rI:·t,:.;
`
`"
`--.. \
`
`,.·, SIGNALING,
`
`~ -iiiiiillltt:
`
`.
`. ·/rti> -..
`-::1--.·
`··-·.;. :tW.MTS Interfaces, Protocols,
`.,
`:'
`Message Flows and Proce··· ~-:--.;~
`.·
`;,t.tlalyzed and Expldinl!i.
`,,. ''>
`·
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`:i . ·:.
`.-
`!'
`
`·'(cid:173)
`
`) . -~
`
`R. KREHER
`T. RODEBUSCH
`
`~WILEY
`
`Optis Wireless Ex 2010-p. 1
`Apple v Optis Wireless
`IPR2020-00466
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`

`

`' 1
`
`1
`
`UMTS Signaling
`UMTS Interfaces, Protocols,
`Message Flows and Procedures
`Analyzed and Explained
`Second Edition
`
`Ralf Kreher and Torsten Riidebusch
`Both of
`Tektroni.x Berlin GmbH & Cu. KG
`Germany
`
`l
`
`t
`
`Z
`
`II ICl:NTltNNIAL
`.J
`•
`C
`i 1 8 0 7 :
`-
`: @WILEY:
`z
`: 2007 ~
`-
`>
`11~----lr
`II I C!:NTltNN I AL
`John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
`
`Optis Wireless Ex 2002-p. 2
`Apple v Optis Wireless
`IPR2020-00466
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`

`

`Copyright © 2007 Tektro11ix. Inc.
`Published in 2007 by
`John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Atrium. Southern Gate. Chichester,
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`Typc,e 1111 IU/l2p1 Tinu.: , I>) TeLhHooh , NI",\ Dc.:l hi, India
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`!h,~ ~oo l-.: 1s pn ntetl on ,1L·1J Ire(' p,J J)J; r rc~pwh1 hl y 11 1o1 nul uc 1u, ed fHHII , 11..,1,1111:iblt· lor\.·,tt ,
`Ill wh ich a( k a~I IV. 0 l ret, .i re rl.1r11c· J 10 1 l',R It Oll t' t,~ed fu r p,11w r p1 rn h1 l' lll ll l,
`.
`
`Optis Wireless Ex 2002-p. 3
`Apple v Optis Wireless
`IPR2020-00466
`
`

`

`UMTS Basics
`
`power
`
`time
`
`65
`
`Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
`
`Time Division Multiple Access (TOMA)
`
`~
`
`ode Division Multiple Access (COMA)
`
`frequency
`
`Figure 1.55 Multiple access methods.
`
`Fo~ net_work op~rators, the difference in planning is that for FDMA and TOMA, frequency
`planning is the maJor task, whereas for CDMA, code planning is the major task.
`
`1.7.3 UMTS CDMA
`The ta~ks that result from the CDMA technique are mainly implemented in Node Band in the
`UE (Figure 1.56).
`The following work steps must be performed before the signal can be transmitted via the
`antenna:
`
`"I.
`
`• Spreading of the data with Orthogonal Codes with Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) codes.
`• Scrambling of the spread stream with scrambling codes.
`• Modulation of the digital signal onto the air interface.
`
`The receiver will have to perform these steps in reverse order.
`Since spreading codes and scrambling codes are important to identify UTRAN signaling
`messages belonging to a defined user, a short introduction to these techniques is given, while
`modulation is outside the scope of this book. However, the following section will demonstrate
`the process for CDMA-FDD only, because TDD is close to implementation, but typically not
`introduced into the networks yet.
`
`Spreading
`
`OVSF-Codes G)
`
`Data 1 ·r-i
`.w
`
`Data x
`
`Scrambling Modulation
`
`f ·A,
`
`y1-4Jy
`
`►
`
`················•
`
`► ®
`
`i
`
`Scrambling
`Codes
`
`Figure 1.56 UMTS CDMA.
`
`Optis Wireless Ex 2002-p. 4
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`IPR2020-00466
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`

`

`Symbol
`
`Symbol
`
`66
`
`Data
`
`SpreAdlng code
`(8 Chips Coda:-:01001011)
`
`Cl11p stream
`
`UMTS Signaling
`
`+1 (O) NAZ
`- 1 (1)
`
`Multiplication by XOR:
`+1 x+1 =+ 1
`+1 x-1= - 1
`-1x+1=-1
`-1 x-1=+1
`
`Figure 1.57 Spreading using Direct Sequence CDMA.
`
`J. 7.4 CDMA Spreading/Channelization
`CDMA can use different methods of spreading channelization:
`
`• Direct Sequence CDMA (OS-CDMA).
`• Frequency Hopping CDMA (FH-CDMA).
`• Time Hopping CDMA (TH-CDMA).
`• Hybrid Modulation CDMA (HM-CDMA).
`• Multi-Can-icr CDMA (MC-CDMA).
`
`UMTS will use. in the first stage, the OS-CDMA technique (Figure 1.57).
`Every bit of the data (symbol) stream will be spread (coded) by a number of code bits (chips).
`By this. the data stream becomes a chip stream with the length:
`
`data bits x code chips
`
`The input data rate is also called symbol rate.
`For the spreading. the data bit values have to be turned to nonreturn to zero (NRZ) codes:
`for example. + l or - I. Binary zero is presented as+ I and binary one is presented as -1.
`Multiplying the code to the bit using the XOR function performs the ~preading. A~ can
`be ')een. the chip stream is a picnire of the code; i.e .. if a binary zero ha\ co be spread . th~
`c..hip ~lfelm is the code. If a binary one has to be spread. the chip stream i~ the imacc"d
`code .
`Ont' 01 tht m:iin rea:)ons for spreading i~ to convert a narrowband signal to a \\ idc."b~mJ
`, ,grial, near!) :i-. v. i,k a" the radio interface frequency band .
`In L M'f ~. Lhe <..hip -.trl!am alv. ay~ ha-; the ,iz.e of 3,8-lO,OOO chipv-., for e,ampll' J .S-4 ~l cp-..
`equ; .. d 10 t1 freque11L) ul 3 M Ml 11 .
`Depending on 1J1e dd td ~l!t'arn, unable, 'lf)rcaJing l'O<.h:,-, h,1, e to hi.' U\t'd . Fir~t of all. che value
`of !.he code l '> 1101 1mpo11.1111, but 1\!) length i~. Sccu11LII) , the w,cJ L'O<lc'> :sht)Ltlu be orthogonal;
`they difler compleLely from taL h other In the uplink direction, che l JE separates different data
`channels from each other b) using d1f1e1ent cotkll tor cm.:h data channd
`
`Optis Wireless Ex 2002-p. 5
`Apple v Optis Wireless
`IPR2020-00466
`
`