`

`Creating a color curve
`The arbitrary map feature allows you to correct the color in an image by
`remapping the color values of pixels with a high degree of accuracy. Remapping
`changes the current color values of pixels to different color values. You can define
`a color curve to create special effects. In conjunction with the separation setup
`parameters, the arbitrary map can also be used to create custom black-generation
`functions used to define the conversion from RGB to CMYK.
`Each pixel in the image is mapped to a certain color level or levels from 0 (black)
`to 255 (white). The arbitrary map feature remaps the pixels' color values by
`defining a curve that specifies the different color values to which the pixels are to
`be mapped. The remapping is done through the Arbitrary Map dialog box, which
`is accessed through the Arbitrary command in the Map submenu.
`The arbitrary map feature works on the active channel. If you open the Arbitrary
`Map dialog box while working on an indexed color image or the RGB channel of
`an RGB image, you have the option of remapping the color values for all three
`channels at once, or remapping the color values for individual channels separate(cid:173)
`ly. If you select the master channel, the changes you make are applied to all three
`channels. If you select the red, green, or blue channel, the changes are applied to
`the selected channel after the changes have been applied to the master channel's
`map.
`You use the large square field in the Arbitrary Map dialog box to remap the color
`values of pixels in the image. You remap the color values by defining a curve in
`which the X and Y values for a given pOint on the curve are different. To define
`the curve used to remap the pixels' color values, you drag through the square
`field, which functions as a graph in which X and Y coordinates represent color
`values.
`The X axis represents the original color values of the pixels, and the Y axis repre(cid:173)
`sents the new color values. Both axes range from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The X
`values increase from left to right, and the Y values increase from bottom to top.
`The diagonal line that appears by default in the field shows the current status of
`the pixels' color values, where the X values are equal to the Y values.
`As you remap the pixels' color values, you can constrain the curve you draw to a
`line. After you have defined the curve, you can smooth it, or reset the curve to
`the diagonal line that appears when you first open the dialog box.
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`When the pOinter is positioned at the extreme lower right corner of the field, the
`X value, the current color value, is 255, and the Y value, the new color value for
`the pixels, is O. Markers appear on the sides of the field, and show the position of
`the pointer relative to the original and new color levels. Each tick mark on the
`side of the field represents approximately 13 steps in the 256-step scale.
`In the illustration below, a straight line has been drawn from the lower right
`corner to the upper left corner, to create a negative of the current image, because
`the current color level of each pixel is remapped to its inverse value on the scale.
`
`Gray scale image before remapping
`
`After remapping
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`4. To smooth the curve you've drawn, click Smooth.
`
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`
`To constrain the pencil pointer to draw straight lines:
`1. Click in the field where you want the line to begin.
`2. Hold down the Shift key.
`3. Click where you want the straight line to end.
`4. Release the Shift key.
`S. As an option, to reset the curve to the straight, diagonal line where X axis values
`equal Y axis values, click Reset.
`6. To apply the arbitrary map to the image, click OK.
`To save the current arbitrary map:
`1. Click Save in the Arbitrary Map dialog box.
`2. Type the file name in which you want to save the arbitrary map.
`If necessary, use the drive and directory buttons to access the folder in which you
`want to save the map.
`3. Click Save.
`The arbitrary map is saved with the name and in the location you specified.
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`To load a previously saved map:
`1. Click Load in the Arbitrary Map dialog box.
`The Open dialog box appears.
`If necessary, use the drive and directory buttons to open the folder that contains
`the map you want to load.
`2. Click the map you want.
`3. Click Open.
`4. Click OK to apply the map to the image.
`The selected arbitrary map is loaded into the dialog box and is used to remap the
`brightness levels of the pixels in the document.
`
`Before brightness curve
`
`After brightness curve
`
`Creating and using custom color correction maps
`In a production environment, you may need to scan a large number of images
`and apply the same set of color corrections to all of them. You can do so two
`ways: through a keyboard enhancement program, or by creating a custom color
`correction map.
`Keyboard enhancement programs, like QuickeysTM, allow you to record the key(cid:173)
`strokes for your first set of corrections, and play the keystrokes back for subse(cid:173)
`quent images. The playback is dependent on the sophistication of your keyboard
`enhancement program.
`Custom color correction maps, once created, can be applied each time you need
`to scan and make color corrections to a batch of images.
`The custom map files on the Calibration disk included in the Adobe Photoshop
`package can be used to adjust colors or gray values. The files, called Custom Mapl
`RGB or Custom Map/B&W, for color or gray-scale images, respectively, contain
`the base color information needed to create custom, arbitrary maps.
`
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`Creating and using a custom color correction map is a two-step process. First, you
`adjust your image and record the adjustment values. You transfer those values to
`the Custom Map file, then save that file in the Raw format. Once saved, the file
`becomes an arbitrary map. To use the map to adjust color in a batch of images,
`load the new arbitrary map into the Arbitrary Map dialog box, and then apply the
`map to your image or series of images.
`To create a color correction map:
`1. Open the image to be used to create the custom map. This will be your calibration
`image.
`2. Open the Custom Map/RGB or Custom Map/B&W file, depending on whether
`your calibration image is color or gray scale.
`3. Click your calibration image to make it the active window.
`4. In either the Map and Adjust submenu in the Image menu, choose any of the
`following color adjustment commands to run on the calibration image: Levels,
`Color Balance, Invert, Threshold, Posterize.
`5. Record the order in which the adjustments are applied, and write down the
`numerical values of each adjustment. For example, if Levels adjustment is used
`and the Input Levels are changed to 1/5, 1.4, and 245," write those numbers down.
`6. When you have finished making all adjustments to the calibration image, make
`the Custom Map file the active window.
`7. Apply all of the changes you made to the calibration document to the Custom
`Map file, in the order in which they were made.
`S. Choose Save As from the File menu, and select the Raw file format.
`9. Type the document name you wish; it may be helpful to append "map" to the
`name. Enter SBLT for the File Type, and SBIM for the File Creator. Check the Non(cid:173)
`interleaved radio button if you are saving an RGB ajustment. Click OK.
`You have now created and saved a custom color correction map.
`To apply this map to other images:
`1. Open the image in which you will correct the color.
`2. Choose Map from the Image menu.
`3. Choose Arbitrary Map from the Map submenu. The Arbitrary Map dialog box
`appears.
`4. Click Load to locate and load the saved color correction map. You can now
`correct the color in your image.
`5. To apply the map to your image, click OK.
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`Adjusting the brightness, contrast, and gamma precisely
`The Adjust Levels command is a powerful tool that allows you to change the
`brightness, contrast, and gamma of an image. Like the Brightness/Contrast
`command, the Adjust Levels command allows you to adjust the brightness and
`contrast in an image. In addition, the Adjust Levels command displays a histo(cid:173)
`gram that lets you see precisely how the changes you make affect the color values
`of pixels in an image.
`Like the other color correction commands, you can use the Adjust Levels com(cid:173)
`mand to adjust color values to visually satisfactory standards. You can also use
`the Adjust Levels command to make very precise changes based upon the color
`values of pixels in the image.
`The ability to adjust the gamma in the image allows you to change the color
`values of the pixels with middle gray values without dramatically changing the
`shadows (very dark pixels) and highlights (very light pixels). You can increase
`or reduce the brightness and contrast in both the highlights and shadows of an
`image.
`The Adjust Levels dialog box displays a histogram of the image. The histogram
`plots the color values versus the number of pixels at each level. You use the slider
`controls at the bottom of the Levels dialog box (Output Levels) to reduce the
`contrast in the image; you use the slider controls directly below the histogram
`(Input Levels) to increase the contrast in the image, and to adjust the brightness
`and gamma.
`If you are working on an RGB or indexed color image, you can select the master
`channel to adjust the color values and apply the changes to the red, green, and
`blue channels Simultaneously, or you can select a single channel and apply the
`changes to that specific channel.
`You can move the dialog box to a convenient location to view the effects of your
`changes by dragging the dialog box by its title bar.
`
`Reducing the contrast using Output Levels
`You can use the slider controls on the bottom of the Adjust Levels dialog box
`(Output Levels) to reduce the contrast in the image. Reducing the contrast using
`the Output Levels control has the effect of lightening the image. The slider
`has two controls: the left, black triangle controls the shadows, and the right,
`white triangle controls the highlights. These slide bar controls allow you to
`remap the color values of pixels in order to narrow the tonal range of an image.
`The triangles' positions on the slide bar correspond to color values.
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`The values beside the title "Input Levels" display the values for the shadow color
`levels on the left, the gamma in the middle, and the highlight color levels on the
`right. The position of the Input Levels triangles is mapped to color values. As the
`position of the Input Levels triangles changes, the values above the slider controls
`change.
`To increase the contrast in the shadow areas and darken the image:
`
`1. Choose Adjust from the Image menu.
`2. Choose Levels from the Adjust submenu.
`The Levels dialog box appears.
`
`3. To work on an individual channel, click Red, Green, or Blue.
`4. Position the pointer on the black Input Levels triangle beneath the histogram.
`S. Holding down the mouse button, drag the black Input Levels triangle to the level
`at which you want to map the darkest color value (0) . As you drag, the left value
`above the slide bar displays the current level.
`
`6. When the contrast in the image is increased to the desired amount, release the
`mouse button.
`7. To preview the change to the selection, click Preview.
`
`8. To apply the change to the image, click OK. To cancel the change or preview,
`click Cancel.
`
`Original image
`
`Adjust levels: input levels black triangle, 30
`
`To increase the contrast in the highlight areas and lighten the image:
`
`1. Choose Adjust from the Image menu.
`2. Choose Levels from the Adjust submenu.
`
`The Levels dialog box appears.
`
`3. To work on an individual channel, click Red, Green, or Blue.
`4. Position the pointer on the the white triangle directly beneath the histogram
`(Input Levels).
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`5. Holding down the mouse button, drag the white Input Levels triangle to the level
`at which you want to map the brightest value (255). As you drag, the right value
`above the slide bar displays the current level.
`6. When the contrast in the image is increased to the desired amount, release the
`mouse button.
`7. To preview the change to the selection, click Preview.
`8. To apply the change to the image, click OK. To cancel the change or preview,
`click Cancel.
`
`Original image
`
`Input levels white triangle at 200
`
`Adjusting the gamma
`At times, you might want to lighten or darken an image without substantially
`changing the highlights and shadows. The gamma control allows you to do this.
`The gamma control is the gray, middle triangle in the Input Levels controls. The
`gamma control primarily affects the color values of the midtones (the middle
`color values in an image). The solid black-and-white areas are not affected.
`To adjust the brightness levels of the midtones:
`1. Choose Adjust from the Image menu.
`2. Choose Levels from the Adjust submenu.
`The Levels dialog box appears.
`3. To work on an individual channel, click Red, Green, or Blue.
`4. Position the pOinter on the gray middle triangle directly beneath the histogram
`(Input Levels).
`5. Holding down the mouse button, drag the gray Input Levels triangle to the right
`to darken the image, or drag to the left to lighten the image.
`6. When the mid tones are adjusted to the level you want, release the mouse button.
`7. To preview the change to the selection, click Preview.
`
`o
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`Adjusting the saturation
`
`You use the triangle control beneath the title "Saturation" in the Hue/Saturation
`dialog box to adjust the level of saturation in an image. This operation functions
`in a manner similar tothat of the color wheel. The change in saturation using this
`control is analogous to clicking on the color wheel to adjust the saturation.
`To adjust the saturation of an image:
`1. Choose Adjust from the Image menu.
`2. Choose Hue/Saturation from the Adjust submenu.
`The Hue/Saturation dialog box appears.
`3. Position the pointer on the Saturation triangle.
`4. Holding down the mouse button, drag to the right to increase the saturation, or
`drag to the left to decrease the saturation.
`S. When the saturation adjustment you want is displayed, release the mouse but(cid:173)
`ton.
`6. To preview the change to the selection, click Preview.
`7. To apply the change to the image, click OK. To cancel the change or preview,
`click Cancel.
`
`Saturation: +75
`
`Saturation: -75
`
`Using the Colorize option
`The Colorize option in the Hue/Saturation dialog box allows you to remap the
`hue and saturation levels of pixels to specific values. When you change the
`hue while the Colorize option is active, all colors are remapped to a specific loca(cid:173)
`tion on the color wheel; also, the lightness of the pixels is maintained. The
`Colorize option, when active, adjusts the saturation value of pixels by a specific
`percentage.
`This differs from the standard operation in which the hue and saturation changes
`are based upon the existing values of the pixels. When you change the hue in the
`standard mode, the colors in each pixel rotate around the color wheel the speci(cid:173)
`fied number of degrees relative to their current positions on the wheel.
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`When the Colorize option is active, red is treated as the 0 degree pOint on the
`color wheel and the rotation value you specify using the Hue slider control is
`measured from that point of origin. For example, if you select the Colorize option
`and drag the Hue triangle until -90 is displayed, the image takes on a blue cast
`because blue is located 90 degrees in the clockwise direction from red.
`
`Original image
`
`Hue: -90
`
`I NOTE: Because the Colorize option preselves the lightness value of each pixel, pure
`
`black and pure white are not colored, while the middle gray pixels are colored
`completely. [fyou want to color the black-and-white pixels, you must first use the
`Adjust Levels command to remap these pixels to middle gray.
`
`To use the Colorize option:
`1. Choose Adjust from the Image menu.
`2. Choose Hue/Saturation from the Adjust submenu.
`The Hue/Saturation dialog box appears.
`3. Click Colorize.
`4. Use the Hue slider to select the hue to which you want the pixels remapped.
`5. Use the Saturation slider to adjust the saturation of the pixels.
`6. To preview the change to the selection, click Preview.
`7. To apply the change to the image, click OK. To cancel the change or preview,
`click Cancel.
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`Petitioner Exhibit 1026, Page 0324
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`Petitioner Exhibit 1026, Page 0324
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`(
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`(' Chapter 17: Using Filters to Modify Images
`
`('
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`((cid:173)
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`The Adobe Photos hop program includes almost two dozen filters that allow you
`to soften or sharpen the focus, and apply special effects to images. With filters,
`you can soften, sharpen, fracture, or offset a selection. You can outline an image's
`edges, where abrupt color transitions occur. You can also customize your own
`filter to create special effects, and store the filter for reuse with other images. In
`addition, the Adobe Photoshop program also supports plug-in filters, designed by
`third-party software developers. Once installed, the filters are accessed by the
`Filter command in the Image menu.
`The softening filters include the Blur, Blur More, Despeckle, Gaussian Blur and
`Motion Blur filters. The Diffuse filter makes a selection look less focused by
`moving pixels.
`Sharpening filters include the Sharpen, Sharpen More, Sharpen Edges, and
`Un sharp Mask filters.
`The High Pass filter retains the high frequency part of an image and suppresses
`the low frequency parts.
`Outlining filters include the Trace Contour and Find Edges filters.
`The Median, Minimum, and Maximum filters change the brightness of pixels.
`They evaluate the area around a pixel and replace the brightness value of the
`current pixel with the median, minimum, or maximum brightness value of the
`surrounding pixels.
`Filters that can be used to create special effects include the Facet, Fragment,
`Mosaic, Offset, and Add Noise filters. The Facet, Fragment, Mosaic, and Offset
`filters all displace pixels to make a selection appear as if it has been broken up.
`The Custom filter allows you to create your own filter by adding values to a grid
`that is used to perform a mathematical equation on pixels.
`Many of the filters work by evaluating the brightness value of pixels in a selec(cid:173)
`tion, then changing the values. Changes are determined by making calculations
`that affect the pixels surrounding the current pixel. The current pixel is the pixel
`whose color value is currently being evaluated. The Adobe Photoshop program
`automatically evaluates each pixel in the selection individually, calculates its new
`brightness value, and then evaluates the next pixel in the selection. Other filters,
`like the Fragment filter, make several copies of a selection, then offset them.
`All the filter commands operate on the active channel. If there is a selection in
`the image, the changes you make using the filters are applied to the selection; if
`there is no selection, the changes are applied to the entire channel. In this guide,
`the effects are described as being applied to the selection.
`Once you choose a filter, that filter appears in the Image menu. You can use the
`same filter again by typing Command-F.
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`The Blur and Blur More filters
`
`In addition to softening an image, the Blur and Blur More filters can be used to
`eliminate noise in the higher frequency parts of the image where abrupt color
`transition occur. Blur More produces a stronger blur effect (about three or four
`times stronger) than the Blur filter.
`
`Original image
`
`Blur More: applied four times
`
`The Despeckle filter
`
`The Despeckle filter detects the edges on an image, the areas where significant
`color changes occur, and blurs all of the current selection, except for the edges in
`the selection. Because the eye tends to notice the edges more than interior areas,
`the effect is a subtle blurring of the selection.
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`The Gaussian Blur filter
`
`The Gaussian Blur filter quickly blurs a selection by a large amount; the effect is
`similar to choosing the Blur or Blur More filters several times. "Gaussian" refers
`to the shape of the curve of the color values of the pixels in the selection that
`results from implementing the filter. The resulting curve is a bel1-shaped or Gaus(cid:173)
`sian curve.
`
`When you use the Gaussian Blur filter, you can specify a value that determines
`the degree of blurring that is to be applied to the selection. The value determines
`how much information from neighboring pixels is used in the blur calculations.
`The value you enter defines a radius (in pixels) around each pixel. The wider the
`radius, the more information is included in the blur calculations, and the stronger
`the blur effect. You can enter decimal values to specify the amount of blurring
`you want.
`To use the Gaussian Blur filter:
`1. Select the part of the image you want to blur.
`2. Choose Filter from the Image menu.
`3. Choose Gaussian Blur from the Filter submenu.
`The Gaussian Blur dialog box appears.
`
`Gaussian Blur. ..
`
`Radius: I'll
`
`(pi He Is)
`
`n OK D
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`( cancel)
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`4. Enter a value from 0.1 to 100.0 to represent the amount of blurring you want.
`S. Click OK.
`The selection is blurred.
`
`Original image
`
`Gaussian Blur: 2
`
`Gaussian Blur: 8.5
`
`The Motion Blur filter
`
`The Motion Blur filter produces a blur effect in a particular direction and of a
`specific intensity. The motion blur effect is analogous to taking a picture of a
`moving object with a fixed exposure time. You could use this filter to simulate
`the blurred image of a moving object.
`You specify an angle and a distance with the Motion Blur filter. The Angle param(cid:173)
`eter allows you to specify the direction in which the object is moving, and the
`Distance parameter allows you to specify how far the object moves during the
`exposure. You specify an angle for the direction of the blur effect, where 0 degrees
`is located at 3 o'clock. The Distance parameter determines the severity of the blur
`effect. Enter a high value to produce a strong blur; enter a low value to produce a
`weak blur.
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`Chapter 17: Using Filters to Modify Images
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`Petitioner Exhibit 1026, Page 0329
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`4. Click on the Diffusion mode you want.
`
`5. Click OK.
`The Diffuse filter is applied to the selection.
`
`Original image
`
`Diffuse: Normal, applied three times
`
`Diffuse: Lighten Only, applied three times
`
`Diffuse: Darken Only, applied three times
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`Using filters to sharpen an image
`The Sharpen, Sharpen More, Sharpen Edges, and Unsharp Mask filters bring a
`selection into focus and improve the clarity of an image by increasing the contrast
`in adjacent pixels in the selection. The Sharpen More filter applies a stronger
`sharpening effect than the Sharpen filter.
`The Sharpen Edges filter only sharpens the parts of the image where significant
`color transitions appear. Because the eye notices changes around the edges of
`images more than in other areas, you can use the Sharpen Edges filter to focus an
`image without sharpening the entire image unnecessarily. The Unsharp Mask
`filter sharpens the high-frequency areas (the areas where abrupt color transitions
`occur) in a selection. The effects of these filters are shown below.
`All of the sharpening filters work in a similar manner.
`To use a sharpening filter:
`1. Select the part of the image you want to sharpen.
`2. Choose Filter from the Image menu.
`3. Holding down the mouse button, choose the sharpening filter.
`4. Release the mouse button.
`The selection is sharpened.
`
`Original image
`
`Sharpen More applied
`
`Original image
`
`Sharpen Edges applied
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`Chapter 17: Using Filters to Modify Images
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`Petitioner Exhibit 1026, Page 0333
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`The Unsharp Mask filter
`The Unsharp Mask filter increases sharpness at the edges of density change in an
`image. The filter is commonly used in pre-press production to enhance details in
`the separations by producing exaggerated density at the borders of a color
`change.
`The Unsharp Mask filter is useful for sharpening high-frequency areas in an
`image. The filter tends to have the greatest affect on high-frequency areas, where
`abrupt color transitions occur. The filter also will amplify a variable amount of
`lower frequency detail.
`The Unsharp Mask filter sharpens pixels using a variable radius. You specify a
`radius (in pixels) around the current pixel, which is being evaluated. The Unsharp
`Mask filter then blurs a selection according to the specified radius. A fraction of
`this blurred result is then subtracted from the original data, resulting in a sharp(cid:173)
`ening effect. The larger the radius, the more information is included in the filter's
`calculations. If you specify a high value for the radius, the lower frequencies
`will be amplified; if you specify a low value, only high-frequency areas will be
`amplified.
`You can also specify the percentage of the filter's effect. The higher the percent(cid:173)
`age, the stronger the effect of the Unsharp filter mask on a selection. If you spec(cid:173)
`ify a low value, only a fraction of the effect is applied; if you specify a high value,
`most of the effect is applied.
`To use the Unsharp Mask filter:
`1. Select the part of the image to which you will apply the Unsharp Mask filter.
`2. Choose Filter from the Image menu.
`3. Choose Unsharp Mask from the Filter submenu. The Unsharp Mask dialog box
`appears.
`
`Unsharp MaSk ...
`Amount: IE~.I %
`Radius: 0
`(piJ-cels)
`
`~ OK l
`
`( cancel)
`
`4. Enter the percentage amount of the unsharp effect you want to be applied, from
`1 to 500.
`S. Press the Tab key or click the Radius text box.
`6. Enter a value from 0.1 to 99.9 for the radius of pixels surrounding the current
`pixel that will be included in the filter's calculation.
`7. Click OK.
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`The Unsharp Mask filter is applied to the selection.
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`Original image
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`Unsharp Mask: radius 1.0/1 00%
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`Unsharp Mask: radius 5.0/1 00%
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`Using filters to outline areas of color transition
`Both the Find Edges and Trace Contour filters outline areas of an image where
`abrupt color transitions occur.
`Color transitions between pixels can be gradual or abrupt. Gradual transitions
`occur in areas of an image that share the same or similar colors. Abrupt transi(cid:173)
`tions tend to occur at the edges of an image, where different parts of an image
`meet.
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`Using filters to brighten an image
`The Median, Maximum, and Minimum filters allow you to examine pixels in a
`given area of a selection, and adjust their brightness. Operating on one pixel at a
`time (the current pixel), these filters examine the brightness values of the sur(cid:173)
`rounding pixels and replace the brightness value of the current pixel with either
`the maximum, minimum, or median brightness value encountered, depending
`on which filter you choose.
`For all of these filters, you specify a radius that determines how far around the
`current pixel the filter looks at brightness values of surrounding pixels. The
`Maximum and Minimum filters use a value from 1 to 10 for the radius; the
`Median filter uses a value from 1 to 16 for the radius.
`The Median, Maximum, and Minimum filters work in a similar manner.
`To adjust the brightness values of pixels based on the values of pixels in the
`area:
`1. Select the part of the image to which you want to apply the filter.
`2. Choose Filter from the Image menu.
`3. Choose either Maximum, Minimum, or Median from the Filter submenu.
`The dialog box for the filter you chose appears.
`4. For the Maximum and Minimum filters, enter a value from 1 to 10. For the
`Median filter, enter a value from 1 to 16.
`S. Click OK.
`The filter is applied to the selection.
`
`The Median filter
`The Median filter eliminates noise in an image. The Median filter normalizes the
`brightness levels of random noise pixels to the brightness levels of the surround(cid:173)
`ing pixels. Noise appears as pixels with random color values that are interspersed
`among the other pixels in an image.
`
`Median ...
`
`Radius: II_I (pi He Is)
`
`(
`
`OK
`
`]
`
`( Cancel J
`
`The Median filter eliminates large statistical variances in pixel brightness by re(cid:173)
`placing each pixel with the median value of its neighbors. Unlike a blur function,
`the Median filter eliminates noise rather than spreading it out over neighboring
`pixels. As a result, the Median filter can make an image appear blurred.
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`The Offset filter
`The Offset filter moves the pixels in a selection a specified distance in a specified
`direction. The area left empty by the move is replaced with an adjacent part of
`the image. If the selection is not located near the edge of the image, the effect of
`the filter is to create a duplicate of the image and place it directly beneath the
`original.
`When you offset the selection, a "hole" the size of the selection is created in the
`top image, and the bottom image is moved over the specified distance in the
`specified direction while the top image remains in the same position. The bottom
`image shows through the hole left by the selection.
`If the selection appears near the edge of an image, the area outside the image is
`undefined. You can specify what appears in the hole when the selection is offset.
`By default, the hole left by the selection is filled with the current background color.
`You have three choices for what will appear in the space left behind the selection
`after it has been offset: Set to background, which fills the space with the current
`background color; Repeat edge pixels, which extends the colors of the pixels
`along the edge of the image through the space; and Wrap around, which causes
`the image to wrap to fill the space.
`
`Original selection
`
`Set to background, horizontal value: 50;
`vertical value: 0
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`When the Repeat edge pixels option is active, the pixels along the edge of the
`image are repeated across the space in the direction the selection is offset. This
`can create a banding effect if the edge pixels are different colors.
`
`Original selection
`
`Repeat edge pixels, horizontal value: 50;
`vertical value: 0
`
`The Wrap around option makes the image wrap around the part of the image
`opposite the selected area. You can use the Wrap around option to create a pattern
`that tiles correctly. Often when you create a pattern, the seams where the elements
`of the pattern join together are visible and detract from the pattern's appearance.
`You can use the Offset filter and the Wrap around option to expose the seam in a
`pattern, adjust the pattern to remove the seam, then define the pattern as your
`custom pattern using the Define Pattern command in the Edit menu.
`When The Wrap around option is active, the Adobe Photoshop program wraps
`the image in the specified direction to fill the space left by the selection. Here is
`an example of how the Wrap around option works. If you select the lower right
`corner of