Hawley's
`Condensed Chemical
`Dictionary
`Fifteenth Edition
`
`Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
`
`BICENTENNIAL
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`BICENTENNIAL
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`WILEY-INTERSCIENCE
`A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
`
`Liquidia's Exhibit 1038
`IPR2020-00770
`Page 1
`
`

`

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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
`
`Lewis, Richard J., Sr.
`Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, Fifteenth Edition
`ISBN 13: 978-0-471-76865-4
`ISBN 10: 0-471-76865-0
`
`Printed in the United States of America.
`
`10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Liquidia's Exhibit 1038
`IPR2020-00770
`Page 2
`
`

`

`CHICAGO ACID
`
`270
`
`Chicago acid.
`(l-amino-8-naphthol-2,4-disul-
`fonic acid; 8-amino- l-naphthol-5,7-disulfonic
`acid; SS acid; 1,8,2,4-acid; 2-sulfur acid).
`
`Chinese insect wax.
`A wax secreted on the
`leaves of plants in China by a louselike insect. Its
`chief ingredient is ceryl cerotate.
`
`H2N
`
`OH
`
`H03S~ yv
`
`H03S
`
`Properties: Gray paste, white when pure. Soluble in
`water and sodium hydroxide solution.
`Derivation:
`is
`l-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid
`reacted with sulfuric acid to yield l-naphthylamine-
`4,8-disulfonic acid; further reaction with 25% ole(cid:173)
`um gives 1,8-naphthosulfam-2,4-disulfonic acid,
`which melts at 155C with 40% NaOH.
`Use: Azo dye intermediate.
`
`Chichibabin pyridine synthesis.
`Condensa-
`tion of carbonyl compounds with ammonia or
`amines under pressure to form pyridine derivatives;
`the reaction is reversible and produces different pyr(cid:173)
`idine derivatives a~d by-products.
`
`Chichibabin reaction.
`Amination of pyridines
`and other heterocyclic nitrogen compounds with
`alkali-metal amides.
`
`chicle.
`A thermoplastic, gumlike substance ob-
`tained from the latex of the sapodilla tree native to
`Mexico and Central America. Softens at 32.3C. In(cid:173)
`soluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents.
`Chief use is as a chewing gum, after incorporation of
`sugar and specific flavoring.
`Hazard: Ingestion should be avoided.
`
`Chilean nitrate.
`
`See sodium nitrate.
`
`Chilean saltpeter.
`
`See sodium nitrate.
`
`chimera.
`An organism that contains cells or tis-
`sues with a different genotype. These can be mutat(cid:173)
`ed cells of the host organism or cells from a different
`organism or species.
`
`chimeraplasty.
`An experimental targeted repair
`process in which a desirable sequence of DNA is
`combined with RNA to form a chimeraplast. These
`molecules bind selectively to the target DNA. Once
`bound, the chimeraplast activates a naturally occur(cid:173)
`ring gene-correcting mechanism. Does not use viral
`or other conventional gene-delivery vectors.
`See gene therapy; cloning vector.
`
`China clay.
`
`See kaolin.
`
`China-wood oil.
`
`See tung oil.
`
`chinoxidin.
`
`See quinoxidine.
`
`chiral.
`In chemistry this term describes asymmet-
`ric mole'cules that are mirror images of each other,
`i.e., they are related like right and left hands. Such
`molecules are also called enantiomers and are char(cid:173)
`acterized by optical activity.
`See optical isomer; enantiomer.
`
`"ChiraSelect" [Fluka].
`TM for products of
`very high and guaranteed enantiomeric purity. The
`TM is restricted to compounds used as chiral deriva(cid:173)
`tizing agents or as chiral standards.
`
`chitin.
`(C,H13NO,) •. A glucosamine polysaccha-
`ride. Contains approximately 7% nitrogen and is
`structurally similar to cellulose. Principal constitu(cid:173)
`ent of the shells of crabs, lobsters, and beetles. It is
`also found in some fungi, algae, and yeasts.
`Properties: White, amorphous, semitransparent
`mass. Insoluble in the common solvents; soluble in
`concentrated hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids.
`Use: Biological research, source of chitosan.
`
`chitosan.
`Deacylated derivative of chitin. Ab-
`sorbs heavy metals from water and industrial waste
`streams; also used as dyeing assistant and in photo(cid:173)
`graphic emulsions.
`
`chlodronate sodium.
`
`See sodium clodronate.
`
`chlophedianol hydrochloride (USAN).
`(cx.-
`(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-o-chlorobenzyhydrol hy_(cid:173)
`drochloride). C 11H,0ClNO•HCl.
`Use: In medicine.
`
`chloracetofon.
`chloro-1.
`
`See o,o-dimethyl (2,2,2-tri-
`
`chloracetophos.
`CAS: 5952-41-0. mf: C.H10Clp,P.
`Hazard: Moderately toxic.
`Use: Agricultural chemical.
`
`chloracetyl chloride.
`ride.
`
`See chloroacetyl chlo-
`
`chloral.
`(trichloroacetaldehyde).
`CAS: 75-87-6. CCl,CHO.
`Properties: Colorless, mobile, oily liquid; penetrat(cid:173)
`ing odor. D 1.505 (25/4C), fp -57.5C, bp 97. 7C, vap
`press 35 mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4557 (20C),
`latent heat of vaporization 97.1 Btu/lb. Soluble in
`water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform; combines
`with water, forming chloral hydrate.
`Derivation: (1) By chlorination of ethyl alcohol,
`addition of sulfuric acid, and subsequent distillation;
`(2) by chlorination of acetaldehyde.
`
`Liquidia's Exhibit 1038
`IPR2020-00770
`Page 3
`
`

`

`STOKES’S LAW
`
`1180
`
`chemical reactions. For example, when methane
`unites with oxygen in complete combustion, 16 g of
`methane requires 64 g of oxygen. At the same time
`44 g of carbon dioxide and 36 g of water are formed
`as reaction productions. Every chemical reaction
`has its characteristic proportions. The methods of
`obtaining these from chemical formulas, equations,
`atomic weights, and molecular weights and determi-
`nation of what and how much is used and produced
`in chemical processes is the major concern of stoi-
`chiometry.
`
`(1) The rate at which a spherical
`Stokes’s law.
`particle will rise or fall when suspended in a liquid
`medium varies as the square of its radius; the density
`of the particle and the density and viscosity of the
`liquid are essential factors. Stokes’s law is used in
`determining sedimentation of solids, creaming rate
`of fat particles in milk, etc.
`(2) In atomic processes, the wavelength of fluores—
`cent radiation is always longer than that of the excit-
`ing radiation.
`
`“Stoko” [Goldschmid].
`care and cleansing products.
`
`TM for a line of skin
`
`Formation of indole deriva-
`Stolle synthesis.
`tives by the reaction of arylamines with ct-haloacid
`chlorides or oxalyl chloride, followed by cyclization
`of the resulting amides with aluminum chloride.
`
`An acid solution for stopping photo—
`stop bath.
`graphic development by chemical neutralization of
`developer.
`
`(termination codons; nonsense
`stop codons.
`codons). UAA, UAG, and UGA. In protein synthe-
`sis these codons signal the termination of a polypep-
`tide chain..
`
`Any method of keeping raw materials,
`storage.
`chemicals, food products, and energy while await-
`ing use, transportation, or consumption. The term
`storage is often applied to various types of wastes,
`but the more accurate word is disposal.
`See radioactive waste; chemical waste; waste control.
`(1) Raw materials. Normally storage is in suitably
`protected and well-ventilated interior areas at ambi-
`ent temperature. Outdoor storage is practicable in
`some cases, e.g., logs for pulpwood, certain bulk
`solids and liquids received in metal or fiber drums.
`Storage of flammable liquids in large underground
`tanks is standard practice (gasoline, fuel oil). Hygro-
`scopic materials (paper, textiles) should be in a hu-
`midity-controlled environment. Combustible mate-
`rials that tend to build up internal heat on long
`standing at high ambient temperature (cellulosics
`such as paper. hay, grain; bulk wool; and certain
`vegetable oils) should be stored in well—ventilated
`areas.
`
`(2) Chemicals. Materials that may react to form
`hazardous products in case of spillage should be
`
`kept well separated. Oxidizing agents (nitrates, per-
`oxides, etc.) should not be stored near reducing or
`combustible materials. Heat-sensitive materials
`should be kept away from hot pipes or other heat
`sources, especially in the case of flammable liquids.
`Chemicals that will ignite spontaneously in air or
`react with water vapor require special storage condi-
`tions to keep them out of contact with air.
`See
`pyrophoric.
`Reactive organic monomers that tend to polymerize
`at room temperature, e.g., styrene, must contain an
`inhibitor when stored or shipped.
`(3) Food Products. Long shelf life at or near room
`temperature is highly desirable for processed foods.
`This is achieved partly by the use of antioxidants and
`other preservatives and partly by processing tech-
`niques. Much experimental work has been done in
`this field. Refrigerated storage at temperatures near
`4.5C is used for meats, eggs, and other dairy prod—
`ucts. Meats and quick—frozen foods can be stored
`indefinitely at or below ~18C. Controlled-atmo-
`sphere storage to retard postharvest ripening is used
`for unprocessed fruits and vegetables.
`See aging
`(2); atmosphere, controlled.
`(4) Energy. The conventional method of storing
`energy is by means of primary and secondary batter-
`ies.
`See dry cell; storage battery.
`The growing need for energy conservation has sti-
`mulated research on new and more effective meth—
`ods, especially in regard to solar and wind energy,
`the collection of which is intermittent or nonuni-
`form. Two such methods are in limited use. One (for
`electric power plants) involves compressing air with
`off-peak electricity and storing it in subterranean
`cavities from which it can be withdrawn when need-
`ed. The other (for domestic use) involves electrical—
`ly heating refractory bricks at night at off-peak rates;
`the stored heat is given up during the day with 90%
`energy recovery. A number of other techniques are
`in the experimental stage: use of Glauber’s salt,
`which has seven times the heat capacity of water, for
`storing solar energy; specialized batteries; so-called
`solar ponds; groundwater heated by solar or indus-
`trial process heat and returned to underground stor-
`age; and mechanical devices such as flywheel tech-
`nology.
`(5) For information on storage, see chemical data
`storage.
`
`A secondary battery, so called
`storage battery.
`because the conversion of chemical to electrical
`energy is reversible and the battery is thus recharga-
`ble. An automobile battery usually consists of 12—17
`cells with plates (electrodes) made of sponge lead
`(negative plate or anode) and lead dioxide (positive
`plate or cathode) that is in the form of a paste. The
`electrolyte is sulfuric acid. The chemical reaction
`that yields electric current is Pb + PbO2 + 2H,SO4
`<——) 2PbSO, + 2H10 + 2e. More complicated and
`expensive types have nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium,
`silver-zinc, and silver—cadmium as electrode materi-
`als. A sodium-liquid sulfur battery for high-temper-
`
`Liquidia's Exhibit 1038
`|PR2020-00770
`
`Page 4
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`Liquidia's Exhibit 1038
`IPR2020-00770
`Page 4
`
`