we present articles about
` basic concepts , techniques , devices , instruments , measurements , and optical properties . In
` selecting subjects to include , we also had to select wh