Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Photography 101
`
`Fredo Durand
`MIT CSAIL
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 1
`
`
`
`Photography 101
`
`Fredo Durand
`MIT CSAIL
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 1
`
`
`
`What do I know about good pictures?
`
`• Not much: amateur photographer, wildlife, travel, portrait
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 2
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`
`
`I like equipment
`• I am a geek!
`
`• Also I teach
`6.815 Digital and Computational Photography
`6.865 Advanced Computational Photography
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 3
`
`
`
`Plan
`• Imaging
`parameters
`–Camera
`–Lighting
`–Software
`
`• Equipment
`
`• Improving
`your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 4
`
`
`
`Slides are online
`• http://people.csail.mit.edu/
`fredo/
`• More material at
`–http://stellar.mit.edu/S/
`course/6/sp11/6.815/
`–http://graphics.stanford.edu/
`courses/#cs178
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 5
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Imaging
`parameters
`
`Fredo Durand
`MIT CSAIL
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 6
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Imaging parameters
`
`✦ Focal length
`• Sensor format
`✦ Shutter speed
`✦ Aperture
`✦ ISO
`• Noise, sensor size
`✦ Lighting
`
`✦ Software
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 7
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`
`
`Focal length = field of view
`• zooming changes the focal length 24mm
`
`50mm
`
`135mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 8
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`
`
`Focal length = cropping
`
`24mm
`
`50mm
`
`135mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 9
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`
`
`Focal length vs. viewpoint
`• Telephoto makes it easier to select
`background (a small change in
`viewpoint is a big change in
`background.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 10
`
`
`
`Perspective vs. viewpoint
`• Portrait: distortion with wide angle
`• Why?
`
`Wide angle
`
`Standard
`
`Telephoto
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 11
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`
`
`Very wide angle: include but distort
`• Difficult lens to use because it includes so much
`• enables wide range of scales
`
`24mm
`
`18mm
`
`16mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 12
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`
`
`Normal: neutral
`
`55mm
`
`50mm
`
`50mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 13
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`
`
`Medium telephoto: isolate
`
`95mm
`
`110mm
`
`110mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`150mm
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 14
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`
`
`Super telephoto
`
`910mm
`
`910mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`910mm
`
`390mm
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 15
`
`
`
`Focal length & sensor
`
`• What happens when the sensor is half the size?
`– It’s like cropping!
`– The field of view is reduced by a factor of 2
`– The equivalent focal length for is multiplied by 2
`– Hence the so-called crop factor,
`and the notion of 35mm equivalent focal length
`• Most affordable SLRs have a 1.5 crop factor
`f
`d
`
`½ s
`Film/
`sensor
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`pinhole
`
`scene
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 16
`
`
`
`http://www.photozone.de/3Technology/digital_1.htm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 17
`
`
`
`Consequences of smaller sensor
`• Different field of view
`for same focal length
`–hence the “crop factor”
`–a 100mm on a low-end
`SLR has the same field
`of view as a 150mm on
`a high-end one
`
`pinhole
`
`scene
`
`f
`
`d
`
`½ s
`Film/
`sensor
`
`• Larger depth of field
`
`• Increased noise
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 18
`
`
`
`Recap: focal length
`• focal length
`= field of view
`= cropping
`• depends on sensor size
`• zooming changes the focal length
`–wide angle : <35mm
`–telephoto : > 85mm
`
`• difference between viewpoint
`and focal length
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 19
`
`
`
`Exposure
`• Get the right amount of light
`to sensor/film
`• Two main parameters:
`–Shutter speed
`–Aperture (area of lens)
`+ sensor/film sensitivity (ISO)
`
`Main side effects
`–motion blur
`–depth of field
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 20
`
`
`
`Main effect of shutter speed
`• Motion blur
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 21
`
`
`
`Effect of shutter speed
`• Freezing motion
`
`Walking people
`
`Running people
`
`Car
`
`Fast train
`
`1/125
`
`1/250
`
`1/500
`
`1/1000
`
`Note: it doesn’t mean that shutter speed is proportional to the speed of the object. A
`photographer usually tracks the subject.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 22
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Slow shutter speed for motion blur
`
`0.8s
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 23
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Tracking & slow shutter speed
`
`1/8
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 24
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Slow shutter speed to get light
`
`15s
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 25
`
`
`
`Aperture
`• Diameter of the lens opening (controlled by diaphragm)
`• Expressed as a fraction of focal length, in f-number
`25mm
`– f/2.0 on a 50mm means that the aperture is
`– f/2.0 on a 100mm means that the aperture is
`50mm
`• Disconcerting: small f number = big aperture
`• What happens to the area of the aperture when going
`from f/2.0 to f/4.0?
`divided by 4 (square of f number ratio)
`• Typical f numbers are
`f/2.0, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32
`– See the pattern?
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 26
`
`
`
`
`
`CSAI l
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 27
`
`
`
`
`Depth of field
`• Pixel is an integral over a cone of light
`–Converges at focal plane
`–But blurs for other distances
`
`sensor
`
`lens
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Point in focus
`
`Object with texture
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 28
`
`
`
`Depth of field
`• What happens when we close the aperture by two stop?
`
`–Aperture diameter is divided by two
`–Depth of field is doubled
`
`Diaphragm
`
`sensor
`
`lens
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Point in focus
`
`Object with texture
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 29
`
`
`
`Depth of field
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 30
`
`
`
`Is depth of field good or evil?
`• It depends, little grasshopper
`• Want huge DoF: landscape,
`photojournalists, portrait with
`environment
`• Shallow DoF: portrait, wildlife
`
`Michael Reichman
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Steve McCurry
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 31
`
`
`
`Shallow depth of field: portrait
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`85mm f/1.2
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 32
`
`
`
`Depth of field
`• It’s all about the size of the lens aperture
`
`Point in focus
`
`sensor
`
`lens
`
`Object with texture
`
`lens
`
`sensor
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Point in focus
`
`Object with texture
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 33
`
`
`
`Depth of field & sensor
`• Nikon D3s: 36x24mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 34
`
`
`
`Depth of field & sensor
`• Sony DSC-TX9: 6.17 x 4.55 mm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 35
`
`
`
`Small sensors=>large depth of field
`• http://www.mediachance.com/dvdlab/dof/index.htm
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 36
`
`
`
`Exposure
`• Two main parameters:
`–Aperture (in f stop)
`–Shutter speed (in fraction of a second)
`• Reciprocity
`
` The same exposure is obtained with
`an exposure twice as long and an
`aperture area half as big
`
`– Hence square root of two progression of f stops
`vs. power of two progression of shutter speed
`– Reciprocity can fail for very long exposures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 37
`
`
`
`Reciprocity
`• Assume we know how much light we need
`• We have the choice of an infinity of shutter speed/
`aperture pairs
`
`• What will guide our choice of a shutter speed?
`–Freeze motion vs. motion blur, camera shake
`• What will guide our choice of an aperture?
`–Depth of field, diffraction limit
`• Often we must compromise
`–Open more to enable faster speed (but shallow DoF)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 38
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 39
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 40
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`From Photography, London et al.
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 41
`
`
`
`Exposure modes
`• Aperture priority: A (My favorite, I use it 90% of the time)
`– Direct depth of field control
`– Cons: can require impossible shutter speed (e.g. with f/1.4 for a
`bright scene)
`• Shutter speed priority: Tv or S
`– Direct motion blur control
`– Cons: can require impossible aperture (e.g. when requesting a
`1/1000 speed for a dark scene)
`• Note that aperture is somewhat more restricted
`• Program
`– Almost no control, but no need for neurons
`• Manual
`– Full control, but takes more time and thinking
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 42
`
`
`
`Sensitivity (ISO)
`• Third variable for exposure
`• Linear effect (200 ISO needs half the light as 100 ISO)
`• Trade sensitivity for noise
`
`http://wiegaertnerfilms.com/tutorials/the-best-iso-settings-for-canon-video-dslrs/
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 43
`
`
`
`Demo
`– http://graphics.stanford.edu/courses/cs178-10/applets/exposure.html
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 44
`
`
`
`Plan
`• Imaging
`parameters
`–Camera
`–Lighting
`–Software
`
`• Equipment
`
`• Improving
`your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 45
`
`
`
`Light
`
`Bad light
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 46
`
`
`
`Bad light
`
`Better light
`
`Light
`• Control light
`–Time of day
`–Location, direction
`–Add light (flash)
`–Reflect light
`• Goals
`–Control contrast
`–Shape modeling
`–Story telling, art
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Add light
`
`Change location
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 47
`
`
`
`Studio Lighting
`• E.g. 3-point lighting
`–Reduce dynamic range
`–Emphasize silhouettes
`=>3D cues
`
`• Goals of lighting:
`–Manage dynamic range
`–Reveal shape, layout,
`material
`–Tell story
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 48
`
`
`
`Bottom line
`• Don't get married on
`a sunny day!
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 49
`
`
`
`Go in the shade
`• Light is more diffuse
`
`Better
`
`Bad
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 50
`
`
`
`Overcast days are the best
`• Just don’t put the sky in the frame
`The weather conditions
`
`The pictures
`
`Other overcast-day pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 51
`
`
`
`Best time of day: sunset & sunrise
`• +/- 1 hour
`• “Golden hours”
`• Night photography: always near sunset/sunrise
`–because of nice diffuse light
`less than 1 hour
`Mid day:
`after sunrise/
`often not great
`before sunset
`
`During sunset or
`sunrise
`
`After sunset
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 52
`
`
`
`less than 1 hour
`after sunrise
`
`During sunset/sunrise
`
`After sunset
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 53
`
`
`
`• 10 minutes
`after sunset
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 54
`
`
`
`Add fill flash
`• For harsh lighting conditions
`• Illuminate shadows with flash to reduce dynamic range
`• But set the flash to -1.5 or -2 EV
`(3 to 4 times darker than existing lighting)
`
`http://www.kodak.com/eknec/PageQuerier.jhtml?pq-path=317&pq-locale=en_US
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 55
`
`
`
`Without flash
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 56
`
`
`
`With fill flash
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 57
`
`
`
`Flash as the main light source
`Problems:
`–poor location,
`no shape modeling
`–small light source
`
`–annoying shadows
`–often, too white compared
`to available light
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`National Geographic Photography field guide
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 58
`
`
`
`Solution: bounce flash
`• Ceiling bounce:
`much better, more diffuse
`• Disadvantage: shadows under the eyes
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`National Geographic Photography field guide
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 59
`
`
`
`Solution: wall bounce flash
`• Better shape modeling
`(light from the side),
`good lighting of the eyes
`• Disadvantage: walls not always white
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`National Geographic Photography field guide
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 60
`
`
`
`Flash Diffuser
`• Two tricks:
`–diffuser illuminates the
`whole room, light is very
`diffuse but also illuminates
`directly
`–diffuser is orange and
`matches ambient light
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 61
`
`
`
`Reflect light
`
`http://studiostyles.net/location-lighting-techniques-finding-the-light/
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 62
`
`
`
`Recap: Light
`• Control light
`–Time of day
`–Location, direction
`–Add light (flash)
`–Reflect light
`• Goals
`–Control contrast
`–Shape modeling
`–Story telling, art
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 63
`
`
`
`Plan
`• Imaging
`parameters
`–Camera
`–Lighting
`–Software
`
`• Equipment
`
`• Improving
`your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 64
`
`
`
`Software
`• Software adjustment can make a big difference!
`Before
`After
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Here:
`exposure
`curve
`clarity
`vibrance
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 65
`
`
`
`Software
`• Shoot in RAW for more flexibility
`• Photo management & lightweight editing
`–Lightroom, Aperture, Lightzone, Darktable
`–Fix white balance (make white white!)
`–Adjust exposure (e.g. brighter for snow scene)
`–Crop to improve composition
`–Manage contrast using the curve
`–Boost saturation (or vibrance) a little.
`–Add light to dark areas (fill light)
`–Sharpen a bit
`–Convert to black and white
`• Use Photoshop only if you really need to
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 66
`
`
`
`White balance
`• Party name tags provide excellent white references!
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 67
`
`
`
`Exposure correction
`• I told the camera to make the image 1.8 times brighter
`• Still too dark
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 68
`
`
`
`Exposure correction
`• I told the camera to make the image 1.8 times brighter
`• I still had to brighten it in software
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 69
`
`
`
`Crop
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 70
`
`
`
`Manage contrast with the curve
`• Before curve adjustment
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 71
`
`
`
`Manage contrast with the curve
`• After curve adjustment (a tad overdone)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 72
`
`
`
`Boost saturation or vibrance
`• Before
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 73
`
`
`
`Boost saturation or vibrance
`• After
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 74
`
`
`
`Fill light
`• Before fill light
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 75
`
`
`
`Fill light
`• After fill light
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 76
`
`
`
`Graduated filter
`
`Before
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 77
`
`
`
`Graduated filter
`
`Darken sky
`
`After
`
`Brighten ground
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 78
`
`
`
`Black and white
`• Helps when colors are distracting
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 79
`
`
`
`Black and white
`• Often needs to boost contrast
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 80
`
`
`
`Other useful tools/sliders
`• Black point
`• Recovery (to save clipped highlights)
`• Denoising
`• Clarity
`• Local adjustments and gradient
`• Vignetting
`• Optical aberration correction
`• Perspective correction
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 81
`
`
`
`Organize, rate, delete
`• On a photo trip, I keep 1% of pictures
`–That’s also the rate of most pros
`–Yes, I shoot more photos than most people
`–But I also keep a lot fewer
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 82
`
`
`
`Organize, rate, delete
`• My strategy: multipass algorith
`–Go through all pictures, and rate the OK ones 1 star
`–Go through the 1 star and rate the better ones 2 stars
`–Etc.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 83
`
`
`
`If you’re really good
`• Keyword your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 84
`
`
`
`Software ++
`• Stitch panoramas
`• High-Dynamic-Range
`• Multiple exposures
`• Macro focal stack
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 85
`
`
`
`Recap: Software
`• Shoot in RAW for more flexibility
`• Photo management & lightweight editing
`–Lightroom, Aperture, Lightzone, Darktable
`–Fix white balance (make white white!)
`–Adjust exposure (e.g. brighter for snow scene)
`–Crop to improve composition
`–Manage contrast using the curve
`–Boost saturation (or vibrance) a little.
`–Add light to dark areas (fill light)
`–Sharpen a bit
`–Convert to black and white
`• Use Photoshop only if you really need to
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 86
`
`
`
`Plan
`• Imaging
`parameters
`–Camera
`–Lighting
`–Software
`
`• Equipment
`
`• Improving
`your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 87
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Equipment
`
`Fredo Durand
`MIT CSAIL
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 88
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Choosing a camera
`
`✦ If you can afford it, get an SLR
`• bigger sensor = less noise in low light
`• bigger sensor = shallower depth of field
`• faster autofocus
`• more lens choice, higher optical quality
`✦ Do not worry about
`• megapixels - 6 is way enough
`• brand - they’re all good enough
`• body - they all have the same image quality
`✦ Worry about lenses
`✦ Worry about lighting gear (cheap and effective)
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 89
`
`
`
`Lens quality varies!
`
`source: the luminous landscape
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 90
`
`
`
`Zoom vs. prime
`• The left image is with an expensive zoom
`• Still softer than the prime on the right
`
`source: the luminous landscape
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 91
`
`
`
`Online reviews
`• http://www.slrgear.com/reviews/index.php
`• http://www.dpreview.com/lensreviews/
`•
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 92
`
`
`
`Equipment
`• Do get an SLR or mirrorless, compacts are too limited
`• Don't worry about brand (with a bias for Nikon/Canon/Sony)
`• Don't worry about the body, get the cheapest one
`• Worry about lenses
`– Zooms are convenient but quality can be a problem
`• Avoid large range (e.g. 18-200) they’re not bad when stopped down, but
`quality isn’t great at full aperture
`• Maximum aperture matters (the smaller the number, the better)
`– Get a prime in the 35-85mm range
`(cheap, high quality, wide aperture) 50mm f/1.8
`• Count $500 to 1k for basic configuration
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 93
`
`
`
`Equipment: accessories
`• Good flash photography is very difficult!
`–Because you typically deal with 2 sources of light: flash
`and ambient
`–You need to get the exposure right for both!
`–You need to get the white balance right for both!
`• Get an external flash if you want to take “event” pictures
`– The built-in flash is only good for fill flash (in bright sunlight)
`– Use external flash, orient towards (white) wall/ceiling
`– Get a diffuser (omnibounce)
`– Get yellow gel (or diffuser) to match indoor lighting
`• Get a tripod
`– important for landscape, cityscape
`– get a good one: stability is important
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 94
`
`
`
`Nikon
`Tends to be a tad cheaper
`• D3100 & D5100are good.
`D7000 if you want to be more
`serious
`• 18-70 or 17-55 f/2.8
`• 55-200 is surprisingly not so
`bad and super cheap
`• Get the new 50mm f/1.8
`(the old one won’t focus)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 95
`
`
`
`Canon
`• Rebel T3 or T3i for cheap options,
`7D if your bank account permits
`• If you get the kit lens, get IS
`• 17-85 or 17-55 f/2.8
`• 70-200 f/4.0
`(amazing lens)
`• 50mm f/1.8
`• 100mm f/2.8 macro
`(great also for portraits)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 96
`
`
`
`Mirrorless systems
`• e.g. micro 4/3, Sony Alpha Nex
`• Smaller
`• Autofocus not as good (contrast detection, not stereo)
`• Sensor not quite as good yet (smaller)
`• More depth of field
`• No optical viewfinder
`• Recommendation:
`–Sony Nex3 or 5
`–Panasonic GF2
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 97
`
`
`
`Other brands
`Not as big a range, future not always clear (see Minolta), have been slower to
`get to digital SLR
`• Olympus
`– Good system, but smaller sensor
`• Pentax
`– Good entry camera
`• Sigma
`– Intriguing sensor (Foveon), limited system, noise is an issue
`• Fuji
`– One-trick pony (the sensor)
`– Nikon body
`• Sony
`– Pretty good.
`– Lens selection not as good as Nikon/Canon
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 98
`
`
`
`Lighting
`• Cheapest way to improve your photo
`• http://strobist.blogspot.com/2006/03/lighting-101.html
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 99
`
`
`
`It’s the light that counts
`• http://fstoppers.com/iphone
`• Photos taken with an iphone 3GS
`–and a lot of lighting equipment
`
`See also http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o063wC_SNxo&feature=player_embedded
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 100
`
`
`
`Cheap lighting-based setup
`• Cheap compact with a flash hotshoe
`–and a manual mode
`• Cheap lighting equipment
`(manual flashes)
`• DYI diffusers and reflectors
`
`• Good for
`–Portraits
`–Macro
`• See
`–http://www.diyphotography.net/
`–http://strobist.blogspot.com/
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 101
`
`
`
`Type of photo
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 102
`
`
`
`Portrait
`• Cheap body
`• Wide aperture often matters
`(f/2.8 and below)
`• 50mm f/1.8 is a must
`• Invest in an external flash and
`lighting
`–reflector
`• Depends on perspective you like:
`–17-55 f/2.8
`–50mm f/1.8
`–70-200mm
`(f/2.8 if you can afford it)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 103
`
`
`
`Kids / action
`• Good Autofocus matters.
`Get a slightly more expensive
`body
`• Fast lens (wide aperture)
`–17-55 f/2.8
`–50mm f/1.8 (for kids)
`–70-200 f/.8
`• External flash for kids.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 104
`
`
`
`Landscape
`• Get a cheap body
`• Good tripod + remote trigger
`• Polarizing filter
`• lenses:
`–Large aperture does not
`matter.
` You want large depth of field
`–main one: 17-85 or 17-70
`–depending on style:
`• wider angle, e.g. 10-22 but
`include a foreground element
`• telephoto, surprisingly useful,
`e.g. 75-300
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 105
`
`
`
`Wildlife
`• Expensive!
`• Need good autofocus and long
`lenses
`• At least 300mm on small sensor
`• A flash and a better beamer
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 106
`
`
`
`Macro
`• Easier with a smaller sensor
`–more depth of field
`• 100mm macro or 60mm macro lens
`(1:1 magnification)
`• Sturdy tripod + remote trigger
`• Lighting equipment
`–reflector / diffuser (DIY)
`–flash or some external light
`–lots of DIY options
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 107
`
`
`
`Plan
`• Imaging
`parameters
`–Camera
`–Lighting
`–Software
`
`• Equipment
`
`• Improving
`your pictures
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 108
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Improving your
`pictures
`
`Fredo Durand
`MIT CSAIL
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 109
`
`
`
`Not a creativity session
`• For those of us who are NOT talented photographers
`• Heuristics, issues, that help get better photographs.
`Maybe not great photographs, but better
`• If you are talented, good for you.
`Forget those “rules”, keep taking good photos.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 110
`
`
`
`Take pictures, critique your pictures
`• And get them critiqued (friends, internet)
`• Give yourself a theme, constraints
`• Look at contests online:
`–You don’t need to enter the contest, but use the theme
`– http://www.dpreview.com/challenges/
`– http://www.dpchallenge.com/
`– http://www.fredmiranda.com/forum/
`– http://gizmodo.com/#!shooting-challenge
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 111
`
`
`
`Advice overview
`• Simplify, avoid cluttered background
`
`• Don’t center things
`
`• Avoid harsh light
`
`• White balance
`
`• Portraits are all about the eyes
`
`• Follow rules or really break them.
`No middle ground.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 112
`
`
`
`Fixing a cluttered background
`• Change viewpoint
`• Shallow depth of field
`• Frame tighter
`• Modify scene (move objects, add backdrop)
`• Retouch (blur, desaturate, darken)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 113
`
`
`
`Composition/viewpoint
`• Get low
`–at eye level of subject
`• Avoid centering subject
`–rule of the third
`• Keep horizon horizontal
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 114
`
`
`
`Light & color
`• Avoid harsh light…
`unless you want to play with shadows
`• Sunrise & sunset are best
`• Cloudy days are great as long as the sky is not in the
`picture
`• For sunny days, shade areas are best
`• Avoid direct flash
`• HDR, tone map
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 115
`
`
`
`Portraits: It’s all about the eyes
`• Eyes should be sharp & shiny
`• Be at eye level
`• Make sure lighting is not harsh
`• Shallow depth of field can help
`• Add vignetting to focus attention
`• Get the white balance right
`(maybe a little warm)
`• Try Black and white
`• Telephoto: isolate the subject
`• Wide angle: approachable and
`include surrounding
`• Don’t hesitate to over-shoot:
`bits are cheap
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 116
`
`
`
`Landscape / architecture
`• Get a foreground element
`– rock, tree, flower
`• Rule of the thirds, diagonals
`– in particular for the horizon
`• Don’t hesitate to zoom in
`• Manage dynamic range
`– sky is always too bright
`– graduated neutral density, HDR
`– golden hours or right after sunset
`• Use a polarizer
`– darkens the sky, make colors stand out
`• Alignments
`– Keep horizon straight
`– For architecture, correct verticals
`• Don’t be deterred by stormy weather
`• Slow shutter speed for water
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 117
`
`
`
`Background
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 118
`
`
`
`Cluttered backgrounds are bad
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 119
`
`
`
`Distracting background
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Model: Rob Wang
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 120
`
`
`
`Move your feet! (1 meter away)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Model: Rob Wang
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 121
`
`
`
`Distracting background
`
`50mm f/8
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Model: Rob Wang
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 122
`
`
`
`Shallower depth of field
`
`50mm f/1.8
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Model: Rob Wang
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 123
`
`
`
`Shallower depth of field
`
`85mm f/1.2
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Model: Rob Wang
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 124
`
`
`
`Crop
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 125
`
`
`
`Isolate using blur (Photoshop, layering)
`• But maybe don’t over-do it
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 126
`
`
`
`Clone brush/Poisson cleaning
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 127
`
`
`
`Desaturate, darken
`
`From Digital Photographer’s Handbook
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 128
`
`
`
`Compositing & matting
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 129
`
`
`
`Fixing a cluttered background
`• Change viewpoint
`• Shallow depth of field
`• Frame tighter
`• Modify scene (move objects, add backdrop)
`• Retouch (blur, desaturate, darken)
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 130
`
`
`
`Question?
`• Recap: avoid distracting background
`• Simplify, get close
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 131
`
`
`
`Composition
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 132
`
`
`
`Get low
`• Try to be at eye level
`
`Bad
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`Better
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 133
`
`
`
`Eye level
`
`
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 134
`
`
`
`Or really get high
`• As usual, follow a rule
`or really break it.
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 135
`
`
`
`Rule of the thirds
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`National
`Geographic
`Photography
`field guide
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 136
`
`
`
`Rule of the thirds
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 137
`
`
`
`Rule of the Third
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 138
`
`
`
`Variations of the rule of the thirds
`• Golden ratio
`–Very questionable superstition
`–http://plus.maths.org/issue22/features/golden/
`• Rule of the fifth
`• ...
`
`• Only one thing matters: don’t center!
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 139
`
`
`
`Don’t center, especially for motion
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 140
`
`
`
`Don’t center, especially for motion
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 141
`
`
`
`Don’t center, especially for motion
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 142
`
`
`
`... or do center
`
`or do center
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 143
`
`
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 144
`
`
`
`Question
`• Recap:
`–avoid distracting background
`–be at eye level, get low
`–avoid centering subject
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 145
`
`
`
`Build on diagonal lines
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 146
`
`
`
`Warning: near-parallelism
`• In particular, keep horizon level
`• Use crop with rotation to fix this
`
`http://www.fotofinish.com/resources/centers/photo/takingpictures.htm
`• or use bubble level on flash hot shoe
`
`Monday, May 2, 2011
`
`APPLE V. COREPHOTONICS
`IPR2020-00487
`Exhibit 2002
`Page 147
`
`
`
`Correct perspective (perspective crop)
`+ you control reflection and pe
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