Designed for
`
`:::='m
`:::::
`·----
`
`"
`Microsoft•
`Windows NT"
`Windows"95
`
`The Comprehensive Standard for Business,
`School, J,ihrary, and Home
`
`Over
`2,300
`NewTerms
`WHh Online Updates
`Avallable Quarterly
`
`osoft Press
`u
`1ona
`
`• Over 7,600 terms and definitions
`• 345 illustrations and diagrams
`• Extensive Internet and Web coverage
`• Featured in Microsoft " Bookshelf · 97
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1013, Cover-1
`
`

`

`"Today's culture is computerized, and
`computerized culture means continuous
`vocabulary updates. The Microsoft
`Press Computer Dictionary is the
`perfect way to clear up a puzzling word
`or phrase in computer culture."
`Michael Heim, Ph.D.,
`author of Electric
`Language(1987)and
`
`Microsoft Press publishes quality end(cid:173)
`user training, reference, and te.chni.cal
`information books and interactive
`products that make using Micro$oft'''
`software easier, more enjoyable, a.nd
`more productive-to help you start
`faster and go farther with Microsoft
`technology.
`
`Visit the Microsoft Press
`mspress.microsoft.com
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1013, Cover-2
`
`

`

`ttlllltll fer
`-
`-
`l~flttllllr~T
`
`Third Edition
`
`Microsalt®Press
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1013, Cover-3
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`Copyright © 1997 by Microsoft Corporation
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
`in any form or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data pending.
`ISBN 1-57231-743-4
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QMQM 2 I O 9 8 7
`Distributed to the book trade in Canada by Macmillan of Canada, a division of Canada
`Publishing Corporation.
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further
`information about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office. Or
`contact Microsoft Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at
`mspress.microsoft.com.
`Macintosh, Power Macintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of
`Apple Computer, Inc. Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Directinput, DirectX,
`Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are registered trademarks and ActiveMovie, ActiveX, and Visual
`J++ are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
`Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respec(cid:173)
`tive owners.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Kim Fryer
`Project Editors: Maureen Williams Zimmerman, Anne Taussig
`Technical Editors: Dail Magee Jr., Gary Nelson, Jean Ross, Jim Fuchs, John Conrow,
`Kurt Meyer, Robert Lyon, Roslyn Lutsch
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1013, Cover-4
`
`

`

`tJttllfellfM
`
`Introduction
`,,
`
`lti~fitt1111r\T
`of Computer Terms
`I
`
`ASCII Character Set
`
`IBM Extended Character Set
`
`Apple Macintosh Extended Character Set
`
`EBCDIC Character Set
`5211
`
`Numeric Equivalents
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1013, Cover-5
`
`

`

`cabling diagram
`
`which have speeds of 500 kilobits per second
`(Kbps), can generally transmit data faster than cur(cid:173)
`rent conventional modems. See also coaxial cable,
`modem.
`cabling diagram \ka'bd-leng dL1-gram\ n. A
`plan that shows the path of cables that attach com(cid:173)
`puter system components or peripherals. Cabling
`diagrams are particularly important for explaining
`the connection of disk drives to a disk controller.
`cache \kash\ n. A special memo1y subsystem in
`which frequently used data values are duplicated
`for quick access. A memory cache stores the con(cid:173)
`tents of frequently accessed RAM locations and the
`addresses where these data items are stored. When
`the processor references an address in memory, the
`cache checks to see whether it holds that address.
`If it does hold the address, the data is returned to
`the processor; if it does not, a regular memory
`access occurs. A cache is useful when RAM accesses
`are slow compared with the microprocessor speed,
`because cache memo1y is always faster than main
`RAM memory. See also disk cache, wait state.
`cache card \kash' kard\ n. An expansion card
`that increases a system's cache memory. See also
`cache, expansion board.
`cache memory \kash' mem';;)r-e\ n. See cache.
`CAD \kad, CA-D'\ n. Acronym for computer(cid:173)
`aided design. A system of programs and worksta(cid:173)
`tions used in designing engineering, architectural,
`and scientific models ranging from simple tools to
`buildings, aircraft, integrated circuits, and mole(cid:173)
`cules. Various CAD applications create objects in
`two or three dimensions, presenting the results as
`wire-frame "skeletons," as more substantial models
`with shaded surfaces, or as solid objects. Some pro(cid:173)
`grams can also rotate or resize models, show inte(cid:173)
`rior views, generate lists of materials required for
`construction, and perform other allied functions.
`CAD programs rely on mathematics, often requir(cid:173)
`ing the computing power of a high-performance
`workstation. See also CAD/CAM, I-CASE.
`CAD/CAM \kad'kam, C-A-D'C-A-M'\ n. Acronym
`for computer-aided design/computer-aided man(cid:173)
`in both the
`ufacturing. The use of computers
`design and manufacture of a product. With CAD/
`is
`CAM, a product, such as a machine part,
`designed with a CAD program and the finished
`design is translated into a set of instructions that
`
`•
`
`can be transmitted to and used by the machines
`dedicated to fabrication, assembly, and process
`control. See also CAD, I-CASE.
`CADD \CA-D-D', kad-D'\ n. See computer-aided
`design and drafting.
`caddy \kad'e\ n. A plastic carrier that holds a CD(cid:173)
`ROM and is inserted into a CD-ROM drive. Some
`personal computers, especially older models, have
`CD-ROM drives that require the use of a caddy.
`Most current CD-ROM drives do not require a
`caddy. See the illustration.
`
`Caddy.
`
`CAE \CA-E'\ n. Acronym for computer-aided
`engineering. An application that enables the user
`to perform engineering tests and analyses on
`In some
`designs created with a computer.
`instances, capabilities such as logic testing that are
`generally attributed to CAE applications are also
`part of CAD programs, so the distinction between
`CAD and CAE is not a hard-and-fast one. See also
`CAD, I-CASE.
`CAI \CA-I'\ n. Acronym for computer-aided (or
`instruction. An educational
`computer-assisted)
`program designed to serve as a teaching tool. CAI
`programs typically use tutorials, drills, and ques(cid:173)
`tion-and-answer sessions to present a topic and to
`test the student's comprehension. CAI programs
`are excellent aids for presenting factual material
`and for allowing students to pace their learning
`speed. Subjects and complexity range from begin(cid:173)
`ning arithmetic to advanced mathematics, science,
`history, computer studies, and specialized topics.
`See also I-CASE. Compare CBT, CMI.
`CAL \ CA-L'\ n. Acronym for computer-assisted
`(or computer-augmented) learning. See CAI.
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 72
`
`

`

`.fl.us
`
`Device
`
`IRQ
`
`8259A
`
`Microprocessor
`
`Flowchart.
`
`various operations. These symbols are connected
`by lines and arrows to indicate the flow of data or
`control from one point to another. Flowcharts are
`used both as aids in showing the -way a proposed
`program will work and as a means of understand-
`
`folder
`
`ing the operations of an existing program. See the
`illustration .
`. fl.us \dot-F-L'dot-U-S'\ n. On the Internet, the
`that an
`major geographic domain specifying
`address is located in Florida, United States.
`flush 1
`\flush\ adj. Aligned in a certain way on
`the screen or on paper. Flush left, for example,
`means aligned on the left side; flush right means
`aligned on the right side. See also align (defini(cid:173)
`tion 1).
`flush2
`\flush\ vb. To clear a portion of mem01y.
`For example, to flush a disk file buffer is to save
`its contents on disk and then clear the buffer for
`filling again.
`flux \fluks\ n. 1. The total strength of a magnetic,
`electric, or radiation field over a given area. 2. A
`chemical used to aid the binding of solder to elec(cid:173)
`trical conductors.
`flux reversal \fluks' r;;,-v;;,r's;;,l\ n. The change in
`orientation of the minute magnetic particles on the
`surface of a disk or tape toward one of two mag(cid:173)
`netic poles. The two different alignments are used
`to represent bina1y 1 and binary O for data storage:
`a flux reversal typically represents a binary 1, and
`no reversal represents a binary 0 .
`. fm \dot'F-M'\ n. On the Internet, the major geo(cid:173)
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in Micronesia.
`FM \F-M'\ n. See frequency modulation.
`FM encoding \F-M' en-ko'deng\ n. See frequency
`modulation encoding .
`. fo \dot'F-O'\ n. On the Internet, the major geo(cid:173)
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in the Faeroe Islands.
`focus \fo'kus,\ vb. In television and raster-scan
`displays, to make an electron beam converge at a
`single point on the inner surface of the screen.
`FOCUS \fo'kus, F'O-C-U-S'\ n. See Federation on
`Computing in the United States.
`FOD \F'O-D'\ n. See fax on demand.
`folder \fol'd;;,r\ n. In the Mac OS, Windows 95,
`and other operating systems, a container for· pro(cid:173)
`grams and files in graphical user interfaces, sym(cid:173)
`bolized on the screen by a graphical image (icon)
`of a file folder. This container is called a directory
`in other systems, such as MS-DOS and UNIX. A
`folder is a means of organizing programs and
`documents on a disk and can hold both files and
`
`• 2tt2
`(cid:127)
`
`-
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 202
`
`

`

`folio
`
`foo
`
`additional folders. It first appeared commercially
`in Apple Computer's Lisa in 1983 and in the Apple
`Macintosh in 1984. See also directory.
`folio \fo'le-6'\ n. A printed page number.
`follow-up \fol'o-up'\ n. A post to a newsgroup
`that replies to an article. The follow-up has the
`same subject line as the original article, with the
`prefix "Re:" attached. An article and all of its fol(cid:173)
`low-ups, in the order they were received, consti(cid:173)
`tute a thread, which a user can read together using
`a newsreader.
`font \font\ n. A set of characters of the same type(cid:173)
`face (such as Garamond), style (such as italic), and
`weight (such as bold). A font consists of all the
`characters available in a particular style and weight
`for a particular design; a typeface consists of the
`design itself. Fonts are used by computers for on(cid:173)
`screen displays and by printers for hard-copy out(cid:173)
`put. In both cases, the fonts are stored either as bit
`maps (patterns of dots) or as outlines (defined by
`a set of mathematical formulas). Even if the system
`cannot simulate different typefaces on the screen,
`application programs may be able to send infor(cid:173)
`mation about typeface and style to a printer, which
`can then reproduce the font if a font description is
`available. See also bit map, font generator.
`font card \font' kard\ n. See font cartridge, ROM
`card.
`font cartridge \font' kar'trij\ n. A plug-in unit
`available for some printers that contains fonts in
`several different styles and sizes. Font cartridges,
`like downloadable fonts, enable a printer to pro(cid:173)
`duce characters in sizes and styles other than those
`created by the fonts built into it. Also called font
`card. See also ROM cartridge.
`Font/DA Mover \fonfD-A' mcm'vdr\ n. An appli(cid:173)
`cation for older Apple Macintosh systems that
`allows the user to install screen fonts and desk
`accessories.
`font editor \font' ed'd-tdr\ n. A utility program
`that enables the user to modify existing fonts or to
`create and save new ones. Such an application
`commonly works with a screen representation of
`the font, with a representation that can be down(cid:173)
`loaded to a Postscript or other printer, or with
`both. See also Postscript font, screen font.
`font family \font' fam'd-le\ n. The set of available
`fonts representing variations of a single typeface .
`
`For example, Times Roman and Times Roman
`Italic are members of the same font family. When
`the user indicates "italic," the system selects the
`correct italic font for the font family, with its char(cid:173)
`acteristic appearance. If there is no italic font in
`the family, the system simply slants, or "obliques,"
`the corresponding roman character. See also italic,
`roman.
`font generator \font' jen'dr-a-tdr\ n. A program
`that transforms built-in character outlines into bit
`maps (patterns of dots) of the style and size
`required for a printed document. Font generators
`work by scaling a character outline to size; often
`they can also expand or compress the characters
`they generate. Some font generators store the
`resultant characters on disk; others send them
`directly to the printer.
`font number \font' num'bdr\ n. The number by
`which an application or operating system inter(cid:173)
`nally identifies a given font. On the Apple Macin(cid:173)
`tosh, for example, fonts can be identified by their
`exact names as well as their font numbers, and a
`font number can be changed if the font is installed
`in a system already having a font with that num(cid:173)
`ber. See also font.
`font page \font' paj\ n. A portion of video mem(cid:173)
`ory reserved for holding programmer-specified
`character definition tables (sets of character pat(cid:173)
`terns) used for displaying text on the screen on
`IBM Multi-Color Graphics Array video systems.
`font size \font' si"z\ n. The point size of a set of
`characters in a particular typeface. See also point1
`(definition 1).
`font suitcase \font' scmfkas\ n. A file on Macin(cid:173)
`tosh computers that contains one or more fonts or
`desk accessories. Such files are indicated in early
`versions of the operating system with the icon of
`a suitcase marked with a capital A. From System
`7.0 onward, this icon is used to denote individual
`fonts.
`foo \fem\ n. A string used by programmers in
`place of more specific information. Variables or
`functions in code examples intended to demon(cid:173)
`strate syntax, as well as temporary scratch files,
`may all appear with the name Joo. Likewise, a pro(cid:173)
`grammer may type Joo to test a string input han(cid:173)
`dler. If a second placeholder string is needed, it
`will often be bar, suggesting that the origin of both
`
`•
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 203
`
`

`

`step-frame
`
`streaming
`
`with UNIX shell accounts, are likely to encounter
`status codes while using the Web or FfP. See also
`HTTP status codes.
`step-frame \step'fram\ n. The process of captur(cid:173)
`ing video images one frame at a time. This process
`is used by computers that are too slow to capture
`analog video images in real time.
`stepper motor \step'dr m6'tdr\ n. A mechanical
`device that rotates only a fixed distance each time
`it receives an electrical pulse.
`time
`n. The
`step-rate time \step'rat
`fim'\
`required to move a disk actuator arm from one
`track to the next. See also actuator, stepper motor.
`StickyKeys \stik'e-kez' \ n. An accessibility fea(cid:173)
`ture built into Macintosh computers and available
`for Windows and DOS that causes modifier keys
`such as Shift, Control, or Alt to "stay on" after they
`are pressed, eliminating the need to press multiple
`keys simultaneously. This feature facilitates the
`use of modifier keys by users who are unable to
`hold down one key while pressing another.
`stochastic \st;i-kas'tik'\ adj. Based on random
`occurrences. For example, a stochastic model
`describes a system by taking into account chance
`events as well as planned events.
`stop bit \stop' bit\ n. In asynchronous transmis(cid:173)
`sion, a bit that signals the end of a character. In
`early electromechanical teleprinters, the stop bit
`provided time for the receiving mechanism to
`coast back to the idle position and, depending on
`the mechanism, had a duration of 1, 1.5, or 2 data
`bits. See also asynchronous transmission.
`storage \st6r';ij\ n. In computing, any device in or
`on which information can be kept. Microcomput(cid:173)
`ers have two main types of storage: random access
`memory (RAM) and disk drives and other external
`storage media. Other types of storage include
`read-only memory (ROM) and buffers.
`storage device \st6r';ij d;i-vis'\ n. An apparatus
`for recording computer data in permanent or semi(cid:173)
`is made
`permanent form. When a distinction
`between primary (main) storage devices and sec(cid:173)
`ondary (auxiliary) storage devices, the former
`refers to random access memory (RAM) and the
`latter refers to disk drives and other external
`devices.
`storage location \st6r';ij 16-ka'sh;in\ n. The posi(cid:173)
`tion at which a particular item can be found-
`
`either an addressed location or a uniquely identi(cid:173)
`fied location on a disk, tape, or similar medium.
`storage media \st6r'dj me'de-d\ n. The various
`types of physical material on which data bits are
`written and stored, such as floppy disks, hard
`disks, tape, and optical discs.
`storage tube \st6r'dj ta'5b'\ n. See direct view
`storage tube.
`n. A
`store-and-forward \st6r'dnd-f6r'wdrd\
`message-passing technique used on communica(cid:173)
`tions networks in which a message is held tempo(cid:173)
`rarily at a collecting station before being forwarded
`to its destination.
`stored program concept \stord pr6'gram kon'(cid:173)
`sept\ n. A system architecture scheme, credited
`largely to the mathematician John von Neumann,
`in which both programs and data are in direct(cid:173)
`access storage (random access memory, or RAM),
`thereby allowing code and data to be treated inter(cid:173)
`changeably. See also von Neumann architecture.
`storefront \st6r'frdnt\ n. See virtual storefront.
`STP \S'T-P'\ n. Acronym for shielded twisted pair.
`A cable consisting of one or more twisted pairs of
`wires and a sheath of foil and copper braid. The
`twists protect the pairs from interference by each
`other, and the shielding protects the pairs from
`interference from outside. Therefore, STP cable
`can be used for high-speed transmission over long
`distances. See also twisted-pair cable. Compare
`UTP.
`straight-line code \strat'l'in k6d'\ n. Program
`code that follows a direct sequence of statements
`rather than skipping ahead or jumping back via
`transfer statements such as GOTO and JUMP. See
`also GOTO statement, jump instruction. Compare
`spaghetti code.
`stream cipher \strem' si'far\ n. A method for
`encrypting a data sequence of unlimited length
`using a key of fixed length. See also key (definition
`3). Compare block cipher.
`streaming \stre'meng\ n. In magnetic tape stor(cid:173)
`age devices, a low-cost technique to control the
`motion of the tape by removing tape buffers.
`Although streaming tape compromises start/stop
`performance, it achieves highly reliable storage
`and retrieval of data, and is useful when a steady
`supply of data is required by a particular applica(cid:173)
`tion or computer.
`
`• ......
`(cid:127)
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 450
`
`

`

`streaming tape
`
`Stufflt
`
`streaming tape \stre'meng tap'\ n. See tape (defi(cid:173)
`nition 1).
`stream-oriented file \strem'or'e-ent-;:,d fin n. A
`file used to store a fairly c;:ontinuous series of bits,
`bytes, or other small, structurally uniform units.
`street price \stret' pr1s\ n. The actual retail or
`mail-order price of a consumer hardware or soft(cid:173)
`ware product. In most cases, the street price is
`somewhat lower than the "suggested retail price."
`stress test \stres' test\ n. A test of a software or
`hardware system's functional limits, performed by
`subjecting the system to extreme conditions, such
`as peak volumes of data or extremes in tempera(cid:173)
`ture.
`strikethrough \str1k'thrcm\ n. One or more lines
`drawn through a selected range of text, usually to
`show deletion or the intent to delete, as in
`:.,ttikeduattgh.
`string \streng\ n. A data structure composed of a
`sequence of characters usually
`representing
`human-readable text.
`string variable \streng' var'e-;=,-bl\ n. An arbitrary
`name assigned by the programmer to a string of
`alphanumeric characters and used to reference
`that entire string. See also string.
`strobe \strob\ n. A timing signal that initiates and
`coordinates the passage of data, typically through
`an input/output (1/0) device interface, such as a
`keyboard or printer.
`stroke \strok\ n. 1. In data entry, a keystroke-a
`signal to the computer that a key has been pressed.
`2. In typography, a line representing part of a letter.
`3. In paint programs, a "swipe" of the brush made
`with the mouse or keyboard in creating a graphic.
`4. In display technology, a line created as a vector
`(a path between two coordinates) on a vector
`graphics display (as opposed to a line of pixels
`drawn dot by dot on a raster graphics display).
`stroke font \strok' font\ n. A font printed by
`drawing a combination of lines rather than by fill(cid:173)
`ing a shape, as with an outline font. Compare out(cid:173)
`line font.
`stroke weight \strok' wat\ n. The width, or thick(cid:173)
`ness, of the lines (strokes) that make up a charac(cid:173)
`ter. See also font.
`stroke writer \strok' r1't;:,r\ n. In video, a display
`unit that draws characters and graphic images as
`sets of strokes-lines or curves connecting
`
`points-rather than as sets of dots, as on a typical
`raster-scan monitor. See also vector graphics.
`strong typing \strong' fi'peng\ n. A characteristic
`of a programming language that does not allow
`the program to change the data type of a variable
`during program execution. See also data type, vari(cid:173)
`able. Compare weak typing.
`structure \struk'chur\ n. 1. The design and com(cid:173)
`position of a program, including program flow,
`hferarchy, and modularity. 2. A collection of data
`elements. See also data structure.
`structured graphics \struk'churd graf'iks\ n. See
`object-oriented graphics.
`structured programming \struk'churd
`pro -
`gram-eng\ n. Programming that produces pro(cid:173)
`grams with clean flow, clear design, and a degree
`of modularity or hierarchical structure. See also
`modular programming, object-oriented program(cid:173)
`ming. Compare spaghetti code.
`structured query language \struk'churd kwer'e
`lang-w;:,j, kwar'e\ n. A database sublanguage used
`in querying, updating, and managing relational
`databases-the de facto standard for database
`products. Acronym: SQL (se'kw;:,l, S'Q-L').
`structured walkthrough \struk'churd
`wak'-
`thrcm\ n. 1. A meeting of programmers working
`on different aspects of a software development
`project, in which the programmers attempt to
`coordinate the various segments of the overall
`project. The goals, requirements, and components
`of the project are systematically reviewed in order
`to minimize the error rate of the software under
`development. 2. A method for examining a com(cid:173)
`puter system, including its design and implemen(cid:173)
`tation, in a systematic fashion.
`SIT \S'T-T'\ n. See Secure Transaction Technology.
`stub \stub\ n. A routine that contains no execut(cid:173)
`able code and that generally consists of comments
`describing what will eventually be there; it is used
`as a placeholder for a routine to be written later.
`Also called dummy routine. See also top-down
`programming.
`Stufflt \stuf'it\ n. A file compression program
`originally written for the Apple Macintosh, used
`for storing a file on one or more disks. Originally
`shareware, Stufflt is now a commercial product for
`Macs and PCs that supports multiple compression
`techniques and allows file viewing. Stufflt files can
`
`• •INI •
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 451
`
`

`

`upload
`
`U.S. Department of Defense
`
`computer to a remote computer by means of a
`modem or network. 2. The copy of the file that is
`being or has been transferred.
`upload2 \up'l6d\ vb. To transfer a copy of a file
`from a local computer to a remote computer. Com(cid:173)
`pare download.
`uppercase \up';:ir-kas'\ adj. Of, pertaining to, or
`characterized by capital letters. Compare lower(cid:173)
`case.
`upper memory area \up';:ir mem';:ir-e ar'e-;:i\ n.
`SeeUMA.
`upper memory block \up';:ir mem';:ir-e blok'\ n.
`SeeUMB.
`for uninterruptible
`UPS \ U'P-S'\ n. Acronym
`power supply. A device, connected between a
`computer (or other electronic equipment) and a
`power source (usually an outlet receptacle), that
`ensures that electrical flow to the computer is not
`interrupted because of a blackout and, in most
`cases, protects the computer against potentially
`damaging events, such as power surges and brown(cid:173)
`outs. All UPS units are equipped with a battery and
`a loss-of-power sensor; if the sensor detects a loss
`of power, it switches over to the battery so that the
`user has time to save his or her work and shut off
`the computer. See also blackout, brownout.
`uptime \up'ti'm\ n. The amount or percentage of
`time a computer system or associated hardware is
`functioning and available for use. Compare down(cid:173)
`time.
`upward-compatible \ up 'w;:ird-bm-pat' ;:i-bl \ adj.
`Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a computer
`product, especially software, designed to perform
`adequately with other products that are expected
`to become widely used in the foreseeable future.
`The use of standards and conventions makes
`upward compatibility easier to achieve.
`urban legend \ur'b;:in le(;:ind\ n. A widely distrib(cid:173)
`uted story thatremains in circulation in spite of the
`fact that it is not true. Many urban legends have
`been floating around the Internet and other online
`services for years, including the request for cards
`for the sick boy in England (he's long since recov(cid:173)
`ered and grown up), the cookie or cake recipe that
`cost $250 (it's a myth), and the Good Times or
`Penpal Greetings virus, which will infect your
`computer when you read an e-mail message (it
`does not exist). See also Good Times virus .
`
`URC \ U'R-C\ n. See Uniform Resource Citation.
`URI \ U'R-I'\ n. See Uniform Resource Identifier.
`URL \U'R-L', ;:irl\ n. Acronym for Uniform Re-
`source Locator. An address for a resource on the In(cid:173)
`ternet. URLs are used by Web browsers to locate
`Internet resources. A URL specifies the protocol to
`be used in accessing the resource (such as http: for
`a World Wide Web page or ftp: for an FTP site),
`the name of the server on which the resource
`resides (such as / /www.whitehouse.gov), and,
`optionally, the path to a resource (such as an HTML
`document or a file on that server). See also FTP1
`(definition 1), HTML, HTTP, path (definition 1),
`server (definition 2), viltual path (definition 1),
`Web browser.
`URN \ U'R-N'\ n. See Uniform Resource Name.
`.us \dot'U-S'\ n. On the Internet, the major geo(cid:173)
`graphic domain specifying that an address is
`located in the United States. Because the United
`States was the only possible location in the older
`ARP ANET naming system, the United States can be
`regarded as a default location for domain name
`addresses ending in .com, .gov, .edu, .org, .mil,
`and .net. See also ARPANET, .com, domain name,
`.edu, .gov, .mil, .net, .org.
`usable \ycm'z;:i-bl'\ adj. Of, pertaining to, or char(cid:173)
`acteristic of the ease and adaptability with which a
`product can be applied to the performance of the
`work for which it is designed. A high degree of
`usability implies ease of learning, flexibility, free(cid:173)
`dom from bugs, and good design that does not
`involve unnecessarily complicated procedures.
`USB \ U'S-B'\ n. Acronym for universal serial bus.
`A serial bus with a bandwidth of 1.5 megabits
`per second (Mbps) for connecting peripherals to
`a microcomputer. USB can connect up to 127
`peripherals, such as external CD-ROM drives,
`printers, modems, mice, and keyboards, to the
`system through a single, general-purpose port.
`This is accomplished by daisy chaining peripher(cid:173)
`als together. USB supports hot plugging and mul(cid:173)
`tiple data streams. Developed by Intel, USB
`lower(cid:173)
`competes with DEC's ACCESS.bus for
`speed applications. See also bus, daisy chain, hot
`plugging, input/output port, peripheral. Compare
`ACCESS.bus.
`U.S. Department of Defense \ U'S d;:i-parfm;:int
`;:iv d;:i-fens'\ n. The military branch of the United
`
`• ......
`(cid:127)
`
`Petitioners Microsoft Corporation and HP Inc. - Ex. 1030, p. 487
`
`