Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 1
`
`Teta gcd acttmehaed reae
`MINA REIMER, & STEPHEN ADAMS
`
`a 7
`
`i
`
`Our
`
`by Preston Gralla
`
`LPRPEcia Serhar etd; || Alb
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`IPR2020-00677
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`
`
`How the
`Internet
`Works
`
`Millennium Edition
`
`Preston Gralla
`
`OU’
`
`A division of Macmillan Computer Publishing, USA
`201 W. 103rd Street
`Indianapolis, IN 46290
`
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`Howthe Internet Works, Millennium Edition
`Copyright® 1999 by Que®
`
`Executive Editor
`
`Acquisitions Editor
`
`Development Editor
`
`Managing Editor
`
`Project Editor
`
`Copy Editor
`
`Indexer
`
`Proofreader
`
`Technical Editor
`
`Illustrators
`
`Book Designers
`
`Copy Writer
`
`Layout Technicians
`
`Greg Wiegand
`
`Stephanie J. McComb
`
`Nicholas Goetz
`
`Thomas F. Hayes
`
`KarenS. Shields
`
`Kay Hoskin
`
`Christine Nelsen
`
`Maribeth Echard
`
`Bill Bruns
`
`Sarah Ishida, Mina Reimer, Stephen Adams, and Shelley Norris
`
`Carrie English and Bruce Lundquist
`
`Eric Borgert
`
`Lisa England, Cyndi Davis-Hubler
`
`All rights reserved, No part of this book shall be reproduced, storedin a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, elec-
`tronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patentliability is
`assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been takenin the prepara-
`tion of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neitheris anyliability assumed for
`damagesresulting from the use of the information contained herein.
`
`International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-2 | 32-5
`
`Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 99-6301 |
`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`First Printing: August 1999
`
`0!
`
`00
`
`5
`
`This book was produced digitally by Macmillan Computer Publishing and manufactured using computer-to-plate technology (a film-
`less process) by GAC,Indianapolis, Indiana.
`
`Trademarks
`All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Que
`cannotattest to the accuracyof this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded asaffecting the validity of
`any trademark or service mark.
`Warning and Disclaimer
`Everyeffort has been made to make this book as complete and as accurate as possible, but no warranty orfitness is implied.
`The information providedis on an “‘as is” basis. The authors and the publishershall have neitherliability nor responsibility to
`any person or entity with respect to any loss or damagesarising from the information contained in this book.
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`

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`Interactive © |_——_Virtual
`Ha an i » a cue ae f
`i
`chapter
`A nu ation on the Web ©
`i i
`
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 5
`
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`IPR2020-00677
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 5
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`

`

`
`
` i
`
`eo
`
`CHAPTER
`
`—
`The Internet’s
`Client/Server
`Architecture
`
`iaaaemaiGh:
`
`ede
`
`aSe
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`cs *FESSTRTLAARS©SEP
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`Cr ey Po Tel ule eh
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`TH ©Internet works on the client/server model of information delivery. In this model, a client computer
`connects to a server computer on which informationresides; the client depends onthe serverto deliver
`information.In effect, the client requests the services of the larger computer. These services may involve
`searching for information andsendingit backto theclient, such as when a database on the Webis queried.
`Other examplesofthese services are delivering Web pages, and handling incomingand outgoing email.
`Wheneveryou use the Internet, you're connected to a server computer and requesting the use ofthat
`server's resources.
`Typically, the clientis a local personal computer and the server (also knownasthehost) is usually a
`more powerful computer that houses the data. These computers can be of manydifferent kinds: powerful
`Windows-based PCs, Macintoshes, and a widevariety of hardware that runs the UNIX operating system,
`such as computers made bythe Digital Equipment Corporation.
`The connectionto the server is made via a LAN (local area network), a phoneline, or a TCP/IP-based
`WAN(wide area network) on the Internet. A primaryreasonto set up a client/server networkis to allow
`manyclients to access the same applicationsandfiles that are stored ona server.
`In the case of the Internet’s World Wide Web,theclientis actually the browser on your PC and theserveris
`a host computer located somewhere on theInternet. Typically, the browser sendsthe server a request for aspe-
`cific Web page. The server processes that request and sends an answer back to the browser (again, mostoften
`in the form of a Web page).
`The connection between the client and server is maintained only during the actual exchange of informa-
`tion. Thus, after a Web pageis transferred from thehost (or server) computer, the HTTP connection
`between that computer andtheclient is broken. (HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol;it’s the pro-
`tocol used by the World Wide Web.) Even though the HTTP connectionis closed, the ISP maintains the
`TCP/IP connection to the Internet.
`The client/server model enables the desktop PC to run the browser softwareto search the Web,yetstill
`access host servers aroundthe Internet to execute search and retrieval functions. In essence, this architecture
`enables the Web to be conceivedofas a limitless file storage medium and database, distributed among thou-
`sands of host computers,all accessible by any individual PC.
`Thefollowingillustration shows how the Web runsona client/server architecture. Keep in mindthatall
`other resources on the Internet run onthe client/server model as well. For example, in email transactions
`the client would be the email software on your computerwhile the server would be the emailserver into
`which you connect.
`
`
`
`
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`su
`
`CPAP. ey aia AHERN
`
`How Client/Server
`Architecture Works
`
`2.PART2 THE INTERNET’S UNDERLYINGARCHITECTURE = = |
`
`
`
`The PC-based browser software controls the
`client end of the Web application. Using TCP/IP,
`the browser issues HTTP requests to the host
`server. The browser can request a specific
`Web page or it can ask the hostserver to
`perform a database query.In either in-
`stance, the request is broken into
`HTTP packets that are sent across
`the Internet's TCP/IP communi-
`cations infrastructure to the
`host computer.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`the packets and
`the asked-for services.
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`will either involve retriev-
`and sending back to the
`Mig
`client PC the specified Web
`
`page, or executing a database
`search and sending back to
`
`the client the result in the form
`
`of a Web page.
`
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`site. Web server software enables
`the host to locate a requested page
`and returnit to the client.
`
`
`
`
`|
`
`CHAPTER 9
`
`THE INTERNET’S CLIENT/SERVER ARCHITECTURE 43. Fi The host computer houses the Web
`
`
`
`
`cy Database andothersimilar applications
`on the host computer are accessed and
`controlled through a common gateway
`interface (CGI). Whenthe server receives
`the request for the database query,it
`forwards the requestto a separate,
`dedicated database server or application
`for processing via the CGI.
`
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`[26
`
`PART 5 HOWTHE WORLD WIDEWEBWORKS
`
`CHAPTER How Web
`
`2? Pages Work
`
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`TH FEWorld Wide Webis the fastest growing, and in many ways, the mostexciting and intriguing part
`ofthe Internet. When people refer to “surfing the Net,” more often than not they’re talking about using
`the World Wide Web.
`As its nameimplies, the World Wide Webis a globally connected network. The Web contains many
`things, but what makesit so fascinating to so many are the Web “pages” that incorporatetext, graphics,
`sound, animation, and other multimedia elements. In essence, each page is an interactive multimedia
`publication that can include videos and music as well as graphics andtext.
`Pages are connectedto one anotherusing hypertextthat allows you to move from any page to any
`other page, and to graphics, binary files, multimediafiles, as well as any Internet resource. To jump
`from onepage to another,click on a hypertextlink.
`The Web operatesonaclient/server model. You run Webclient browser software such as Netscape
`Navigator or Microsoft's Internet Explorer on your computer. That client contacts a Web server and
`requests information or resources. The Webserverlocates and then sends the information to the Web
`browser, which displays the results.
`Pages on the Webare built using a markup language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
`The language contains commands thattell your browser howto display text, graphics, and multimedia
`files. It also contains commandsfor linking the page to other pages, and to other Internet resources.
`The term “homepage”is often usedto refer to thefirst, or top, page in a collection ofpages that
`make up a Website. This is to distinguish it from the many pages collected together as a single “pack-
`age” ofsorts that often make up Web sites. The homepageis like a magazine cover or the front page of
`a newspaper. Usually,it acts as an :ntroduction to thesite, explaining its purpose and describing the in-
`formation found on other pages throughoutthesite. In this way, the homepageoften acts as the table
`of contents for the rest ofthesite.
`In general, Websites use three kinds of organizational structures to organize their pages. In a tree
`structure, a pyramid or outline format makesit easy for users to navigate throughthesite andfind the
`information they want.In a linearstructure, one page leads to the next, which thenleads to the next,
`and so on, ina straight line. Finally, in a random structure, pages are connected to one another, seem-
`ingly at random.
`Thelast illustration in this chapter shows how someone might build his or her own pages using an
`HTMLeditor. After you create your pages, you use FTPsoftware to post them onto a small portion of
`a Webserver. You can either rent the server space from a local ISP or set up your own Webserver.
`
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`
`
`How the World Wide Web
`Works
`
`3 ,
`— “THeWorldWide Webisthefastest growingandmostinnovativepartoftheInternet \
`Whenyou browse the Web, you view multimedia pages composed of text, graphics,
`|
`sound, and video. The Web uses hypertextlinks that allow you to jump from one place
`| =
`to another on the Web. The language that allows you to use hypertext links and to view
`|
`__WebpagesiscalledHypertextMarkup Language, more commonlyknownas HTML.
`|
`=
`
`
`
`Tuesday,
`
`June30, a¥
`
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`The Web works oO la client/server |
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`on a local computer. The server
`3
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`PRoviowers:PicksJMostPoputar|
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`q
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`_ Internet connection, and then
`
`
`_ launch you |Web browser.
`
`
`
`
`
` =<= sollware? Try same mo’
`
`
`A bounty of FTPtools
`File-transfer programs always pepper our top Net
`
`downloads list. Here wae harvested a crop ofthebest
`
`
`ETP cliants, There's evan onefor novices,
`
`
`
`
`Upgrade your upgrade
`
`
`Windows 98 hardly seam worth the walt? Our Upgrade
`Toolkit has the downloads to 1um that mundane update
`into a real event, Plus: Windows90Spotlial
` Haven't played Starcra'
`Got Bizzard’s irand-new
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`a In aWebbrowser,youtypethe
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`URLfor alocation you want to
`visit or click on a link that will
`send you to the desired location.
`___ The names for Web locations
`“areURLs(uniformresource
`-locators).YourWeb. browser.
`sends the URL request using
`HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
`Protocol), which defines the
`way the Web browser and the
`‘Web-server-communicate-with
`each-other.
`
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`

`
`
`
`
`
`
`page, document, or object, it sends that
`home page, document,or object back to the
`Web browser client. The information is then
`displayed on the computerscreen in the
`Web browser. When the page is sent from
`the server, the HTTP connectionis closed
`and can be reopened.
`
`
`SSE
`a iowthaInteanutWorks,GpeeistEten
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`examine the request to determine which serverto
`send therequest to. Theinformation just to the right
`
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`of the http://in the URLtells the Internet on which
`
`
`Web serverthe requested information can be found.
`Routers send the requestto that Webserver.
`
`the http://—details which Internet protocolto
`4 URLs contain several parts. The first part—
`t—sometimestells what kind
`use. The second part—the part that usually has a www in i
`tacted. The third part—such as zdnet.com—can vary in
`of Internet resource is being con
`er to be contacted. Thefinal part identifies a specific
`length andidentifies the Webserv
`da homepage, document, or otherInternet object.
`directory on the server an
`
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`

`
`How Yeh PsAre
`
`Organized otonaWeb Site
`
`
`‘thesInternet NY63
`
`The home page is the first or top
`
`page of any Web site. A site can be —
`
`just one page, or cancomprise
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`
`In the latter case, the home page _
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`acts as a table of contents to orga- —
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`nize the site and help usersfind in-—
`formation available onthe site. =
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`b Underlinglf6r highlighted hyperlink —
`text is6ften embeddedin the home,
`1
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`“throughoutthe site:
`Ei Related documentsresiding together
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`Web sité,However,-assinglélservercan
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`and require multiple servers. 7
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`other directions.
`
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`

`ae»oetinacaes r
`—
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`Websites, however,areadeseneds
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`
`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 15
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`

`
`
`First, the raw materials are collected
`for the Web page. Content may be
`any number of things—family pho-
`tos, poems, personal opinions,text
`of any kind, even sound clips and
`movies. Text can be easily compiled
`with any word processor, such as
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Microsoft Word.
`
`
`
`Text Editor
`
`
`
`Tee pewerde eyed wend Gamsen bed be ee Fis Plog ef rome
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`
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`

`
`
`Gi The Webpagecantypically be posted
`by means of a dial-up connection to
`the Internet (via a local ISP). Many ISPs
`provide the space
`for doingthis free of
`
`‘charge as part of teir monthly fee.
`
`.
`
`
`
`ISP
`
`
`
`
`Bs vi Bangi Tis Xt . A ante program is used to log on“8»
`=
`ae tn}
`s
`to the ISP’s Web server; many
`Vy
`good onesare available as share-
`ware on the Internet. The ISP is-
`sues a username and password at
`sign-up time, which are used to log
`on to the directory where the
`HTML page,graphics, and other
`media will be placed. After the var-
`ious elements are putin the right
`folder, the “live” pages can be
`checked on the Web using the URL
`provided by the ISP.
`
`_
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`eS
`
`
`
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`7
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`“Apage can cometo life with a few well-chosen images.In designing a
`
`family home page, for example, a scanned photo might work well on the
`__Webpage.Icons or colored bullets spruce upatext list, and navigational icons such
`b ; asarrows orpointers let a user move logically aroundthe site. A whole rangeof
`|
`shareware imageeditors is available ontheInternet. The most full-featured commer-
`
`‘ ialimageeditoris Photoshop by Adobe. Photoshopis a professional-grade program
`thatallowsyou to modify, create, or resize virtually any digital image.
`
`HTML Editor
`
`
`
`
`{FT ETTCs"rates” CITES"49)
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`QE if you want to add other media to your pages—suchasdigi-
`tized sound, music, or video—you will need accesstothe
`digital files, or you can digitize them yourself with additional
`computer hardware. Whenyou are dealing with media with
`large file sizes—such as a 4MB movie—it will take users a very
`long time to downloadthefile. During editing, try to trim all/the
`fat out of video and audio clips. Also try to scale backthe
`length and resolution of audio and video to decreasefile size.
`
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`

` Lil e ayaaUGS ‘a
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`CHAPTER How Web
`Browsers Work |fi
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`

`
`
`
`
`Li KE muchofthe Internet, the World Wide Web operates on a client/server model. You run a Web
`client on your computer—called a Web browser—such as Netscape Communicator, or Microsoft's
`Internet Explorer. Thatclient contacts a Web server and requests information or resources. The Web
`server locates and then sendsthe information to the Web browser, which displays the results.
`When Web browsers contactservers, they're asking to view pages built with Hypertext Markup
`Language (HTML).They interpret those pages anddisplay them on your computer. Theyalso can dis-
`play applications, programs, animations, and similar material created with programminglanguages
`such as Java and ActiveX, and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
`Sometimes, homepagescontain linkstofiles that the Web browsercan’t play or display, such as
`soundor animationfiles. In that case, you'll need a plug-in or a helper application. You configure your
`Web browserto use the helper application or plug-in wheneverit encountersa sound or animationfile
`that the browser can’t run orplay.
`Overthe years, Web browsers have become increasingly sophisticated. Browsers have now become
`full-blown softwaresuites that can do everything from videoconferencing to letting you create and
`publish HTMLpages. They havealso begun to blur the line between your local computer andthe
`Internet—in essence, they can make your computer andthe Internet function as a single computer
`system.
`Toward this end ofbringing the Internet more directly into computers, Microsoft has integrated
`Web browsing andthe Internetdirectly into the operating system. For example, with Internet Explorer
`4.0 andlater, and with Windows 98, the Windowsdesktop can be HTML-based. This means Weblinks
`can be directly embeddedinto the desktop.So,for example, you can havelinks to your favorite Web
`pages right on the desktop. And even applications such as word processors now have Web capabilities
`built into them, such as being able to browse the Web, or build homepages. Even moresignificantly,
`using technology that Microsoft calls Active Desktop, Internet-based desktop components can live on the
`desktop. These components can bethings such as stock tickers, which deliver live Web content directly
`to the desktop. You don’t needto gofire up your Web browser to get the information;it’s delivered
`straight to your Windowsdesktop without your having to do anything.
`Both Microsoft and Netscapehavealso built entire suites of software aroundtheir browsers.
`Netscape, for example,calls its suite Netscape Communicator. Communicator includes modulesfor
`reading newsgroups; for reading, sending and managing Internet mail; for audio conferencing; for col-
`laborative work on whiteboard applications in which people can view and mark up the same documents
`simultaneously; and more. These enhancements will help usherin anera of collaborative computing.
`Not only will the Internet be used to transmit and receive information, butit will also alter the way we
`do business and help us communicate moreeffectively.
`
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`

`
`
`
`
`How a Web Browser Works
`Webbrowsersconsistof client soft-
`[J A Webbrowserdisplays information on your computerbyinter-
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`ware-thatsruns:on:your-computerand
`preting the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)thats Used ‘to
`displays home pages on the Web.
`build home pages on the Web. Homepagesusually display graph. |
`There are clients for PC, Macintosh,
`ics, sound, and multimedia files, as well as links to other pages,
`and UNIX computers.
`files|thaticanjberdownloadedjjandjother|Internetyresources)
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`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`Wal
`
`ryreicefoSaPL Reid,
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`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 21
`
`3H
`
`themeaningsoftags areeasilydeciphefEvenye
`
`less-than and a greater-than sign-—<P>, Often tags anes
`They are identical except for a—onain the ent
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`
`IPR2020-00677
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`

`

`ie Ee
`
`a : HE 7 WO nid Lo |
`
`HO om)
`
`How Netscape
`Communicator Works
`
`
`
`Netscape Communicator is a complete
`suite of Internet applications, not merely
`Bb Thecenterpiece of
`
`a Webbrowser. Any individual compo-
`Communicator is
`nent can be run alone,or it can be run in
`Netscape Navigator,
`
`
`concert
`with other components.
`the Web browser
`
`component.
`
`
`
`|
`|
`
`
`
`7 Communicatoralsoin-
`cludes an HTML editor
`that allows you to edit,
`create, and post HTML
`to the Web.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Gi The Netcaster componentof
`Communicator allows for push
`technology to send information to
`
`you over the Internet, and for “sub-
`scriptions” to Web sites. This saves
`time and allows information to be
`read offline while you're not con-
`
`nected to the Internet.
`
`
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`

`

`ruADTED 5°
`
`HOW WED Apr
`
`6
`
`
`
`
`
`El Netscape Conferenceis the workgroup and multimedia
`communications component of Communicator, used
`primarily on intranets.It allows people to hold group
`conference calls from their computers, as well as view
`and use sharedfiles and documents together.This is
`called a whiteboardapplication.
`
`ek - A 5 q HR £3 noy WED DAW YTSE
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`Conference
`
`
`
`intranet-based discussions.
`
`
`8 nail component
`
`called Netscape Messenger. Unlike some
`
`other email packages, Messenger can read
`Messenger
`
`HTML documents so you can receive entire
`
`Web pagesas well as
`messagesthat include
`
`
`5|Two other Communicator componentsallow for reading newsgroups
`and online discussions on the Internet. A Usenet newsgroup reader
`gives access to Usenet, whereas software called Collabra allows for
`
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`

`}
`
`4
`
`PART
`
`1
`'
`J
`HOW THE WORLD WIDE WwW
`
`P at 00] |eh eei
`9
`NVI EO WegSo seeloaBRE
`
`How Internet Explorer
`Integrates into Windows
`
`Internet Explorer4.0 and later—and Windows 98—blur
`the distinction between your computerandtheInternet.
`This change hasa great impact on Web browsing. The
`Active Desktop is primarily responsible for this en-
`hancement.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`Met, bo pn! Newt Ty
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`PeEray
`
`
`
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`Vudu Ex. 1010, Page 25
`
`7 You can then launch any documentby double-clicking
`it, just as you would normally do in Windows. You'll
`read the documentin your normal application, not
`within Internet Explorer.
`
`A Desktop componentscan be placed on
`this background HTMLlayer. Desktop
`components are HTML
`frames
`that
`contain HTML-ba:
`tions. For exar
`
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`

`

`
`
`
`
`What Common BrowserError
`Messages Mean
`
`Oneof the mostfrustrating experiences in browsing the Webis the error messagesthat browsers display when
`they‘re having trouble contacting a Web site. Depending on what browser you use, and whatversion of the
`browseryou're using, those messages might bedifferent. Version 5.0 and later of Internet Explorer, for example,
`sometimes displays error messagesin plain English. But most browsers don't. Here's a list of the most common
`browsererror messages—and what they mean.
`
`DNS Server
`
`Server Does Not Have a DNS Entry
`When youtype a URL in your browserto visit a
`site, your computer contacts a server called a
`
`a DNS (Domain Name System) server. The DNS
`
`with the DNS server. Check the URL and retypeit. By 503 Service Unavailable
`WebServer
`
`e
`
`servertranslates the URL into the IP number that
`computers can understand—andafterit does
`that, your browsercan go to the site. (For more
`information about DNS servers, see Chapter 7,
`“How the Domain Name System Works.”) If you
`get an error message telling you the server
`
`? doesn’t have a DNSentry, it means thatthe
`? server doesn’t havea listing for the URL you
`® typed. This usually either meansthat you typed
`the URL incorrectly, or there'is something wrong
`
`@
`
`This is a catch-all error message for a va-
`riety of problems, butall of them mean
`that the Web site hasn’t been able to be
`contacted by your browser. The problem
`might be that the site’s server has
`crashed becauseof too much traffic, or
`that there’s network congestion.
`
`
`
`3 403.9 Access Forbidden. Too Many Users Are Connected.
`Some Web sites recognize that if they get too muchtraffic at once,
`WebServer
`the entire site can be brought down, and no onewill
`be able to visit. Those sites put alimit on the
`numberof people who can come tothe
`site at once—in that way,thesite will
`alwaysbe available, even if everyone
`whowantstovisit can’t get in, If you
`get this “Too Many Users Are
`Connected” message,it usually
`meansthat the Web site is up and
`running, but you can’t get in be-
`cause the maximum numberof peo-
`ple are already on the site. Keep
`trying—whenonepersonleaves, an-
`other can comein, and it might be you.
`
`
`
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`

`rete ae
`WORK
`
`
`
`43.
`
`}
`
`WebServer
`
`E 404 Not Found
`When youget this message,it means that
`you've arrived at the right Website, but the
`specific page you're looking for can't be
`found. That specific page might have been
`deleted from the site or moved—or you
`might have typedthelocation incorrectly.
`
` Wwapk lAz
`
`WebServer
` Router
`
`|
`i}
`
`!
`
`ii
`1]
`
`|
`
`||
`|
`i
`
`Gi 401 Unauthorized and 403 Forbidden
`\f you geteither of these error messages, it means that you’re trying to enter
`a Website that allows only certain people in—and it’s not allowing you to
`enter. Typically, these kinds of Web sites are password protected, and might
`also allow peopleto visit who are only from certain domains, such as
`zd.com. If you've entered a password, you might have enteredit improperly,
`or you might notbe in a domain that’s
`allowed to enter the Web site.
`
`cee
`
`GC Spinning Hourglass
`This isn’t an error message that your browser displays—instead, your
`Windowscursorturns into a spinning hourglass. The spinning hourglass
`tells you that your browseris trying to make a connection to a Website.If it
`keeps spinning and a connection is never made,it can mean that an Internet
`router someplace between where you are and where you're trying to visit
`has crashed and you can’t make the connection.
`
`Web Server
`
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`:
`;
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` CHAPTER How Markup
`
`
`
`Languages
`Work
`
`IPR2020-00677
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`

`
`
`MARICUP languagesare the road signs of a Web page. Theyaresets ofdirectionsthattell the
`browser software howto display and manage a Web document, much like written music scoresare in-
`structions thattell a musician howto playa particular song. These instructions(called tags or markups)
`are embeddedin the source documentthat creates the Web page.
`Tags reference graphic images locatedin separate files, and they instruct the browserto retrieve and
`display these images within the page. Tags can also tell a browser to connect a user to anotherfile or
`URL whenheorsheclicks an active hyperlink. So each Web page has everything it needsto be dis-
`played on any computer with a browser that can interpret the markup language.
`Youroriginal text will probably have headings, multiple paragraphs, and some simple formatting.
`A Web browserwill not understandall these layout instructions becausetheoriginal text isn’t format-
`ted with HTML, the language of the Web (discussedlater in this chapter). Paragraphs, carriage returns,
`indents, and multiple spaces will be showninsteadas a single space if no HTML markupis added.
`Markuplanguages should not be confused with programming languages, such as C+ orPascal.
`Programming languages are used to write complex applications, such as word processors or spread-
`sheets. Markup languages, in contrast, are much simpler and describe the way that information should
`be displayed—for example, by defining when text should be boldface. In markup languages,tags are
`embedded within documentsto describe how the documents should be formatted and displayed.
`Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)is the markup language ofthe Web.It defines the formatof a
`Web documentandenables hypertext links to be embedded in the document. You canuse anytext edi-
`tor or word processor to add HTMLtags to an ASCII text document, although a number of shareware
`and commercially available HTMLeditors can assist Web page authorsas well.
`The Webevolves daily, and HTMLalso expands and changes along with it. The newest changesto
`HTMLareagroup oftechnologies, which together are termed Dynamic HTML or DHTML.These
`technologies allow HTMLto be morethanastatic language, and they enable HTMLto perform anima-
`tions and become more interactive and flexible. It might take a while for this technology to catch on,
`but whenit does, it should change th