`
`
`
`International Symposium on Communications
`and Information Technologies 2004 ( iSClT 2004)
`Sapporo, Japan, October 26- 29, 2004
`
`Wireless Communications: A Bird's Eye View Of an Emerging Technology
`
`Dr. Liliana Diaz Olavanieta, Ing. Alfredo Aparicio Naval
`1 Department of Electronics and Communications
`Fundacion Universidad de las Américas - Puebla
`100 Sta. Catarina Martir, San Andres Cholula, Puebla 72820 Mexico
`Tel: +52—22—22-29—26—72, Fax: +52—22-22-29-26-06
`E-rnail: ldiaz@mail.udlap.mx
`
`various Wireless communication Technologies currently
`deployed in 3G systems, Section 9 covers Network
`Operations
`and what
`are
`the
`envisaged
`standards
`capabilities of wireless networks beyond 3G and finally
`Section 10 presents the conclusions of the paper.
`
`2. Wireless Applications and Services
`Wireless Applications are those which use free space as the
`transmission medium and do not involve cabling — fibre or
`copper-. From the type of application, they can involve,
`depending on the information carried, for example: voice,
`data, video and multimedia applications and services such
`as VHF, microwave TV transmission, millimeter wave
`data transmission, cellular telephony services, Wireless
`VideoTclephony and Video Conferencing, Wireless PBX,
`Wireless Broadband Internet and Intranet Access, HDTV,
`Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 0r Hi-Fi Sound,
`Wireless Geo-location Services [1], Wireless Email, PCS
`Interactive applications using WPANS, WLANs, and
`WMAN networks [2].
`of
`A categorization from a user-centred viewpoint
`“future desired” services, was proposed in U'MTS and
`labeled as the 5 M’s of Service: Movement (to escape a
`fixed place), Moment
`(expanding concept of
`time),
`“Me”(expanding to a
`community), Money (Financial
`resources), and Machine (to empower gadgets and devices)
`[3], together with the important issue of marketing of these
`3G services. [4].
`IMT2000 —the 3G harmonized standard for Wireless
`communications has proposed the following 6 service
`classes,
`listed in Table 1 below [5] and classified as a
`function of increasing data rate: from Speech to Medium,
`High & Interactive Multimedia,
`
`The paper is intended for newcomers as a
`Abstract:
`roadmap to the more important
`list of concepts of the
`Wireless Communications area and surveys, with a bird’s
`eye view, the vast area of wireless communication systems
`and the developments that
`led to 3G Wireless standards
`such as UMTS and IMTZOOO, the latest multinationally
`negotiated 3G standard. Due to the span of the area and the
`size of this paper, the paper by necessity does not go into
`any depth of subject, but rather organizes the most relevant
`topics in Wireless Applications, to serve as a guide to delve
`into more depth,
`in a logical manner,
`into the various
`subjects as could be presented in an undergraduate /
`graduate course on Wireless Communications systems.
`a
`The
`topics were
`selected from a
`review of
`representative selection of recent textbooks and articles,
`written by workers / researchers in the field of Wireless
`Communication Technologies, from academia and industry
`[1-41].
`We first present the types of applications and services
`available
`over
`IMT—ZOOO,
`and
`the most
`important
`Organizations involved in the Wireless Standards Evolution
`from 1G to
`3G Systems. Other
`topics which are
`“overflown” are the issue of Wireless Capacity and ways to
`resolve its scarcity,
`from Access Methods to Network
`Intelligence, Key Enabling Technologies for the design of
`3G I4G systems, Wireless Network Architecture of various
`sizes from PANs (Personal Area Networks)
`to WANs
`(Wide Area Networks),
`and the
`issue of Network
`Interworking.
`Indeed,
`Interworking of various Wireless
`Networks standards and topologies to provide a full set of
`features such as broadband, adaptable or reconfigurable,
`all-IP connectivity, to form an Ad-Hoc Wireless Network
`will be at the heart of the B3G/4G systems.
`
`KeyTerms: Wireless Communications Education, Wireless
`Enabling
`Technologies,
`3G
`Standards,
`Adahoc
`Reconfigurable Wireless Networks, all-1P Networks.
`
`1. Introduction
`Section 2 gives an
`The paper is organized as follows:
`overview of Wireless Applications and services for 3G,
`Section 3 surveys the evolution of Wireless standards from
`its 1“ generation to the current 3G standards embodied in
`IMTZOOO; Section 4 covers the organizations and standards
`developed for 36 applications, Section 5 covers [MT2000
`the full 5 part set of third generation standards; Section 6
`covers the issue of Wireless Resource Sharing and the type
`of Multiple Access used over time; Section 7 talks about the
`various Multiple access schemes in more detail, and the
`technologies that support them. Section 8 talks about the
`
`541
`
`Table 1. Service Types Available over [MT-2000
`Upstream Downstream
`Type of
`
`
`Used
`Data Rate
`Data
`Switching
`
`Rate
`
`
`
`Interactive
`256 kbps
`256 kbps
`Multimedia
`
`(Videoconference)
`
`20 kbps
`2 Mbps
`High Multimedia
`(TV)
`Medium
`768 kbps
`
`Multimedia
`
`
`(Web Surfing)
`Switched Data
`
`43.2 kbps
`Circuit
`(Fax)
`
`
`
`28.8 kbps
`Packet
`28.8 kbps
`Simple Messaging
`(Email)
`Speech
`(Tetc I honv)
`
`
`
`
`
`
`28.8 kbps
`
`28.8 kbps
`
`(Virtual)
`Circuit
`
`
`
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`SAMSUNG EXHIBIT 1046
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`
`3. Evolution from 1G to 3G Standards
`1G -
`First Generation or 1G standards were mostly
`developed in the 1980s. Examples of 16 systems are:
`Analog AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone system) from the
`US, E-TACS (Total Access Communication System) in the
`UK, NMT 450/900 (Nordic Mobile Telephones)
`in
`Scandinavia, C450 in Germany and Portugal, RMTS in
`Italy, RadiocomZOOO in France, NTT (Nippon Telephone
`and Telegraph) and JTACS/NTACS in Japan [2].
`2G — Second Generation systems encompass both PCS
`(Personal Communication Systems) and Digital Cellular 2G
`Systems, which differ in aspects such as cell size and power
`[2]. Some 2G PCS example
`systems
`are Cordless
`Telephone
`systems
`such
`as
`TDMA/TDD based
`Europe/Canada’s CT—Z and CT-2+, and Europe’s DECT
`(Digital Enhanced/European Cordless Telecommunications/
`Telephone). DECT has the highest data rate of 1,728 kbps
`of all TDMA digital cellular systems
`(even higher than
`GSM). There is also US’s equivalent PWT (Personal
`Wireless Telecommunications) and Japan’s PHS —Which
`became PHP— also TDMA/TDD based [6] and PACS which
`was TDMAIFDD based [2],
`there is GSM
`Among Cellular digital 26 standards,
`(Europe’s Groupe Special Mobile), with TDMAIFDD
`access method and the 3 standards derived from it: Digital
`Communications
`System
`DOS-1800,
`Personal
`Communication Services PCS—1900, and GSM»400. Other
`well lcnown ZG Digital Cellular standards are 18-54,
`from
`the US and DC from Japan, also TDMA/FDD based as
`well as the first CDMA/FDD based standard: IS—95.
`2.5G - The interim set of Enhanced ZG set of standards
`which led to 36 standards is formed by General Packet
`Radio Services (GPRS), a GSM enhancement, and two
`protocol enhancements to the cdmaOne protocol (originally
`called 18/95) named IS-95B, and lXRTT with an extension
`of GPRS called EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM
`Evolution). EDGE is an evolution of GPRS towards 3G
`standards, compatible with other TDMA systems such as
`D-AMPS and Japan’s Pacific Digital Cellular, PDC,
`originally
`embodied
`in
`the UMTS WCDMA and
`CDMAZOOO standards and have now been included in
`M2000, discussed below [7, 8].
`3G - Third Generation Standards, associated to Wide
`area networking coverage (WAN)s, are dominated by
`WCDMA access methods (Wideband CDMA with a SMhZ.
`channel bandwidth, This is four times the bandwidth of
`cdmaOne and 25 times that of GSIVI) and embodied in
`UMTS and the latest IMTZOOO standard, reviewed below.
`In addition to the 3G WAN standards, there are also WPAN
`and WLAN standards which ensure full connectivity and
`multimedia to form the future broadband wireless ad—hoc
`networks [9].
`transmission technology in broadband
`The dominant
`\VLANs is OFDIVI, and some predict
`that UWB will
`succeed OFDM as the next 4G technology [2]. Another
`important difference between 3G WAN standards and
`WLAN/WPAN standards is that
`the former operate on
`licensed bands, whereas the latter operate in unlicensed
`bands such as the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM)
`band used by Bluetooth [10]. WLAN standards are, for
`
`example, the 802.11 and the HiperLAN family of standards
`[1 l]. WMANs are represented by the 80215 (WiMAX) set
`of standards, and WPANs are, for example: Bluetooth,
`WAP, HomeRF and infrared LANS.
`Interoperability has
`to address
`issues
`such as
`the interference between
`Bluetooth and 802.1] networks. Other netWorks can be
`based in standards such as Wireless ATM, Wireless Local
`Loops (WLL), fixed broadband access with LMDS, and
`satellites [2]. Japan’s DoCoMo launched I-mode, the first
`operational 3G service [12],
`B3G/4G—Research is being undertaken for the definition
`of Beyond 3G (83G) and 4G characteristics and Standards
`[13].
`
`4. Wireless Organizations & Standards for 3G
`The various organizations that created the standards for 3G
`wireless communications are surveyed below.
`The development of a Wireless
`Industry involves
`different actors among which we can count Standards
`Bodies (ETSI, ARIB, TIA, ITU), Regulatory Authorities,
`Supporters of ZG networks (D-AMPS, GSM, PDC and
`cdmaOne) and Cooperatives of Standards bodies such as
`3GPP and 3GPP2 which together formed the Operators
`Harmonization Group OHG [6].
`3GPP[14,15] was formed by Japan’s ARIB (Association
`Radio
`Industries
`and
`Business)
`and
`TTC
`of
`(Telecommunications Technology Committee), China‘s
`Wireless Telecommunications Snandards Group or CWTS,
`Europe’s ETSI, United States ANSI’s Tl Committee and
`the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), and
`Korea’s Telecommunications Technology Association
`(TTA).
`3GPP2 was formed by US’s TIA, Japan’s ARIB and
`TTC, Korea’s TTA and China’s CWTS, These two groups
`3GP? and 3GPP2 have been the driving forces for the
`evolution towards 36 standards, which we survey briefly
`below [7]
`The 36 standard evolving from D-AMPS was driven by
`the UWCC or Universal Wireless Communications
`Consortium, formed by Ericcson, Lucent, Nokia, Nortel,
`Alcatel, Motorola, Hughes and TDMA operators to create
`the UWC-l36 3G standard [7].
`
`5. IMT2000— The full set of 3G Standards
`IMTZOOO is an International Mobile Communications
`standard -previously called FPLMTS for Future Public
`Land Mobile Telecommunications System- agreed upon in
`year 2000 which will support Internet, Multimedia and
`Telephony Services implemented in a cellular network for
`high speed data with two primary access modes: CDMA
`and TDMA [16].
`IMTZOOO embodies 5 parts or standards: four CDMA
`based standards, and a TDMA based proposal to ensure
`compatibility with EDGE/UWC-l36. Their predecessor
`standards are shown in parentheses, The four CDMA based
`standards
`are
`IMT-DS
`(UTRAN FDD),
`IMT-MC
`(cdrnaZOOO),
`rMT-TC
`(UTRAN
`TDD),
`lMT—SC
`(EDGE/UWC-BG) and a TDMA/PUMA standard called
`[MT—FT (DECT), as shown in Figure 2 below [16].
`
`542
`
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`
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`
`

`

`
`
`the 4Mbps of both cdmaZOOO 3XMC and UMIS’S
`WCDMA [5]. The 5 IMTZOOO standards:
`IMT—DS, [MT-
`MC, IMT—TC, IMT—SC and IMT~FT, (see Figure 2).
`
`jfirequehcy'ban'ds‘ identified room-2m-
`3:“
`
`45‘”
`
`
`
`
`
`Figure 3. Frequency Bands Allocated to [MT-2000
`(Source: [19])
`
`The 5 IMTZOOO standards are divided into 12 paired bands
`(6 for
`the FDD uplink and 6 for the FDD downlink
`operation) and 7 bands of unpaired spectrum, for TDD
`operation [6]. The frequency assignment for 3G networks
`extends between 1850Mhz and ZZOOMhz, and 160Mhz of
`new extension bands are already being sought for service
`before 2010, to support the expected growth of 3G services
`in Europe (EMEA) America, and Asia (see Table 2 below).
`
`and Deep
`
`Space
`
`
`
`
`
`a io Interfaces
`igu re 1.
`00 Terrestn
`(Source: [16] “What is IMT-ZOOO?” ITU, Geneva 2001-2002).
`
`2.
`
`l. NWT-2000 CDMA with Direct Sequence Spread
`Spectrum (IMT-DS):
`Includes the first operational
`mode of UNITS, known as UTRA FDD[l4], which
`evolved from GSM.
`It corresponds
`to the Direct
`Sequence WCDMA or FDD WCDMA based on the
`UTRA standard with FDD duplexing as specified by
`3GPP,
`[MT-2000 MuIlicarrier CDMA (IMT-MC): Includes
`MC-CDMA or
`the CDMA2000
`[17]
`standard
`equivalent
`as per 3GPP2, & constitutes UMTS's
`principal competitor. It uses symhronous CDMA, as
`opposed to the asynchronous CDMA modes of UMTS,
`3. HUT-2000 CDM4 de TDD (IMT-TC):
`Includes
`UMTS Terrestrial mode of access (UTRA) TDD [15]
`mode equivalent or TDD WCDNIA standard, and the
`Chinese TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous
`CDMA) where Time Division Duplexing is used to
`share a channel between uplink and downlink, with the
`multiplexing access
`technique
`still being CDMA
`(though it is sometimes referred to as TDMA/CDMA).
`4. NWT-2000 Single Carrier TDMA (IMT—SC): Included
`for compatibility with TDMA based UWC-lSS/EDGE
`(2.5G)
`[MT-2000 FDMA /TDMA (IMT-FII): Includes de 20
`DECT standard for backward compatibility.
`
`5.
`
`Table 2. Su_ _ested Sectrum Extension Bands for 3G
`
`Frc uen Band
`A I
`licafion in 2004
`
`
`420-806 Mhz
`UHF band for Analog TV Broadcasting
`
`I429-l501 Mhz Cordless
`Phones,
`Fixed Wireless,
`Broadcastin_
`
`
`
`
`1710-1885Mhz
`In Europe/Asia for air traffic control.
`
`
`
`Free in America
`Fixed Wireless
`
`Research
`
`2290-2300Mhz
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
` we r WEE 3‘43!in
`
`
`
`2300-2400 M112
`
`Fixed Wireless and Telemetry. Preferred
`
`
`b man o-erators and re lators.
`2520—2670Mhz Broadcasting, Fixed Wireless, satellites.
`
`
`UMTS forum Preferred Extension band.
`
`
`2700-3400 Mhz
`Radar and Satellite Communications,
`
`
`Tbl3C
`
`3.88 New
`
`[MT-2000 Members UTRA-TDD and UTRA-
`(Source: [20] C. MENZEL,
`FDD ”.wvnv.itu.inUlTUvD/techtimI-ZOOUI \VaI'SIIW/pdaniMenzelpfiD
`
`The TDD and FDD WCDMA standards were supported by
`ETSI and Japan’s ARl'B. TD-SCDMA was supported by
`CWTS, and MC-CDMA or CDMAZOOO was supported by
`CDC} or the CDMA Development Group of Industrial
`Partners Whose most prominent member is Qualeomm.
`Qualcomm’s CEO Andrew Viterbi
`is
`the inventor of
`CDMA technology [18]. There are now various competing
`CDMA systems of which only cdmaZOOO 3XMC proposed
`by Qualcornm with a 3,75Mhz bandwidth has been
`approved by lTU to be part of IMTZOOO. The remaining
`CDMA upgrade
`standards
`to cdrnaOne, Qualcornm’s
`CDMA lXMC, and cdmaZOOO HDR and Motorola/Nokia’s
`edrnaZOOO lXtreme, have a channel bandwidth of 1.25Mhz
`in contrast
`to the 5Mhz bandwidth of the WCDMA
`standard proposed by UMTS. The maximtun capacity of the
`lXtreme standard is claimed to be 5.2Mbps in contrast to
`
`543
`
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`

`

`
`
`6.2.3. Spread Spectrum and CDMA
`The concept of spread spectrum modulation paralleled the
`use of CDMA, both for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
`D838 [18]
`(see Figure 4) and for Frequency Hopping
`Spread Spectrum, FHSS, in which all users may use all the
`spectrum available during all time, but each user is assigned
`a special pseudo—random code in order to differentiate itself
`and encrypt/decrypt its transmission (see Figure 5) [25].
`
`it
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`ace--
`
`6. The Issue of Wireless Resource Sharing
`The variety of current BG applications, and future
`envisaged services points of course to a scarcity of one of
`the two main wireless resources: a) Transmitter pOWer
`which affects the sizing of batteries, receivers, antennas and
`health issues), and b) spectrum (the other important one
`being power). The needed optimization of the Wireless
`resources means that we have to share them, and various
`sharing mechanisms have been used over time for wireless
`communications.
`The principal ways of sharing spectrum have entailed
`using different user access modes which essentially
`multiplex the users onto one of the resources: frequency,
`time, codes and space, More recently, another way of
`optimizing the wireless
`resources has been to add
`intelligence and reconfigurability to the wireless network
`thanks to the added processing power that has come from
`higher integration.
`The added intelligence has produced both novel signal
`transmission techniques
`and advanced receiver
`signal
`processing methods with so called 4G technologies [21]
`such as smart antennas, adaptive coding, reconfigurable
`Modulation, Space—Time Coding, Channel Equalization,
`Multi-user detection (MUD), Rake Receiver Combining
`and Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
`(COFDM) [22, 23].
`
`6.1 Multiple Access Techniques [24}: The 1G of
`Wireless
`services
`(AMPS) used FDMA or Frequency
`Division Multiple Access, the 2G (GSM, GPRS, EDGE)
`used TDMA-Time Division Multiple Access, and most of
`the 36 standards, except for EDGE/UWC-l36 use CDMA
`or Code Division Multiple Access (cdrnaOne, cdmaZOOO
`standards).
`In addition to the above,
`there is a Spatial
`Division Multiple Access method (SDMA)
`[24] which
`takes advantage of spatial diversity of antennas, which is
`being now considered for B36 and 4G wireless networks,
`such as MIMO Ad—hoc Networks [9].
`
`6.2 Multiple Access and Technology Evolution
`6.2.]. Modulation and FDMA
`It is interesting to note that there also has been a parallel
`development of Multiple Access Techniques and Wireless
`Communication Technologies over time: FDMA allows
`each user to use a sub-band of the frequency spectrum all
`the time, and was used when the greater part of the
`communications design involved modulation techniques.
`FDMA is the main access technique in radio and TV
`broadcasts, and was used in analog cellular networks such
`as ANTS and NMT in the 19705/19805 [23].
`6.2.2. Coding and TDMA
`After Shannon’s 1948 redefinition of a communications
`system and the introduction of the concept of information
`and the use of coding to approach a theoretical system
`capacity, TDMA was primarily used in conjunction with
`new coding techniques. TDMA allows a user to occupy the
`full spectrum during part of the time, and the frequency
`resource is shared in time amongst users. TDMA is notably
`used in GSM and its upgrade standards, and in the IEEE
`802.16 Wireless MAN standard.
`
`544
`
`Page 4 of 6
`
`Figure 4. Direct Sequence SS (Source: [25])
`11mm:-"Iwr- Van-mu
`l
`O
`
`I
`
`i
`
`can
`
`mu 5
`
`I've: l:
`
`Figure 5. Distinct Message User Codes in DSSS
`(Source: [25])
`
`6.2.4. Diversity and SDMA Finally, the concept of spatial
`diversity is being employed more recently in parallel with
`SDMA access systems to combat multipath fading of the
`wireless communications channel [24].
`
`7. 3G Wireless Communications Technologies
`
`7.1 Modulation, Coding, and Receiver Technology
`3G Wireless communications technologies involve novel
`modulation,
`coding, processing
`and
`receiver design
`technologies. Following the functional decomposition of
`Figure 6 below, we list the different technologies employed
`in various building blocks of a Wireless Communication
`System. For example, there are different multiple channel
`access methods (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA~DSSS and FHSS,
`SDMA) and multiuser fixed (voice) and random (data)
`access methods (DSMA, BTMA, & dynamic ALOHA)
`used by mobile data services [2],
`the most
`important
`multiplex technologies (OFDM, COFDM, TDD, FDD).
`
`Page 4 of 6
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`Figure 6. Functional Diagram of a Wireless System
`(Source: [26])
`
`Base-band pulse shaping is also employed in some cases
`prior to the use of 2G and 3G modulation technologies
`(F SK, GFSK, m-PSK, n/4DQPSK, GMSK, OQPSK [27],
`adaptive or reconfigurable modulation) [28], both linear
`and non-linear
`and
`single
`carrier
`and multicarrier
`techniques. 3G FEC coding techniques (cyclic, BCH, Reed-
`Solomon codes,
`convolutional
`coding, Trellis Coded
`Modulation
`(TCIvD, Viterbi Decoders,
`interleavers,
`recursive codes,
`turbo coding, adaptive and Space-Time
`Coding, Block Coded Adaptive OFDM, and Fractal Coding
`[29] for multimedia compression). Multicarrier CDMA is
`combined with OFDM techniques and there is a special
`No/Carrier
`modulation
`technique
`called
`UWB
`(Ultrawideband
`radio)
`that
`employs modulation
`of
`extremely short pulses. All these 3G/B3G technologies will
`support Broadband Wireless Multi-user Communications,
`Ultra wideband Radio and Adaptive or Reconfigurable
`Software Radio [21,41].
`7.2 Radio Channel Technologies
`There are Narrowband and Broadband Radio Channels, and
`two categories of models for them: Time Channel Models
`[30], Space Channel Models
`and combined Space-Time
`Channel Models [31].
`7.2.1 Time Channel Models
`There is the Additive White Gaussian Noise model
`(AWGN), the discrete memoryless channels, the BSC
`channel, non—binary channels, time—varying Random
`Channels and Discrete Multipath Channels[30].
`7.2.2 Space Channel Models
`Among these space channel models there are the Vector
`and Scalar Space models, and other first and second order
`statistic models which take into account angle spectrum
`concepts, and multipath shape factors to account for spatial
`diversity of the multiple carriers in the channel.
`7.2.3 Space-Time Channel Models
`These are used to model wideband channels, multiple input
`multiple output or MIMO channels, with multiple antenna
`systems, and channel separation through multipath [3 l].
`
`7.3 Propagation mechanisms
`Among the most common propagation mechanisms that can
`be encounteres in a radio channel are Temporal Diversity,
`Spatial Diversity and Angular Diversity. Among the
`Temporal Diversity propagation mechanisms we have
`Multipath, Fading (Random, Small Scale), Rain attenuation
`
`Doppler Effects, Dispersion, and Interference.
`Among the Spatial and Angular Diversity propagation
`(both cochannel and intrachannel) mechanisms, we have
`the beam-forming diversity of antennas, the angle spectrum
`and multipath shape factors to take into account. A variety
`of earlier path
`loss models
`exist
`(Rayleigh, Rice,
`Nakagami) and newer path loss models for wideband
`channels which have to take into account the non-linearity
`of the wireless channel and the fact that there is not only
`Gaussian Noise being added, but also interference and other
`losses which interact
`in a non-linear manner
`in the
`performance of the channel This implies that what was
`thought to be pessimistic models under the linear channel
`AWGN noise, tend to become optimistic, and there is the
`need to do measurement of real scenarios in order to model
`the channel.
`Thus, different wireless propagation mode models are
`being sought for a more realistic modelling of the wireless
`channel, as a power—limited, space—varying,
`time—varying,
`frequency—varying channel which creates an open—ended
`design problem [31] to optimize the system in the presence
`of various types of noise.
`
`8. BJG / 4G Mobile Communications Technologies
`The world beyond 3G (B3G) is being worked on currently
`to develop 4G standards presumably by 2007 and onwards
`and deployed after 2010 [13]. Various groups are working
`on B3G and 4G such as the lTU-R, the Wireless World
`Research Forum (WWRF) and IEEE Project 802, but 4G
`research has two groups within the ITU: one working on
`high data rates up to lOOMb/s and another one working on
`Open Architectures to ensure “seamless interworking”
`among technologies [1 3]. These research directions seem to
`gain support by three other concepts that will no doubt
`appear in B3G and 4G networks: Adaptive Networks,
`Wideband Channels and Multi—user all IP Networks [32]
`interoperable netwarks, even with LEOS, MEOS and GEO
`satellite networks. 4G Processing technologies include
`antenna array signal processing, and UWB (UltraWideband
`Radio) intended for adaptive Ad-Hoc networks [33].
`
`9. 3G Wireless Networks Design:
`36 Wireless Network {25],
`[34],
`[35] Design is often
`associated with fixed [36] or Mobile broadband or
`wideband [37]
`voice,
`data
`and multimedia WANs.
`Broadband local networks are associated with WLANs, and
`
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`

`
`
`range wireless communications with
`Indoor and short
`WPANs. Wireless Network Design implies the Design of
`the Wireless Communication System Elements [38], {see
`Figure 6 above for reference [26]), the simulation [30] of
`the Wireless Network [34], and planning [39] activities
`such as network topology and cellular topology planning,
`decision of the number of cells, signal-to—interferencc ratio
`calculations (SIR) to estimate coverage,
`traffic capacity,
`handoff strategies, security (cryptography, authentication
`protocols and key generation algorithms) [40] as well as the
`planning for future capacity expansion.
`
`10. Conclusions
`This paper has surveyed and organized the more important
`concepts and topics
`that a Wireless Communications
`engineer has to be conversant with in order to be able to
`understand and contribute to this exciting area. This paper
`hopes to serve as a study guide for those interested in the
`Area of Wireless Commtmications, and represents the
`Table of Contents of my ideal Wireless book.
`
`References
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`[5] A. Doman, “The Essential Guide to Wireless
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