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`SIGN CONVENTION FOR VEHICLE CRASH TESTING
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`PREAMBLE (NOT PART OF THE STANDARD)
`
`In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is
`hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them.
`
`END OF PREAMBLE (NOT PART OF THE STANDARD)
`
`SURFACE VEHICLE INFORMATION REPORT
`
`, J1733 ISSUED DEC 94
`
`Issued 1994-12
`
`SIGN CONVENTION FOR VEHICLE CRASH TESTING
`
`Submitted for recognition as an American National Standard
`
`Foreword—This Document has not changed other than to put it into the new SAE Technical Standards Board Format.
`
`1. Scope—In order to compare test results obtained from different crash test facilities, standardized coordinate systems need to be defined for crash test dummies, vehicle
`structures, and laboratory fixtures. In addition, recorded polarities for various transducer outputs need to be defined relative to positive directions of the appropriate
`coordinate systems. This SAE Information Report describes the standardized sign convention and recorded output polarities for various transducers used in crash testing.
`
`2. References
`
`2.1 Applicable Publications—The following publications form a part of the specification to the extent specified herein. Unless otherwise indicated the latest revision of
`SAE publications shall apply.
`
`2.1.1 SAE PUBLICATIONS—Available from SAE, 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
`
`SAE 211—Instrumentation for Impact Test
`SAE J670—Vehicle Dynamics Terminology
`SAE J1594—Vehicle Aerodynamics Terminology
`SAE J2052—Test Device Head Contact Duration Analysis
`
`3. Right-Handed Coordinate System—A right-handed coordinate system consists of an ordered set of three mutually perpendicular axes (x, y, z) which have a common
`origin and whose positive directions point in the same directions as the ordered set of the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the right hand when positioned as shown
`in Figure 1. One can choose the positive x-axis to point in the direction of either the thumb, forefinger, or middle finger as shown in the configurations 1, 2, and 3 of
`Figure 1. However, once this decision is made then the positive directions of the y and z axes must be as indicated by the corresponding configuration shown in Figure 1.
`Note that these three configurations of x, y, z axes always define a right-handed coordinate system independent of the orientation of the Sections 4 and 5 will define
`standardized orientations of coordinate systems for the vehicle and dummy, respectively.
`
`SAE Technical Standards Board Rules Provide that: “This report is published by SAT to advance the state of technical and engineering. The use of this report is entirely
`voluntary, and its application and suitability for any particular use, including any patent infringement therefrom, is the sole responsibility of the user.”
`
`SAT reviews each technical report at least every five years at which time it may be reaffirmed, revised, or cancelled. SAE invites your written comments and suggestions.
`
`QUESTION REGARDING THIS DOCUMENT: (724) 772-8512 FAX: (724) 776-0243
`TO PLACE A DOCUMENT ORDER; (724) 776-4970 FAX: (724) 776-0790
`SAE WEB ADDRESS http://www.sae.org
`
`Copyright 1994 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc,
`All rights reserved.
`
`1
`
`Printed In U.S.A
`
`Positive angular motion and moment directions are determined by the right-handed screw rule. If any of the three positive axes is grasped with the right hand
`with the thumb extended in the positive direction, as shown in Figure 2 for the x-axis, then the curl of the fingers indicate the positive direction for angular
`motions and moments with respect to that axis.
`
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`FIGURE 1—THE THREE POSSIBLE CONFIGURATIONS OF A RIGHT-HANDED COORDINATE SYSTEM RELATIVE TO THE THUMB, FOREFINGER, AND
`MIDDLE FINGER OF THE RIGHT HAND
`
`FIGURE 2—RIGHT-HANDED SCREW RULE
`
`2
`
`A simple method to determine if a coordinate system is right-handed is to rotate the system 90 degrees about any of one of its positive axes using the right-
`handed screw rule. For a positive 90 degrees rotation about the +x-axis, the coordinate system is right-handed if the +y-axis rotates to the position previously
`occupied by the +z-axis. For a positive 90 degrees rotation about the +y-axis, the coordinate system is right-handed if the +z-axis, rotates to the position
`previously occupied by the +x-axis. For a positive 90 degrees rotation about the +z-axis, the coordinate system is right-handed if the +x-axis rotates to the
`position previously occupied by the +y-axis.
`
`4. Vechicle Coordinate Systems—Vehicle coordinate systems will be consistent with the orientations specified in SAE J670 and SAE J1594. These orientations are shown
`in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. For structures within the vehicle that have a principle axis of motion such as the steering wheel column, the vehicle coordinate system
`may be rotated about the y-axis such that the +x-axis or +z-axis is directed along the column axis.
`
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`FIGURE 3—VEHICLE DYNAMICS COORDINATE SYSTEM—SAE J760
`
`FIGURE 4—VEHICLE AERODYNAMICS COORDINATE SYSTEM—SAE J1594
`
`3 5
`
`. Dummy Coordinate Systems—The definition of the dummy coordinate system given in SAE J211 will be used. A coordinate system can be affixed to any point on the
`dummy. The coordinate system will translate and/or rotate with the dummy part to which it is attached during the test. To define standard orientations of the directed
`forward, the +y-axis will be directed from the dummy's left to its right side and the +z-axis will be anterior (P-A), the +y-axis is directed from left to right (L-R), and the
`+z-axis is directed from superior to inferior (S-1). Figure 5 shows examples of this standardized orientation for coordinate systems attached to a few body points. Note
`that as the dummy is articulated to sit in a vehicle or during a test the coordinate systems rotate with their respective dummy parts.
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`FIGURE 5—ORIENTATIONS OF STANDARDIZED DUMMY COORDINATE SYSTEMS FOR STANDING AND SEATED POSTURES
`
`4 6
`
`. Standard Polarities for Recorded Dummy Measurements
`
`6.1 Polarities of Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement—Positive recorded outputs for these transducers are to be consistent with the positive axes of the coordinate
`system defined for the specific dummy or vehicle point being measured. In general, for any dummy component oriented in its standard standing position, blows to its back
`side, left side, and top will produce positive accelerations relative to its +x, +y, and +z directions, respectively. As illustrated in Figure 6, a blow to the back of the
`dummy's head produces an acceleration in the forward direction (+x) which should be recorded as a positive acceleration. A blow to the top of the head produces a +z
`acceleration. A blow to the left side of the head produces a +y acceleration. Note that since the SID dummy is only instrumented to measure accelerations, the polarities of
`its transducers are determined by the methods described in this section.
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`FIGURE 6—HEAD IMPACT DIRECTIONS THAT PRODUCE POSITIVE HEAD ACCELERATIONS RELATIVE TO THE HEAD COORDINATE SYSTEM
`
`For relative displacement of body parts, the coordinate system of interest must be defined. For example, frontal chest compression is the distance that the
`sternum moves relative to the thoracic spine. In this case, the coordinate system is fixed to the thoracic spine. When the sternum moves closer to the spine, its
`displacement is rearward relative to the spine which is in the negative x-direction. Hence, the polarity for chest displacement of the impacted ribs relative to
`the thoracic spine. However, a blow to the right side of the chest produces a negative rib displacement. The directions of these chest compressions are
`illustrated in Figure 7. The rearward displacement of the tibia relative to the femur that is measured by the knee shear transducer is in the negative x-direction.
`The polarity for this motion is negative.
`
`5
`
`FIGURE 7—DIRECTIONS OF FRONTAL AND LATERAL CHEST COMPRESSIONS
`
`6.2 Polarities of Measured External Loads— For load cells that measure loads applied directly to the dummy or vehicle structure, their recorded output polarities
`should be consistent with the direction of the applied external load referenced to the standardized coordinate system at the point of the load application. For example, load
`cells that measure shoulder belt loading of the clavicle are designed to measure Fx and Fz applied to the clavicle. The rearward (−x) component of the shoulder belt force
`applied to the clavicle should be recorded with a negative polarity. The downward (−z) component should have a positive polarity. For the BIOSID, a lateral inward load
`applied to the crest of the left illium (+y) would be positive, while a lateral inward load applied to the crest of the right ilium (−y) would be negative.
`
`6.3 Polarities of Measured internal Loads—Defining recorded output polarities for load cells that measure loads internal to the dummy requires a standardized dummy
`sectioning scheme and a definition of what sectioned dummy part is to be loaded in the positive direction since internal loads occur in pairs of equal magnitudes but
`opposite directions. The standardized sectioning scheme is illustrated by the free-body diagram of a cube shown in Figure 8. It is assumed that the load cell of interest is
`contained within the cube and responds to loads applied to the surfaces of the cube. Load cell outputs should be recorded with positive polarities when normal loads, shear
`loads, torques, or moments are applied in the positive direction, as defined by the standardized coordinate system, to the right, front, and/or bottom surfaces of the cube.
`These loads are represented by solid arrows. For static equilibrium, equal magnitude but opposite direction loads (negative) must be applied to the left, back, and/or top
`surfaces of the cube as indicated by the dashed arrows.
`
`For example, upper and lower neck, lumbar spine, and upper and lower tibia load cells should have positive recorded outputs when the dummy is sectioned
`below the load cell in question and positive loads are applied to the bottom surface of the sectioned body part that contains the load cell in question. Dummy
`manipulations for checking the recorded polarities of the outputs of various transducers are given in Section 7. Free-body diagrams for specific dummy load
`cells showing the load systems that produce the required outputs that should be recorded with the specified polarities are given in Section 8.
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`FIGURE 8—FREE-BODY DIAGRAM OF A SECTIONED DUMMY PART CONTAINING THE LOAD CELL OF INTEREST (ILLUSTRATED AS A CUBE).
`PRINCIPLE AXES OF LOAD CELL ALIGNED PARALLEL TO RESPECTIVE AXES OF LOCAL DUMMY COORDINATE SYSTEM. BOLD ARROWS OF
`NORMAL FORCES (F), SHEAR FORCES (S), AND MOMENTS (M) SHOWN IN POSITIVE DIRECTIONS AND APPLIED TO THE FRONT, RIGHT, AND
`BOTTOM SURFACES OF THE CUBE. DOTTED ARROWS INDICATE DIRECTION OF LOADS APPLIED TO THE BACK, LEFT, AND TOP SURFACES FOR
`STATIC EQUILIBRIUM. ALL LOAD CELL OUTPUTS FOR THIS LOAD SYSTEM TO BE RECORDED WITH POSITIVE POLARITIES.
`
`7 7
`
`. Dummy Manipulations for Checking Polarities of Measured Loads—Table 1 contains descriptions of dummy manipulations that can be used to verify the correctness
`of the polarities of recorded outputs for some of the more common load cells used in dummies.
`
`TABLE 1—DUMMY MANIPULATIONS FOR CHECKING RECORDED LOAD
`CELL POLARITY RELATIVE TO SIGN CONVENTION
`Load Cell Measure
`Dummy Manipulations
`Upper
`Fx
`Head Rearward, Chest Forward
`and
`Fy
`Head Leftward, Chest Rightward
`Lower
`Fz
`Head Upward, Chest Downward
`Neck
`Mx
`Left Ear Toward Left Shoulder
`Loads
`My
`Chin Toward Sternum
`
`Mz
`Chin Toward Left Shoulder
`Left Shoulder
`Fx
`Left Shoulder Forward, Chest Rearward
`Loads (BIOSID)
`Fy
`Left Shoulder Rightward, Chest Leftward
`
`Fz
`Left Shoulder Downward, Chest Upward
`Right Shoulder
`Fx
`Right Shoulder Forward, Chest Rearward
`Loads (BIOSID)
`Fy
`Right Shoulder Rightward, Chest Leftward
`https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/005/sae.j1733.1994.html
`
`Polarity
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
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`Fy
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`Fy
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`Fy
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`Fx
`Fz
`Fx
`My
`Fy
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`Load Cell Measure
`
`Fz
`Right Shoulder
`Fx
`Loads (BIOSID)
`Fy
`
`Fz
`Clavicle
`Fx
`Loads
`Fz
`Upper
`Fx
`and
`Fy
`Lower
`Fz
`Lumbar
`Mx
`Spine
`My
`
`Mz
`Sacrum Load
`Fy
`(BIOSID)
`Left lliac
`Load (BIOSID)
`Right lliac
`Load (BIOSID)
`Public Load
`(Side Impact)
`Crotch Belt
`Loads
`lliac Lap
`Belt Loads
`Left Side
`Abdominal Load
`(EUROSID-1)
`Right Side
`Abdominal Load
`(EUROSID-1)
`Femur
`Loads
`(Dummy in
`Seated Position,
`Femurs
`Horizontal)
`Knee Clevis
`Upper Tibia
`Loads
`
`Lower Tibia
`Loads
`
`
`
`
`Fy
`
`Fx
`Fy
`Fz
`Mx
`My
`Mz
`Fz
`Fz
`Mx
`My
`Fx
`Fy
`Fz
`Mx
`My
`
`SIGN CONVENTION FOR VEHICLE CRASH TESTING
`Dummy Manipulations
`Polarity
`Right Shoulder Downward, Chest Upward
`+
`Right Shoulder Forward, Chest Rearward
`+
`Right Shoulder Rightward, Chest Leftward
`+
`Right Shoulder Downward, Chest Upward
`+
`Shoulder Forward, Chest Rearward
`+
`Shoulder Downward, Chest Upward
`+
`Chest Rearward, Pelvis Forward
`+
`Chest Leftward, Pelvis Rightward
`+
`Chest Upward, Pelvis Downward
`+
`Left Shoulder Toward Left Hip
`+
`Sternum Toward Front of Legs
`+
`Right Shoulder Forward, Left Shoulder Rearward
`+
`Left H-Point Pad Leftward, Chest Rightward
`+
`
`Left Iliac Rightward, Chest Leftward
`
`Right lliac Rightward, Chest Leftward
`
`+
`
`+
`
`Right H-Point Pad Leftward, Left Pad Rightward
`
`(−)
`
`Public Rearward, Pelvis Forward
`Public Upward, Chest Downward
`Upper lliac Spine Rearward, Chest Forward
`Upper lliac Spine Rearward, Chest Forward
`Left Side of Abdomen Rightward, Chest Leftward
`
`(−)
`(−)
`(−) 8
`+
`+
`
`Right Side of Abdomen Leftward, Chest Rightward
`
`(−)
`
`Knee Upward, Upper Femur Downward
`Knee Rightward, Upper Femur Leftward
`Knee Forward, Pelvis Rearward
`Knee Leftward, Hold Upper Femur in Place
`Knee Upward, Hold Upper Femur in Place
`Tibia Leftward, Hold Pelvis in Place
`Tibia Downward, Femur Upward
`Tibia Downward, Femur Upward
`Ankle Leftward, Hold Knee in Place
`Ankle Forward, Bottom of Knee Clevis Rearward
`Ankle Forward, Knee Rearward
`Ankle Rightward, Knee Leftward
`Ankle Downward, Knee Upward
`Ankle Leftward, Hold Knee in Place
`Ankle Forward, Bottom of Knee Clevis Rearward
`
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`+
`
`8. Free Body Diagrams of Specific Dummy Transducers Showing Load Systems that Produce Outputs that are to be Recorded with Specified Polarities
`
`8.1 Hybrid III Type Dummies (Large Male, Mid-Size Male, Small Female, 6-Year Old, and 3-Year Old)
`
`a. Upper Neck Load Cell—See Figure 9.
`b. Lower Neck Load Cell—See Figure 10.
`c. Shoulder Load Cells—See Figure 11.
`d. Chest Deflection Transducer—See Figure 12.
`e. Lower Thoracic Spine Load Cell—See Figure 13.
`f. Lower Lumbar Spine Load Cell—See Figure 14.
`g. lliac Lap Belt Load Cell—See Figure 15.
`h. Public Load Cell—See Figure 16.
`i. Femur Load Cell—See Figure 17.
`j. Upper Tibia and Knee Clevis Load Cells—See Figure 18.
`k. Lower Tibia Load Cell—See Figure 19.
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`.2 BIOSID
`
`a. Upper and Lower Neck Load Cells—See Figure 9 and Figure 10.
`b. Lt Shoulder Load Cell—See Figure 20.
`c. Rt Shoulder Load Cell—See Figure 21.
`d. Rib Deflection Transducers—See Figure 22.
`e. Lower Lumbar Spine Load Cell—See Figure 23.
`f. lliac Wing Load Cell—See Figure 24.
`g. Public Load Cell—See Figure 25.
`h. Sacrum Load Cell—See Figure 26.
`
`8.3 CRABI Type Dummies (6, 12, and 18 Months Old)
`
`a. Upper Neck Load Cell—See Figure 27.
`b. Lower Neck Load Cell—See Figure 28.
`c. Shoulder Load Cells—See Figure 11.
`d. Lower Lumbar Spine Load Cell—See Figure 29.
`e. Public Load Cell—See Figure 16.
`
`10
`
`FIGURE 9—UPPER NECK LOAD CELL
`
`11
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`FIGURE 10—LOWER NECK LOAD CELL
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`12
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`FIGURE 11—SHOULDER LOAD CELLS
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`FIGURE 12—CHEST DEFLECTION TRANSDUCER
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`FIGURE 13—LOWER THORACIC SPINE LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 14—LOWER LUMBAR SPINE LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 15—ILIAC LAMP BELT LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 16—PUBIC LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 17—FEMUR LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 18—UPPER TIBIA AND KNEE CLEVIS LOAD CELLS
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`FIGURE 19—LOWER TIBIA LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 20—LT SHOULDER LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 21—RT SHOULDER LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 22—RIB DEFLECTION TRANSDUCER
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`FIGURE 23—LOWER LUMBAR SPINE LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 24—ILIAC WING LOAD CELL
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`26
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`FIGURE 25—PUBIC LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 26—SACRUM LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 27—UPPER NECK LOAD CELL
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`FIGURE 28—LOWER NECK LOAD CELL
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`Magna - IPR2020-00777 - Ex. 2005 - 026
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`7/10/2020
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`SIGN CONVENTION FOR VEHICLE CRASH TESTING
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`FIGURE 29—LOWER LUMBAR SPINE LOAD CELL
`
`PREPARED BY THE SAE DUMMY TESTING EQUIPMENT SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
`SAE HUMAN BIOMECHANICS AND SIMULATION STANDARDS COMMITTEE
`
`31
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`Rationale—Not Applicable.
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`Relationship of SAE Standard to ISO Standard—Not applicable.
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`Application—In order to compare test results obtained from different crash test facilities, standardized coordinate systems need to be defined for crash test dummies,
`vehicle structures, and laboratory fixtures. In addition, recorded polarities for various transducer outputs need to be defined relative to positive directions of the
`appropriate coordinate systems. This SAE Information Report describes the standardized sign convention and recorded output polarities for various transducers used in
`crash testing.
`
`Reference Section
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`SAE J211—Instrumentation for Impact Test
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`SAE J670—Vehicle Dynamics Terminology
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`SAE J1594—Vehicle Aerodynamics Terminology
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`SAE J2052—Test Device Head Contact Duration Analysis
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`Developed by the SAE Dummy Testing Equipment Subcommittee
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`Sponsored by the SAE Human Biomechanics and Simulation Standards Committee
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`https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/005/sae.j1733.1994.html
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