The New Oxford
`American Dictionary
`
`SECOND EDITION
`
`FIRST EDITION
`
`Elizabeth J. Jewell
`Frank Abate
`
`SECOND
`
`EDITION
`
`Erin McKean
`
`OXFORD
`
`UNIVERSITY PRESS
`
`2005
`
`SDC0068825
`
`IPR2020-00320
`Ex. 2008
`Page 1 of 3
`
`

`

`OXFORD
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`UNIVERSITY PRESS
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`Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that
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`The first edition of the New Oxford American Dictionary was based on The New Oxford
`Dictionary of English, published in the United Kingdom in 1998.
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`Copyright © 2005 by Oxford University Press,
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`Oxford University Press
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`The new Oxford American dictionary.-- 2nd ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN-13
`
`978-0-19-517077-1
`
`1. English language--United States--Dictionaries. 2.
`Americanisms--Dictionaries.
`PE1628.N429
`2005
`423'.1--dc22
`
`2005000941
`
`This book includes some words that are, or are asserted to be, proprietary names or
`trademarks. Their inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal
`purposes a nonproprietary or general significance, nor is any other
`judgment
`In cases where the editor has some evidence
`implied concerning their legal status.
`this is indicated by the
`that a word is used as a proprietary name or trademark,
`designation trademark, but no judgment concerning the legal status of such words is
`made or implied thereby.
`100987654
`
`Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
`
`SDC0068826
`
`IPR2020-00320
`Ex. 2008
`Page 2 of 3
`
`

`

`1355
`
`proliferate
`
`adv. for or on this
`
`pro hac vice
`ro hac vice /pro ,hak 'wiké; 'visé/
`>Latin.
`occasion only.
`(-hib.ited,
`/pre'hibit; pro-/ >v.
`-hib-it-ing)
`ro-hib-it
`formally forbid (something) by law,
`rule, or
`{trans.]
`laws prohibiting cruelty to
`authority:
`animals.
`other
`from doing some-
`someone/something
`a (prohibit
`thing) formally forbid a person or group from doing
`he is prohibited from being a director.
`(of a
`something:
`(something); make impos-
`fact or situation) prevent
`agreement had prohibited any tax cuts.
`the budget
`sible:
`from Latin prohibit-
`in
`plate Middle English:
`‘kept
`from pro- ‘in front’ +
`from the verb prohibere,
`check,’
`‘to hold.’ —pro-hib-iter n. —pro-hib:i-tor
`/-ar/
`habere
`n. —pro-hib-i-to-ry
`adj.
`THE RIGHT WORD ban, disallow, enjoin, forbid, hin-
`interdict, preclude, prohibit
`der,
`There are a number of ways to prevent
`something
`it, which as-
`from happening. You can prohibit
`sumes that you have legal or other authority and
`are willing to back up your prohibition with force
`smoking); or you can simply forbid it and
`(prohibit
`that you’ve got the necessary clout
`(forbid
`hope
`to stay out after midnight).
`teenagers
`Ban carries a little more weight—both legal and
`interdict suggests that church or civil
`moral—and
`are behind the idea.
`authorities
`is to prohibit by legal
`To enjoin (in this sense)
`in-
`(the truckers were enjoined from striking),
`junction
`practically guarantees that you’ll get what
`which
`you want.
`A government or some other authority may dis-
`allow an act it might otherwise have permitted (the
`IRS disallowed the deduction), but anyone withalittle
`gumption can hinder an activity by putting obsta-
`in its path (hinder the thief's getaway by tripping
`cles
`him on his way out the door).
`the easiest way to prohibit
`Of course,
`something
`is to preclude it, which means stopping it before it
`even gets started.
`
`1 the action of for-
`/,prd(h)a'bisHan/>n.
`pro-hi-bi-tion
`something, esp. by law: they argue that prohi-
`bidding
`a law or regulation for-
`bition of drugs will always fail.
`those who favor prohibitions on
`something:
`bidding
`trading. 2 (Prohibition) the prevention by law
`insider
`of the manufacture and sale of alcohol, esp.
`in the
`U.S. between 1920 and 1933. >late Middle
`English:
`from Old French, from Latin prohibitio(n-), from pro-
`‘keep in check’
`hibere
`(see PROHIBIT).
`—pro-hi-bi-tion-
`ary /-,neré/ adj. —Pro-hi-bi-tion-ist
`/-nist/ n.
`1 (of a price or
`>adj.
`/pra'hibitiv;
`pro-hib:i-tive
`excessively high; difficult or
`impossible to
`charge)
`involved were prohibitive | prohibitive inter-
`the costs
`pay:
`rates. 2 (esp. of a law or rule)
`forbidding or re-
`est
`something: prohibitive legislation. @ (of a con-
`stricting
`dition or situation) preventing someone from doing
`force 5 is prohibitive. >late Mid-
`a wind over
`something:
`dle English (sense 2): from French prohibitif,
`-ive or
`from prohibit- ‘kept in check,’
`from
`Latin
`prohibitivus,
`the verb prohibere
`(see PROHIBIT).
`—pro-hib-i-tive-ly
`adv. —provhib:i-tive-ness n.
`/prd'insalan/ >n.
`Biochemistry a substance
`pro-in-suslin
`by the pancreas that is converted to in-
`produced
`sulin.
`-ikt/ 1 an individual or collab-
`pro-ject >n.
`/'praj,ekt;
`enterprise that is carefully planned and de-
`orative
`signed to achieve a particular aim: a research project
`a nationwide project
`to encourage business
`development.
`undertaken by a student or
`@a school assignment
`group of students,
`typically as a long-term task that
`research: a history project.
`independent
`requires
`or planned
`the novel
`undertaking:
`under-
`proposed
`its own stated project of telling a story. 2 (also
`mines
`project) a government-subsidized
`housing
`housing
`development with relatively low rents: her family still
`lives in the projects.
`1 (usu. be projected)
`/pra'jekt; pro'jekt/
`>v.
`[trans.]
`(something) on the basis of pre-
`timate or forecast
`spending was projected at $72.
`trends:
`sent
`million.
`(projected) plan (a scheme or un-
`as adj.|
`mfoften
`a projected
`art.
`exhibition of
`contemporary
`dertaking):
`2 [intrans.] extend outward beyond something else;
`I
`noticed a slip of paper projecting from the
`protrude:
`(projecting) a projecting bay window.
`See
`book | [as adj.]
`3 [frans.] throw or cause to move for-
`note at BULGE.
`ward or outward:
`projected from the
`seeds are
`tree.
`cause (light, shadow, or an image) to fall on a sur-
`the one light projected shadows on the wall. @ cause
`face:
`the voice) to be heard at a
`distance:
`(a sound, esp.
`audible depends on your ability to project your voice.
`being
`a situation, etc.)
`imagine
`as
`(oneself,
`having
`to a different place or
`time: people may be
`moved
`
`es-
`
`|
`
`into the past. 4 present or pro-
`projecting the present
`mote (a particular view or image): he strives to project
`(someone or
`@ present
`an image of youth.
`something)
`in a way intended to create a favorable
`impression:
`she liked to project herself more as a friend than a doctor.
`in one’s
`display (an emotion or quality)
`behavior:
`everyone would be amazed that a young girl could project
`depths of emotion.
`something
`(project
`such
`onto)
`transfer or attribute one’s own emotion or desire to
`(another person), esp. unconsciously: men may some-
`times project their own fears onto women. 5 Geometry
`lines from a center of or parallel
`lines
`draw straight
`every point of (a given figure)
`to produce a
`through
`figure on a surface ora line by in-
`corresponding
`the surface.
`m draw (such lines). ™ pro-
`tersecting
`duce (such a corresponding figure). 6 make a pro-
`jection of (the earth, sky, etc.) on a plane
`surface.
`>late Middle English (in the sense ‘preliminary de-
`from Latin projectum
`tabulated
`statement’):
`sign,
`prominent,’ neuter past participle of
`‘something
`from pro-
`‘forth’ + jacere ‘to
`‘throw forth,’
`proicere
`throw.’ Early senses of the verb were ‘plan,
`devise’
`and ‘cause to move forward.’ —pro-ject-a-ble
`‘jektabal/
`adj.
`/pra'jektl; -,til/ >n. a missile designed to be
`pro-jec-tile
`fired from a rocket or gun.
`an object
`propelled
`the air, esp. one thrown as a weapon:
`through
`they
`tried to shield Johnson from the projectiles that were being
`thrown.
`
`/pre-
`
`[attrib.| of or relating to such a missile or object:
`adj.
`propelled with great
`force: pro-
`a projectile weapon.
`vomiting. >mid 17th cent.: modern Latin,
`from
`jectile
`‘thrown forth,’ from the verb proicere
`
`project-
`
`(see
`
`PROJECT).
`
`monsters
`
`mankind’s
`
`tect
`
`overhead
`
`including
`
`a
`
`1 an estimate or fore-
`/pra'jeksHen/ >n.
`pro-jec-tion
`cast of a future situation or trend based on a study
`of present ones: plans based on projections of slow but
`positive growth | population projection is essential for plan-
`ning, 2 the presentation of an image on a surface,
`esp. a movie screen: quality illustrations for
`an image projected in such a way:
`the
`projection.
`projections featured humpback whales. ™ the
`background
`ability to make a sound, esp. the voice, heard at a
`I taught him voice projection. 3 the presenta-
`distance:
`tion or promotion of someone or something in a
`the legal profession’s
`projection of an
`particular way:
`image of altruism. @ a mental image viewed as reality:
`can be understood as mental projections of
`fears. @ the unconscious transfer of one’s
`own desires or emotions to another person: we pro-
`the selfby a number of defense mechanisms,
`repression and projection. 4 a thing that extends out-
`ward from something else: the particle board covered
`all the sharp projections. 5 Geometry the action of pro-
`a figure. 6 the
`representation on a plane
`jecting
`surface of any part of the surface of the earth or a ce-
`lestial sphere. # (also map projection) a method by
`which such representation may be done. >mid 16th
`from proicere
`(sense 6): from Latin projectio(n-),
`cent.
`‘throw forth’
`(see PROJECT). —pro-jec-tion:ist
`/-ist/ n.
`(in sense 2).
`tel-e-vi-sion (also pro-jec-tion TV)
`pro-jec-tion
`television receiver in which the image is pro-
`large
`jected optically onto a large viewing screen.
`1 Geometry relating to
`/pro'jektiv/
`adj.
`pro-jec-tive
`or derived by projection:
`projective
`transformations.
`m(of a property of a figure) unchanged by projec-
`tion. 2 Psychology relating to the
`unconscious
`transfer of one’s own desires or emotions to anoth-
`contents of wish fantasies, ™ re-
`the projective
`er person:
`lating to or exploiting the unconscious
`expression
`introduction of one’s impressions or
`or
`feelings.
`adv. —pro-jectiv-ity
`—projectively
`/,prd,jek'tivaté;
`n.
`,praj,ek-/
`ge-om-e-try >n. the study of the projec-
`pro-jec-tive
`tive properties of geometric
`figures.
`in which
`test
`test
`a psychological
`pro-jec-tive
`images, or situations are presented to a per-
`words,
`son and the responses analyzed for the
`unconscious
`expression of elements of personality that they re-
`veal.
`
`1 an object that is used to
`/pre'jektar/
`pro-jec-tor
`rays of light, esp. an apparatus with a system
`project
`of lenses for projecting slides or film onto a screen.
`person who plans and sets up a project or
`2 archaic
`a promoter of a dubious or
`fraudulent
`enterprise.
`enterprise.
`(also pro-car-y-ote)
`/prd'karé
`pro-kar-y-ote
`ogy a microscopic single-celled organism,
`including
`that has neither a
`the bacteria and cyanobacteria,
`nucleus with a membrane nor other spe-
`distinct
`Compare with EUKARYOTE.
`cialized
`organelles.
`
`Biol-
`
`a
`
`a member of the
`
`abdominal
`
`adj.
`
`relating to
`
`v.
`
`>1960s: from PRO-2 ‘before’ + Greek karuon ‘nut, ker-
`nel’ + -ote as in ZYGOTE. —pro-kar-y-ot-ic
`/prd,karé-
`adj.
`'Atik/
`(1891-
`(Sergeevich)
`/pro'kofé,ef/, Sergei
`Pro-ko-fi-ev
`1953), Russian composer. Notable works include the
`the Lieutenant
`opera The Love for Three Oranges (1919),
`the ballet music for Romeo and Juliet
`Kijé suite (1934),
`(1935-36), and Peter and the Wolf
`(1936).
`/pre'képyifsk/ a coal-mining city in
`Pro-ko-pyevsk
`southern Russia, in the Kuznets Basin industrial
`re-
`to the south of Kemerovo; pop.
`274,000.
`gion,
`Biochemistry a hormone re-
`/pro'lakten/
`pro-lac+tin
`leased from the anterior pituitary gland that stimu-
`lates milk production after childbirth.
`>1930s:
`from PRO-2 ‘before’ +
`LACTATION.
`pro-lapse Pn.
`‘pro,laps/ a slipping
`forward
`/pro'laps;
`or down of one of the parts or organs of the body: a
`prolapse. @a prolapsed part or organ,
`rectal
`esp.
`uterus or
`rectum.
`[usu. as adj]
`(of a
`(prolapsed)
`[prd'laps/
`>v.
`[intrans.]
`part or organ of the body) slip forward or down:
`a
`uterus. >mid 18th cent.: from Latin prolaps-
`prolapsed
`from the verb prolabi, from pro-
`forward,’
`‘slipped
`down’ + labi
`‘to slip.’
`‘forward,
`term for Pro-
`/prd'lapses/ bn.
`technical
`pro-lap-sus
`from late
`>late 18th cent.: modern Latin,
`Lapse.
`literally ‘fall.’
`Latin,
`/'pro,lat/ >adj. Geometry (of a
`pro-late
`spheroid)
`in the direction of a polar
`diameter.
`lengthened
`contrasted with oBLaTe!l. Dlate 17th cent.:
`Often
`from Latin prolatus ‘carried forward,’ past
`participle
`‘forward’ + ferre
`from pro-
`of proferre ‘prolong,’
`‘carry.’
`informal, derogatory
`prole
`working class; a worker.
`adj. working-class: prole soldiers. >late 19th cent.: ab-
`breviation of
`PROLETARIAT.
`Entomology a fleshy
`pro-leg /'prd,leg/
`limb of a caterpillar or similar insect
`larva.
`-nen/ >n.
`-na
`/,prdole'gama,nan;
`(pl.
`pro-le-gom-e-non
`[-ne/) a critical or discursive introduction to a book.
`>mid 17th cent.: via Latin from Greek, passive pre-
`sent participle (neuter) of prolegein ‘say
`beforehand,’
`from pro ‘before’ + legein ‘say.’
`—pro-le-gom-e-nous
`|-nas/
`adj.
`>n. (pl. -ses
`1 Rhetoric
`/prd'lepsas/
`pro-lep-sis
`anticipation and answering of possible objec-
`the
`tions in rhetorical speech.
`poetic/literary
`anticipa-
`in the first of the novella’s three parts Marlow gives a
`tion:
`prolepsis of the climax. 2 the representation of a thing
`as existing before it actually does or did so, as in he
`was a dead man when he entered, >late Middle
`English
`(as a term in rhetoric): via late Latin from Greek pro-
`from pro ‘be-
`from prolambanein ‘anticipate,’
`lépsis,
`fore’ + lambanein ‘take.’ —pro-lep-tic /-'leptik/
`/-'leptik()lé/ adv.
`—pro-lep-ti-cal-ly
`/,proli'te(e)réen/ >adj. of or
`pro-le-tar-i-an
`the proletariat: a proletarian ideology.
`>n. a member of the proletariat. >mid 17th cent.:
`from Latin proletarius (from proles ‘offspring’),
`denot-
`ing a person having no wealth in property, who only
`the state by producing offspring, + -AN.
`served
`—prole-tari-an-ism /-,nizam/ n.
`—pro-le-tariean-i-za-
`tion /-,teréanea'zasHen/ n. —pro-le-tar-i-an-ize |-,niz/
`(also archaic pro-le-tar-i-
`/,prOli'te(e)réet/
`pro-le-tar-i-at
`workers or working-
`[treated as sing. or
`ate)
`regarded collectively (often used with
`class people,
`the growth of the industrial pro-
`to Marxism):
`reference
`the lowest class of citizens in ancient
`letariat.
`from French
`>mid 19th cent.:
`Rome.
`prolétariat,
`from Latin proletarius (see
`PROLETARIAN).
`adj. opposing abortion and euthana-
`pro-life /pro'lif/
`sia: she is a pro-life activist. Compare with PRO-CHOICE.
`—pro-lif-er
`increase rapidly
`> v.
`/pra'lifa,rat/
`[intrans.]
`pro-lif-er-ate
`in numbers; multiply:
`the
`science-fiction magazines
`which proliferated in the 1920s. @ (of a cell, structure, or
`the Mediterranean faces
`reproduce rapidly:
`organism)
`an ecological disaster if the seaweed continues to proliferate
`rate. @ [trans.] cause (cells, tissue,
`struc-
`at its present
`tures, etc.) to reproduce rapidly:
`radi-
`electromagnetic
`cancers
`can only proliferate
`ation
`already
`present.
`in large or
`[trans.] produce (something)
`increasing
`the promise of new technology
`proliferating
`quantities:
`Plate 19th cent.:
`every hand
`back-
`on
`options
`formation from PROLIFERATION.
`—pro-lif-er-a-tive
`/-,ratar/ n.
`|-,rativ] adj. —pro-lif-er-a-tor
`‘ar or ,ar
`or ,8 up;
`Pronunciation Key 0 ago; or over;
`fur; a hat; a rate; A car; CH chew; e let;
`see; e(9)r air;
`i fit; iby; i(e)r ear; NG sing; 6 go; 6 for; oi boy; 00 good;
`g00; OU Out; SH she; TH thin; TH then;
`(h)w why; ZH vision
`
`n.
`
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