`
`
`
`International Symposium on Communications
`and Information Technologies 2004 ( ISC1T 2004 )
`Sapporo, Japan, October 26- 29, 2004
`
`Wireless Communications: A Bird’s Eye View Of an Emerging Technology
`
`Dr. Liliana Diaz Olavarrieta, Ing. Alfredo Aparicio Nava!
`' Department of Electronics and Communications
`Fundacion Universidad de las Américas - Puebla
`100 Sta. Catarina Martir, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla 72820 Mexico
`Tel: +52-22-22-29-26-72, Fax: +52-22-22-29-26-06
`E-mail: Idiaz@mail.udlap.mx
`
`The paper is intended for newcomers as a
`Abstract:
`roadmap to the more important
`list of concepts of the
`Wireless Communications area and surveys, with a bird’s
`eye view, the vast area of wireless communication systems
`and the developments that
`led to 3G Wireless standards
`such as UMTS and IMT2000, the latest multinationally
`negotiated 3G standard. Due to the span of the area and the
`size of this paper, the paper by necessity does not go into
`any depth of subject, but rather organizes the most relevant
`topics in Wireless Applications, to serve as a guideto delve
`into more depth,
`in a logical manner,
`into the various
`subjects as sould be presented in an undergraduate /
`graduate course on Wireless Communications systems.
`a
`The
`topics were
`selected from a
`review of
`representative selection of recent textbooks and articles,
`written by workers / researchers in the field of Wireless
`Communication Technologies, from academia and mdustry
`[1-41].
`We first present the types of applications and services
`available
`over
`IMT-2000,
`and
`the most
`impertant
`Organizations involved in the Wireless Standards Evolution
`from 1G to
`3G Systems. Other
`topics which are
`“overflown”are the issue of Wireless Capacity and waysto
`resolve its scarcity,
`from Access Methods to Network
`Intelligence, Key Enabling Technologies for the design of
`3G /4G systems, Wireless Network Architecture of vanous
`sizes from PANs (Personal Area Networks)
`to WANs
`{Wide Area Networks),
`and the
`issue of Network
`Interworking.
`Indeed,
`Interworking of various Wireless
`Networks standards and topologies to provide a full set of
`features such as broadband, adaptable or reconfigurable,
`all-IP connectivity, to form an Ad-Hoc Wireless Network
`will be at the heart of the B3G/4G systems.
`
`various Wireless communication Technologies currently
`deployed in 3G systems. Section 9 covers Network
`Operations
`and what
`are
`the
`envisaged
`standards
`capabilities of wireless networks beyond 3G and finally
`Section 10 presents the conclusionsof the paper.
`
`2. Wireless Applications and Services
`Wireless Applications are those which use free space as the
`transmission medium and do not involve cabling — fibre or
`copper-. From the type of application, they can involve,
`depending on the information carried, for example: voice,
`data, video and multimedia applications and services such
`as VHF, microwave TV transmission, millimeter wave
`data transmisston, cellular telephony services, Wireless
`VideoTelephony and Video Conferencing, Wireless PBX,
`Wireless Broadband Internet and Intranet Access, HDTV,
`Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) or Hi-Fi Sound,
`Wireless Geo-location Services [1], Wireless Email, PCS
`Interactive applications using WPANS, WLANs, and
`WMAN networks[2].
`of
`A categorization from a user-centred viewpoint
`“future desired” services, was proposed in UMTS and
`labeled as the 5 M’s of Service: Afovement (to escape a
`fixed place), Afoment
`(expanding concept of
`time),
`“Me"(expanding to a
`community), Money (Financial
`resources), and Afachine (to empower gadgets and devices}
`[3], together with the important issue of marketing of these
`3G services. [4].
`IMT2000 -the 3G harmonized standard for Wireless
`communications- has proposed the following 6 service
`classes,
`listed in Table 1 below [5] and classified as a
`function of increasing data rate: from Speech to Medium,
`High & Interactive Multimedia.
`
`KeyTerms: Wireless Communications Education, Wireless
`Table 1. Service Types Available over IMT-2000
`Enabling
`Technologies,
`3G
`Standards,
`Ad-hoc
`
`
`
`
`
`Service Upstream|Downstream Type of
`Reconfigurable Wireless Networks, all-IP Networks.
`Data Rate
`Switching
`Data
`
`Rate Used
`
`
`
`1. Introduction
`
`Interactive 256 kbps|256 kbps (Virtual)
`
`
`
`
`Circuit
`Multimedia
`The paper is organized as follows:
`Section 2? gives an
`
`
`
`
`(Videoconference)
`overview of Wireless Applications and services for 3G,
`
`
`High Multimedia|20 kbps 2 Mbps Packet
`
`
`Section 3 surveys the evolution of Wireless standards from
`
`(TV)
`
`its 1* generation to the current 3G standards embodied in
`Medium
`
`20 kbps
`768 kbps
`Packet
`IMT2000; Section 4 covers the organizations and standards
`Multimedia
`
`developed for 3G applications, Section 5 covers IMT2000
`
`(Web Surfing)
`
`the full 5 part set of third generation standards; Section 6
`Switched Data
`
`
`20 kbps
`43,2 kbps
`(Virtual)
`Circuit
`covers the issue of Wireless Resource Sharing and the type
`
`(Fax)
`
`
`
`
`of Multiple Access used over time; Section 7 talks about the
`Simple Messaging
`
`various Multiple access schemes im more detatl, and the
`(Email)
`
`
`technologies that support them. Section 8 talks about the
`28.8kbps|28.8 kbps (Virtual)
`
`(Telephony)
`Cirenit
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`541
`
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`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1046
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`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1046
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`
`
`3. Evolution from 1G to 3G Standards
`1G -
`First Generation or 1G standards were mostly
`developed in the 1980s. Examples of 1G systems are:
`Analog AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone system) from the
`US, E-TACS(Total Access Communication System) in the
`UK, NMT 450/900 (Nordic Mobile Telephones)
`in
`Scandinavia, C450 in Germany and Portugal, RMTS in
`Italy, Radiocom2000 in France, NTT (Nippon Telephone
`and Telegraph) and JTACS/NTACS in Japan [2].
`2G — Second Generation systems encompass both PCS
`(Personal Communication Systems) and Digital Cellular 2G
`Systems, which differ in aspects such ascell size and power
`[2]. Some 2G PCS example
`systems
`are Cordless
`Telephone
`systems
`such
`as
`TDMA/TDD based
`Europe/Canada’s CT-2 and CT-2+, and Europe’s DECT
`(Digital Enhanced/European Cordless Telecommunications/
`Telephone), DECT has the highest data rate of 1,728 kbps
`of all TDMA digital cellular systems
`(even higher than
`GSM). There is also US’s equivalent PWT (Personal
`Wireless Telecommunications) and Japan’s PHS —which
`became PHP- also TDMA/TDDbased[6] and PACS which
`was TDMA/FDDbased[2].
`there is GSM,
`Among Cellular digital 2G standards,
`(Europe’s Groupe Special Mobile), with TDMA/FDD
`access method and the 3 standards derived from it: Digital
`Communications
`System
`DCS-1800,
`Personal
`Communication Services PCS-1900, and GSM-400. Other
`well known 2G Digital Cellular standards are 13-54,
`from
`the US and JDC from Japan, also TDMA/FDD based as
`well as the first COMA/FDDbasedstandard: IS-95.
`2.5G - The interim set of Enhanced 2G set of standards
`which Jed to 3G standards is formed by General Packet
`Radio Services (GPRS), a GSM enhancement, and two
`protocol enhancements to the cdmaOneprotocol (orginally
`called IS/95) named IS-95B, and EXRTT with an extension
`of GPRS called EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
`Evolution). EDGE is an evolution of GPRS towards 3G
`standards, compatible with other TDMA systems such as
`D-AMPS and Japan’s Pacific Digital Cellular, PDC,
`originally
`embodied
`in
`the UMTS WCDMA and
`CDMA2000 standards and have now been included in
`IMT2000, discussed below [7,8].
`3G - Third Generation Standards, associated to Wide
`atea networking coverage (WAN)s, are dominated by
`WCDMA access tnethods (Wideband CDMA with a 3Mhz
`channel bandwidth. This is four tumes the bandwidth of
`edmaOne and 25 times that of GSM) and embodied in
`UMTSand the latest IMT2000 standard, reviewed below.
`In addition to the 3G WAN standards, there are also WPAN
`and WLAN standards which ensure full connectivity and
`multimedia to form the future broadband wireless ad-hoc
`networks[9].
`transmission technology in broadband
`The dominant
`WLANs is OFDM, and some predict
`that UWB will
`succeed OFDM as the next 4G technology [2}. Another
`important difference between 3G WAN standards and
`WLAN/WPAN standards is that
`the former operate on
`licensed bands, whereas the latter operate in unlicensed
`bands such as the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
`band used by Bluetooth [t0}. WLAN standards are, for
`
`example, the 802.11 and the HiperLAN family of standards
`[11]. WMANsare represented by the 802.15 (WiMAX)set
`of standards, and WPANsare, for example: Bluetooth,
`WAP, HomeRF and infrared LANs.
`Interoperability has
`to address
`issues
`such as
`the interference between
`Bluetooth and 802.11 networks. Other networks can be
`based in standards such as Wireless ATM, Wireless Local
`Loops (WLL), fixed broadband access with LMDS, and
`satellites [2]. Japan’s DoCoMo launched |-mode, the first
`operational 3G service [12].
`B3G/4G-Research is being undertaken for the definition
`of Beyond 3G (B3G) and 4G characteristics and standards
`[13}.
`
`4, Wireless Organizations & Standards for 3G
`The various organizations that created the standards for 3G
`wireless communications are surveyed below.
`The development of a Wireless
`industry involves
`different actors among which we can count Standards
`Bodies (ETSI, ARIB, TIA, ITU), Regulatory Authonities,
`Supporters of 2G networks (D-AMPS, GSM, PDC and
`cdmaOne) and Cooperatives of Standards bodies such as
`3GPP and 3GPP2 which together formed the Operators
`Harmonization Group OHG [6].
`3GPP[14,15] was formed by Japan’s ARIB (Association
`Radio
`Industries
`and
`Business)
`and
`TTC
`of
`(Telecommunications Technology Committee), China’s
`Wireless Telecommunications Standards Group or CWTS,
`Europe’s ETSI, United States ANSI’s Tl Committee and
`the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and
`Korea’s Telecommunications Technology Association
`(TTA).
`3GPP2 was formed by US’s TIA, Japan’s ARIB and
`TTC, Korea’s TTA and China’s CWTS. These two groups
`3GPP and 3GPP2 have been the driving forces for the
`evolution towards 3G standards, which we survey briefly
`below [7].
`The 3G standard evolving from D-AMPS wasdriven by
`the UWCC or Universal Wireless Communications
`Consortium, formed by Ericeson, Lucent, Nokia, Nortel,
`Alcatel, Motorola, Hughes and TDMA operators to create
`the UWC-136 3G standard[7].
`
`5. IMT2000 — The full set of 3G Standards
`IMT2000 is an International Mobile Communications
`standard previously called FPLMTS for Future Public
`Land Mobile Telecommunications System- agreed upon in
`year 2000 which will support Internet, Multimedia and
`Telephony Services implemented in a cellular network for
`high speed data with two primary access modes: CDMA
`and TDMA [16].
`IMT2000 embodies 5 parts or standards: four CDMA
`based standards, and a TDMA based proposal to ensure
`compatibility with EDGE/UWC-136. Their predecessor
`standards are shown in parentheses, The four CDMA based
`standards
`are
`IMT-DS
`(UTRAN FDD),
`IMT-MC
`(cdma2000),
`IMT-TC
`(UTRAN
`TDD),
`IMT-SC
`(EDGE/UWC-136) and a TDMA/FDMA standard called
`IMT-FT (DECT), as shown in Figure 2 below[16].
`
`542
`
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`

`

`
`
`
`
`
`Radio Interfaces
`00 Terrestrial
`igure 2.
`
`(Source: [16] “What is IMT-2000?”ITU, Geneva 2001-2002).
`
`the 4Mbps of both cdma2000 3XMC and UMTS’s
`WCDMA [5]. The 5 IMT2000 standards: IMT-DS, IMT-
`MC, IMT-TC, IMT-SC and IMT-FT, (see Figure 2).
`
`‘Frequeéticybands identified for.IMT-2000..
`a
`
`
`ab
`
`Figure 3. Frequency Bands Allocated ta IMT-2000
`(Source: [19])
`
`2290-2300 Mhz|Fixed Wireless and Deep Space
`
`
`
`IMT-2606 CDMA with Direct Sequence Spread
`Spectrum (IMT-DS):
`Includes the first operational
`mode of UMTS, known as UTRA FDD([I4], which
`The 5 IMT2000 standards are divided into 12 paired bands
`evolved from GSM.
`It corresponds
`to the Direct
`(6 for
`the FDD uplink and 6 for the FDD downlink
`Sequence WCDMA or FDD WCDMA based on the
`operation} and 7 bands of unpaired spectrum, for TDD
`UTRA standard with FDD duplexing as specified by
`operation [6]. The frequency assignment for 3G networks
`3GPP.
`extends between 1850Mhz and 2200Mhz, and 160Mhz of
`IMT-2000 Multicarrier CDMA (IMT-MOQ)Includes
`2.
`new extension bands are already being sought for service
`
`MC-CDMA or [17]|standardthe CDMA2000
`
`before 2010, to support the expected growth of 3G services
`equivalent
`as per 3GPP2, & constitutes UMTS’s
`in Europe (EMEA) America, and Asia (see Table 2 below).
`principal competitor. It uses synchronous CDMA, as
`Table 2. Suggested Spectrum Extension Bands for 3G
`opposed to the asynchronous CDMA modes of UMTS.
`
`
`Application in 2004
`IMT-2000 CDMA de TDD (IMT-TC):
`Includes
`
`
`UMTS Terrestrial mode of access (UTRA) TDD [15]
`UHF bandfor Analog TV Broadcasting
`420-806 Mhz
`
`mode equivalent or TDD WCDMA standard, and the
`
`1429-1501 Mhz|Cordless Phones, Fixed Wireless,
`
`
`Broadcasting
`Chinese TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous
`
`
`
`CDMA) where Time Division Duplexing is used to
`1710-1885 Mhz|In Europe/Asia for air traffic control.
`
`
`
`
`share a channel between uplink and downlink, with the
`Free in America.
`
`multiplexing access
`technique
`still being CDMA
`
`
`(though it is sometimes referred to as TDMA/CDMA).
`Research
`IMT-2000 Single Carrier TDMA QMT-SQ); Included
`4,
`2300-2400 Mhz|Fixed Wireless and Telemetry. Preferred
`
`for compatibility with TDMA based UWC-136/EDGE
`by many operators and regulators.
`
`(2.5G)
`
`2520-2670 Mhz|Broadcasting, Fixed Wireless, satellites.
`IMT-2000 FDMA /TDMA (IMT-FT): Inchades de 2G
`5.
`
`UMTSforum Preferred Extension band.
`
`
`2700-3400 Mhz.
`DECTstandard for backward compatibility.
`Radarand Satellite Communications.
`
`
`1.
`
`3.
`
`
`
`
`
`3. C 0.87315 mx
`
`
`
`
`
`Table
`
`“JAfT- 2000 Members UTRA-TDD and UTRA-
`(Source: [20] C, MENZEL,
`FDD"waww.itujotU-D/tech/imt-2000/ warsaw/pdt/2_1_Menzelpdf)
`
`The TDD and FDD WCDMA standards were supported by
`ETSI and Japan’s ARIB, TD-SCDMA was supported by
`CWTS, and MC-CDMA or CDMA2000 was supperted by
`CDG or the CDMA Development Group of Industrial
`Partners whose most prominent member is Qualcomm.
`Qualcomm’s CEO Andrew Viterbi
`is
`the inventor of
`CDMA technology [18]. There are now various competing
`CDMA systems of which only cdma2000 3XMC proposed
`by Qualcomm with a 3.75Mhz bandwidth has been
`approved by ITU to be part of IMT2000. The remaining
`CDMA upgrade
`standards
`to cdmaOne, Qualeomm’s
`CDMA 1XMC, and cdma2000 HDR and Motorola/Nokia’s
`cdma2000 1 Xtreme, have a channel bandwidth of 1.25Mhz
`in contrast
`to the 5Mhz bandwidth of the WCDMA
`standard proposed by UMTS. The maximum capacity of the
`[Xtreme standard is claimed to be 5.2Mbps in contrast to
`
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`

`
`
`6.2.3. Spread Spectrum and CDMA
`The concept of spread spectrum modulation paralleled the
`use of CDMA,both for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
`DSSS [18]
`(see Figure 4) and for Frequency Hopping
`Spread Spectrum, FHSS, in which ali users may useall the
`spectrum available duringall time, but each user is assigned
`a special pseudo-random code in order to differentiate itself
`and encrypt/decryptits transmission (see Figure 5) [25].
`
`it
`
`t
`
`&
`
`4
`
`‘
`
`ul
`
`q
`
`1
`
`6. The Issue of Wireless Resource Sharing
`The vanety of current 3G applications, and future
`envisaged services points of course to a scarcity of one of
`the two main wireless resources:
`a} Transmitter power
`which affects the sizing ofbatteries, receivers, antennas and
`health issues), and b) spectrum (the other important one
`being power). The needed optimization of the Wireless
`resources means that we have to share them, and various
`sharing mechanisms have been used over time for wireless
`communications.
`The principal ways of sharing spectrum have entailed
`using different user access modes which essentially
`multiplex the users onto one of the resources: frequency,
`time, codes and space. More recently, another way of
`optimizing the wireless
`resources has been to add
`intelligence and reconfigurability to the wireless network
`thanks to the added processing power that has come from
`higherintegration.
`The added intelligence has produced both novel signal
`transmission techniques
`and advanced receiver
`signal
`processing methods with so called 4G technologies [21}
`such as smart antennas, adaptive coding, reconfigurable
`Medulation, Space-Time Coding, Channel Equalization,
`Multi-user detection (MUD), Rake Receiver Combining
`and Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
`(COFDM) [22, 23].
`
`6.1 Multiple Access Techniques [24}: The 1G of
`Wireless
`services
`(AMPS) used FDMA or Frequency
`Division Multiple Access, the 2G (GSM, GPRS, EDGE)
`used TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access, and most of
`the 3G standards, except for EDGE/UWC-136 use CDMA
`or Code Division Multiple Access (cdmaOne, edma2000
`standards).
`In addition to the above,
`there is a Spatial
`Division Multiple Access method (SDMA)
`[24] which
`takes advantage of spatial diversity of antennas, which is
`being now considered for B3G and 4G wireless networks,
`such as MIMO Ad-hoc Networks[9].
`
`6.2 Multiple Access and Technology Evolution
`6.2.1. Modulation and FDMA
`It is interesting to note that there also has been a parallel
`development of Multiple Access Techniques and Wireless
`Communication Technologies over time: FDMA allows
`each user to use a sub-band of the frequency spectrum all
`the time, and was used when the greater part of the
`communications design involved modulation techniques.
`FDMA is the main access technique in radio and TV
`broadcasts, and was used in analog cellular networks such
`as AMPS and NMT in the 1970s/1980s [23].
`6.2.2. Coding and TDMA
`After Shannon’s 1948 redefinition of a communications
`system and the introduction of the concept of information
`and the use of coding to approach a theoretical system
`capacity, TOMA was primarily used in conjunction with
`new coding techniques. TDMA allowsa user to occupy the
`full spectrum during part of the time, and the frequency
`resource is shared in time amongst users. TDMA is notably
`used in GSM and its upgrade standards, and in the IEEE
`$02.16 Wireless MAN standard.
`
`544
`
`Page 4 of 6
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`Figure 5. Distinct Message User Codes in DSSS
`(Source: [25])
`
`6.2.4. Diversity and SDMA Finally, the conceptof spatial
`diversity is being employed more recently in parallel with
`SDMA access systems to combat multipath fading of the
`wireless communications channel [24].
`
`7. 3G Wireless Communications Technologies
`
`7.1 Modulation, Coding, and Receiver Technology
`3G Wireless communications technologies involve novel
`modulation,
`coding, processing
`and
`receiver design
`technologies. Following the functional decomposition of
`Figure 6 below, welist the different technologies employed
`in various building blocks of a Wireless Communication
`System. For example, there are different multiple channel
`access methods (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA-DSSS and FHSS,
`SDMA) and multiuser fixed (voice) and random (data)
`access methods (DSMA, BTMA, & dynamic ALOHA)
`used by mobile data services (2],
`the most
`important
`multiplex technologies (OFDM, COFDM, TDD, FDD).
`
`Page 4 of 6
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Figure 6, Functional Diagram of a Wireless System
`(Source: [26])
`
`Base-band pulse shaping is also employed in some cases
`pnior to the use of 2G and 3G modulation technologies
`(FSK, GFSK, m-PSK, 2/4DQPSK, GMSK, OQPSK [27],
`adaptive or reconfigurable modulation) [28], both linear
`and non-linear
`and
`single
`carrier
`and multicarmer
`techniques. 3G FEC coding techniques (cyclic, BCH, Reed-
`Solomon codes,
`convolutional
`coding, Trellis Coded
`Modulation
`(TCM), Viterbi Decoders,
`interleavers,
`recursive codes,
`turbo coding, adaptive and Space-Time
`Coding, Block Coded Adaptive OFDM,and Fractal Coding
`[29] for multimedia compression). Multicarrier CDMA is
`combined with OFDM techniques and there is a special
`No/Carrier
`modulation
`technique
`called
`UWB
`(Ultrawideband
`radio)
`that
`employs modulation
`of
`extremely short pulses. All these 3G/B3G technologies will
`support Broadband Wireless Multi-user Communications,
`Ultra wideband Radio and Adaptive or Reconfigurable
`Software Radio [21,41].
`7.2 Radio Channel Technologies
`There are Narrowband and Broadband Radio Channels, and
`two categories of models for them: Time Channel Models
`[30], Space Channe! Models
`and combined Space-Time
`Channel Models [31].
`7.2.1 Time Channel Models
`There is the Additive White Gaussian Noise model
`(AWGN),the discrete memoryless channels, the BSC
`channel, non-binary channels, time-varying Random
`Channels and Discrete Multipath Channels[30].
`7.2.2 Space Channel Models
`Among these space channel models there are the Vector
`and Scalar Space models, and otherfirst and second order
`statistic models which take into account angle spectrum
`concepts, and multipath shape factors te accountfor spatial
`diversity of the multiple carriers in the channel.
`7.2.3 Space-Time Channel Models
`These are used to model wideband channels, multiple mput
`multiple output or MIMO channels, with multiple antenna
`systems, and channel separation through multipath [31].
`
`7.3 Propagation mechanisms
`Among, the most common propagation mechanisms that can
`be encounteres in a radio channel are Temporal Diversity,
`Spatial Diversity and Angular Diversity. Among the
`Temporal Diversity propagation mechanisms we have
`Multipath, Fading (Random, Small Scale), Rain attenuation
`
`DopplerEffects, Dispersion, and Interference.
`Among the Spatial and Angular Diversity propagation
`(both cochannel and intrachannel) mechanisms, we have
`the beam-forming diversity of antennas, the angle spectrum
`and multipath shape factors to take into account. A variety
`of earlier path
`loss models
`exist
`(Rayleigh, Rice,
`Nakagami) and newer path loss medels for wideband
`channels which have to take into account the non-linearity
`of the wireless channel and the fact that there is not only
`Gaussian Noise being added, but also interference and other
`losses which interact
`in a non-linear manner
`in the
`performance of the channel. This unplies that what was
`thought to be pessimistic models under the linear channel
`AWGNnoise, tend to become optimistic, and there is the
`need to do measurement of real scenarios in order to model
`the channel.
`Thus, different wireless propagation mode models are
`being sought for a more realistic modelling of the wireless
`channel, as a power-limited, space-varying, time-varying,
`frequency-varying channel which creates an open-ended
`design problem [31] to optimize the system in the presence
`of various types of noise.
`
`8. B3G /4G Mobile Communications Technologies
`The world beyond 3G (B3G) is being worked on currently
`to develop 4G standards presumably by 2007 and onwards
`and deployed after 2010 [13]. Various groups are working
`on B3G and 4G such as the ITU-R, the Wireless World
`Research Forum (WWRF) and IEEE Project 802, but 4G
`research has two groups within the ITU: one working on
`high data rates up to 100Mb/s and another one working on
`Open Architectures to ensure “seamless interworking”
`among technologies [13]. These research directions seem to
`gain support by three other concepts that will no doubt
`appear in B3G and 4G networks: Adaptive Networks,
`Wideband Channels and Multi-user all IP Networks [32]
`imteroperable networks, even with LEOS, MEOS and GEO
`satellite networks. 4G Processing technologies include
`antenna array signal processing, and UWB (UltraWideband
`Radio) intended for adaptive Ad-Hee networks [33].
`
`9. 3G Wireless Networks Design:
`3G Wireless Network [25],
`[34],
`[35] Design is often
`associated with fixed [36] or Mobile broadband or
`wideband [37]
`voice,
`data
`and multimedia WANs.
`Broadband local networks are associated with WLANs, and
`
`545
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`
`
`range wireless communications with
`Indoor and short
`WPANs. Wireless Network Design implies the Design of
`the Wireless Communication System Elements [38], (see
`Figure 6 above for reference [26]), the simulation {30] of
`the Wireless Network [34], and planning [39] activities
`such as network topology and cellular topology planning,
`decision of the numberofcells, signal-to-interference ratio
`calculations (SIR) to estimate coverage,
`traffic capacity,
`handoff strategies, security (cryptography, authentication
`protocols and key generation algorithms) [40] as well as the
`planning for future capacity expansion.
`
`10. Conclusions
`This paper has surveyed and organized the more important
`concepts and topics
`that a Wireless Communications
`engineer has to be conversant with in order to be able to
`understand and contribute to this exciting area. This paper
`hopes to serve as a study guide for those interested in the
`Area of Wireless Communications, and represents the
`Table of Contents of my ideal Wireless book.
`
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