FUNDAMENTALS
`
`~ OF OPTICS
`
`1/5
`
`

`

`McGRAW-HILL
`BOOK COMPANY
`New York
`St. Louis
`San Francisco
`Auckland
`Diisseldorf
`Johannesburg
`Kuala Lumpur
`London
`Mexico
`Montreal
`New Delhi
`Panama
`Paris
`Sao Paulo
`Singapore
`Sydney
`Tokyo
`Toronto
`
`
`
`FRANCIS A. JENKINS
`Late Professor of Physics
`University of California, Berkeley
`
`HARVEY E. WHITE
`
`Professor of Physics, Emeritus
`Director of the Lawrence Hall
`of Science, Emeritus
`University of California, Berkeley
`
`Fundamentals
`of Optics
`
`FOURTH EDITION
`
`2/5
`
`2/5
`
`

`

`
`
`This book was sct in Times Roman.
`The editors were Robert A. Fry and Anne T. Vinnicombe;
`the cover was designed byPencils Portfolio, Inc.;
`the production supervisor was Dennis J. Conroy.
`The new drawings were done by ANCO Technical Services.
`Kingsport Press, Inc., was printer and binder.
`
`Prefai
`
`Prefai
`
`>SF|
`
`yyg8|y
`oOeyWNogy
`oonao|
`
`
`Part One
`
`_ G
`
`sba
`
`bea=aSSrmsibeyDS6&NDGH®
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
`Jenkins, Francis Arthur, dates
`Fundamentalsofoptics.
`First ed. published in 1937 undertitle: Funda-
`mentals of physical optics.
`Includes index.
`1. Optics.
`I. White, Harvey Elliott, date
`joint author.
`Il. Title.
`QC355.2.J46
`1976
`ISBN 0-07-032330-5
`
`75-26989
`
`535
`
`FUNDAMENTALS
`OF OPTICS
`
`Copyright © 1957, 1976 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Copyright 1950 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.
`Formerly published underthe title of FUNDAMENTALS OF
`PHYSICAL OPTICS,copyright 1937 by McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`Copyright renewed 1965 by Francis A. Jenkins and Harvey E. White.
`Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
`stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
`electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`8910 KPKP
`832
`
`3/5
`
`3/5
`
`

`

`46 FUNDAMENTALSOF OPTICS
`
`
`y Vhs, Me
`
`
`
`Hh
`
`FIGURE 3B
`The focal points F and F’ and focal lengths f and f’ associated with a single
`spherical refracting surface of radius r separating two media of index 7 and vn’.
`
`In optical diagrams it is commonpractice to show incident light rays traveling
`from left to right. A convex surface therefore is one in which the center of curvature
`C lies to the right of the vertex, while a concave surface is one in which C lies to the
`left of the vertex.
`If we apply the principle of the reversibility of light rays to the diagrams in
`Fig. 3B, we should turn each diagram end-for-end. Diagram (a), for example, would
`then become a concave surface with converging properties, while diagram (6) would
`become a convex surface with diverging properties. Note that we would then have the
`incident rays in the denser medium,i.e., the medium of greater refractive index.
`
`3.22
`
`IMAGE FORMATION
`
`A diagramillustrating image formation by a single refracting surface is given in Fig.
`3D.
`It has been drawn for the case in which the first medium is air with an index
`n = 1 and the second medium is glass with an index n’ = 1.60. The focal lengths f
`and f’ therefore have the ratio 1:1.60 [see Eq. (3a)]. Experimentally it is observed
`that if the object is moved closer to the primary focal plane, the image will be formed
`farther to the right away from F’ andwill be larger, i.e., magnified.
`If the object is
`movedto the left, farther away from F, the image will be found closer to F’ and will
`be smaller in size.
`All rays coming from the object point Q are shown brought to a focus at Q’.
`
`
`
`4/5
`
`
`
`case. Departures ir
`The elimination of :
`treated in detail in
`If the rays con
`
`monochromatic ligh
`angles with the axi
`image (see Sec. 2.12
`to images formed o
`
`3.3 VIRTUAL
`
`in
`Qu.
`
`The image M’Q’
`there, a sharply
`1
`
`oowmomaoa
`
`3.4 CONIUGA
`
`
`
`4/5
`
`

`

`
`
`The image M’O” in Fig. 3D is a real image in the sense that if a flat screen is located
`there, a sharply defined image of the object MQ will be formed on the screen. Not
`all images, however, can be formed onascreen, asis illustrated in Fig. 3E. Light
`rays from an object point Q are shownrefracted by a concave spherical surface
`separating the two media of index n = 1.0 and n’ = 1.50, respectively. The focal
`lengths have the ratio 1:1.50,
`Since the refracted rays are diverging,they will not cometo a focusat anypoint.
`To an observer’s eye located at the right, however, suchrays will appear to be coming
`from the common point Q’.
`In other words, Q’ is the image point corresponding to
`the object point Q. Similarly M’ is the image point corresponding to the object point
`M. Since the refracted rays do not come from Q’ but only appear to do so, no image
`can be formed on a screen placed at M@’. Forthis reason such an imageis said to be
`virtual.
`
`SPHERICAL SURFACES 47
`
`plane of a single spherical surface.
`
`FIGURE 3C
`Howparallel incident rays are brought
`to a focus at Q’ in the secondary focal
`
`Rays from anyother object point like M will also be brought to a focus at a corres-
`ponding image point like M7’. This ideal condition never holds exactly for any actual
`case. Departures fromit give rise to slight defects of the image knownas aberrations.
`The elimination of aberrations is the major problem of geometrical optics and will be
`treated in detail in Chap. 9.
`If the rays considered are restricted to paraxial rays, a good image is formed with
`monochromatic light. Paraxial rays are defined as those rays which make very small
`angles with the axis and lie close to the axis throughout the distance from object to
`image (see Sec. 2.12). The formulas given in this chapter are to be taken as applying
`to images formed only by paraxial rays.
`
`3.3 VIRTUAL IMAGES
`
`3.4 CONJUGATE POINTS AND PLANES
`
`The principle of the reversibility of light rays has the consequence that if Q’M’ in
`Fig. 3D were an object, an image would be formed at QM. Hence, if any object is
`placed at the position previously occupied by its image, it will be imaged at the
`position previously occupied by the object. The object and image are thus inter-
`changeable, or conjugate. Any pair of object and image points such as M and M’
`
`5/5
`
`5/5
`
`