`
`BINGHAM, DANA & GOULD
`
`
`
`SCIENCE
`with Sol Steinmetz, ManagingEditor
`
`THE AMERICAN HERITAGE
`DICTIONARY OF
`
`Robert K. Barnhart
`
`
`
`
`
`HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
`Boston * New York
`
`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
`Page 1 of 4
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`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
`Page 1 of 4
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`EDITORIAL STAFF
`
`For Barnhart Books
`
`Office Assistants:
`Albert S. Crocco
`Katherine E. Barnhart
`Rebecca L. Barnhart
`
`Illustrations: John R. Barnhart
`George Hendrix, Art Production
`Henri A. Fluchére, Consultant
`
`Managing Editor:
`Sol Steinmetz
`
`General Editors:
`Cynthia A. Barnhart
`Benjamin B. Normark
`
`Senior Associate Editor:
`AnneL. Bartling
`
`Associate Editors:
`Shirley Abramson
`Maria Bastone
`Gerald Dalgish
`
`Editorial Assistants:
`David FE Barnhart
`Virginia M. Barnhart
`Maria R. Bastone
`Clarie Day
`George S. Waldo
`
`For HammondIncorporated
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`Editorial Liaison:
`George E. Sullivan
`
`Copyright © 1986 by Barnhart Books
`All rights reserved.
`
`For information about permission to reproduceselections from
`this book, write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Company,
`222 Berkeley Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02116.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Barnhart, Robert K.
`The American Heritage dictionary of science.
`
`Reprint. Previously published: Hammond Barnhart
`dictionary of science. Maplewood, N.J. : Hammond, c 1986.
`1. Science— Dictionaries.
`I. Steinmetz, Sol.
`Il. Title.
`III. Title: Dictionary of science.
`503’.21
`88-8867
`Q123.B35
`1988
`ISBN 0-395-48367-0
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`HWK 1098765
`
`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
`Page 2 of 4
`
`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
`Page 2 of 4
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`

`

`virulent
`
`viscid (vis’id), adj. Botany. covered with a sticky secre-
`tion, as leaves. [from Late Latin viscidus, from Latin
`viscum birdlime]
`viscoelastic (vis’k6 i las’tik), adj. Physics. having the
`properties of viscosity andelasticity: Silicone putty is
`.. viscoelastic. A ball ofit will bounce, but when left
`on a table for a few hours the sameball will Now under
`the force ofgravity into a pancake (Scientific Ameri-
`can).
`—viscoelasticity, n. the quality or condition of being
`viscoelastic: All substances show a combination of
`elastic and fluid behavior thatis termedviscoelasticity
`(Arthur V. Tobolsky).
`viscosity (vis kos’s té), n. Physics. a property offluids
`that causes them toresist flowing asa result of internal
`friction from the fluid’s molecules moving against each
`other. All fluids have somedegree of viscosity. Helium
`IT mustbe extraordinary fluid; in the termsofphysics,
`it must have an extremely low viscosity, meaning an
`extremely small internal frictional resistance to flow.
`The viscosity ofa liquid is usually measured byletting
`it flow through a narrow capillary tube (Eugene M.
`Lifshitz). [from Late Latin viscosus viscous]
`viscous (vis’kas), adj. Physics. having or marked by vis-
`cosity: A liquid which resists Nowing, or resists the ac-
`tion ofany other deforming force upon it, is said to be
`viscous (Jones, Inorganic Chemistry), [from Late Lat-
`in viscosus, from viscum birdlime]
`viscus (vis’kas), n. singular of viscera, Anatomy. anyvis-
`ceral organ, especially one within the abdominal cavi-
`ty: Imperfection ofany viscus, as lungs, heart or liver
`.. (Herbert Spencer).
`visible light, Physics. light consisting of electromagnetic
`wavesthat canbeseen, as contrasted with ultraviolet
`and infrared waves that are invisible. Visible light
`ranges in wave-length from about 380 to about 710
`nanometers. Visible light occuptes less than one octave
`of the spectrum of electromagnetic waves (W. C.
`Vaughan). See the picture at electromagnetic spec-
`trum.
`
`
`
`subjective in that it appears to form where an image
`
`could not possibly exist because rays do not actually
`
`intersect at the image point (Physics Regents Sylla-
`
`bus). b having to do withor designating a focus form-
`
`ing such an image.
`
`2 Nuclear Physics. being too transient to be detected
`
`or observed directly: A virtual photon can have very
`
`different properties from a real one. A real photonis
`
`one that is flying free and can be detected, in a light
`beamor an X-ray beam, for instance. A virtualphoton
`
`is one that is emitted and absorbed so quicklythatits
`
`existence cannot be detected (Dietrick E. Thomsen).
`
`virulent (vir’ya lent or vir’a lent), adj. Biology. able to
`
`causedisease by breaking downthe protective mecha-
`
`nisms of the host: Both rust and smutresistance in
`
`host plants frequently comesto beoflittle avail when
`
`new, more virulent strains of the parasite arise
`
`(Emerson, Basic Botany). [from Latin virulentus, from
`
`virus poison] —virulently, adv.
`
`—virulence, n. the degree to which an infectious mi-
`
`croorganism is able to break down the protective
`
`mechanismsofits host.
`
`virus, n. Biology.
`1 any of a large group of dis-
`
`ease-producing agents that are smaller than bacteria,
`
`are composed of a core of RNA or DNAandanouter
`
`coatofprotein, and are dependent uponliving cells for
`
`their reproduction and growth. Viruses are shaped like
`rods or spheres and range in size from about 10 to 250
`
`nanometers. They are able to infect almostall types of
`
`organisms, including bacteria, and cause such diseases
`
`as rabies, measles, polio, influenza, chicken pox, and
`
`the commoncold. Whenwe consider the reproduction
`
`ofviruses we are in quite a dilemma. We knowthat vi-
`
`ruses can form crystals and that objects that formcrys-
`
`tals (such as table salt, ordinarysugar, dry ice, asbestos
`
`and diamond, to mention a few) are not considered to
`
`be examplesoflife. Yet we also know thatin certain
`
`situations (usually when they are inside living cells)
`
`viruses behave very muchlike living things; certainly
`
`they reproducelike living things (Robert W. Menefee).
`
`The likelihood that viruses are fundamental causative
`
`visible spectrum, Physics. the part of the spectrum that
`agents in many mammalian cancers has implications
`
`can be seen, appearing as a band ofcolors merging
`for diagnosis, for immunological treatment, and for
`
`through continuous hues into each other from red to
`cancer prevention (Michael J. Brennan). Compare
`
`violet: ... hence the only interstellar absorption lines of
`echovirus, oncornavirus, papovavirus, slow virus, See
`
`also bacteriophage.
`appreciable strength in the visible spectrum are pro-
`
`2 any disease causedby a virus, such as tobacco mosaic
`duced by the relatively scarce elements, sodium and
`
`in plants, distemper in dogs, foot-and-mouth disease
`calcium (LymanSpitzer, Jr.).
`
`in cattle, and hepatitis and yellow fever in humanbe-
`visual binary or visual double, Astronomy. a binary or
`
`ings: The place ofgrippe can neverbe filled by... the
`double star that can be seen as twostars with a tele-
`
`new viruses, Whichlast a mere thirty-six hours and are
`scope and sometimes with the unaided eye: Most dou-
`
`common in every sense (Harper’s). [from Latin virus
`
`ble stars appear as one to the unaidedeye. If they can
`poison]
`be seen as twostars, or ifa telescope reveals them as
`
`viscera (vis’a ra), 2., pl. ofviscus. Anatomy. thesoft in-
`twostars, they are called visual doubles or visual bina-
`ternal organsof the body, especially of the abdominal
`
`ries (Charles A. Federer, Jr.).
`cavity, including the heart, stomach, liver, intestines,
`
`visual field, = field of vision.
`kidneys,etc.: Most ofthe abdominalandpelvic viscera
`a photosensitive, pur-
`visual purple, Biochemistry.
`+ are covered with a serous membranecalled the peri-
`
`plish-red protein presentin the rodsofthe retina, that,
`toneum (Edwards, Concise Anatomy). [from Latin]
`
`in the presenceoflight, is bleached to form visualyel-
`—visceral, adj. of, having to do with, or in the region
`
`of the viscera: Thesecond type ofmuscle in the frog’s
`low: If it takes a long time for the visual purple to
`
`body is the smooth or visceral musele. ... The namevis-
`form, the individual cannotsee well in dim light. This
`
`ceral is given becauseit is found primarily in the vis-
`condition is known as night blindness (Matthew Luc-
`
`ceral organs (Winchester, Zoology). —viscerally, adv.
`kiesh). Also called rhodopsin.
`
`
`716
`
`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
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`LGE Exhibit 1012
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`

`electromagnetic spectrum
`Cosmic
`rays
`Gamma
`
`10-3
`
`1021
`
`
` electrolyte
`
`and coherentlight waves in the infraredportion ofthe
`electromagnetic spectrum (Science News).
`through the solution: At the electrodes some type of
`
`chemical reaction takes place, resulting usually in
`
`deposition or solution ofsolid material or evolution of
`
`gas from decomposition of solvent or solute. These
`
`chemical changes aresaid to result from electrolysis of
`
`the solution (Shortley and Williams, Elements of
`1019
`rays
`
`Physics). [from electro- + Greek Lysis a dissolving]
`X rays
`
`17
`electrolyte (i lek’tra lit), n. Chemistry. 1 a compound
`
`7 UltravioletF1°
`
`which ionizes when dissolved in a suitable liquid, or
`
`105 rays
`when melted, thus becoming a conductor for an elec-
`visible light
`
`1014 a a ee
`tric current. Acids, bases, and salts are electrolytes.
`ie
`Infrared
`°
`
`2a solution that will conduct an electric current: Since
`10124rays
`
`Radio
`its origin, the lead-acid battery has been constructed
`
`waves
`of two sets ofplates, one lead, the other lead peroxide,
`
`submerged in a sulphuric acid solution called electro-
`
`Jyte (Wall Street Journal).
`
`[from electro- + Greek /ytos soluble, from Iyein to
`
`loose]
`
`—lectrolytic (i lek’tra lit’ik), adj. of or having to do
`
`with electrolysis or an electrolyte: Water is the most
`
`common solvent in electrolytic solutions (Physics Re-
`
`gents Syllabus).
`
`—electrolytically, adv. by means of electrolysis.
`
`electrolytic cell, Chemistry. 1 the container which holds
`
`the electrolyte and the electrodes for use in electroly-
`
`sis. 2 the electrolyte, its container, and the electrodes
`
`used in electrolysis.
`
`electrolyze (i lek’tra liz), v. Chemistry. to decompose by
`
`electrolysis: Humphry Davy’s best research was in
`
`electrochemistry. He had a battery built with 250
`
`plates, which was the source of the strongestelectric
`
`current known atthe time. Hefirst electrolyzed water
`
`in a gold dish andprovedthat the process gave hydro-
`
`gen and oxygen and nothing else (Ira D. Garard,
`
`Invitation to Chemistry).
`
`electromagnet, ». Physics. a piece of soft iron that be-
`
`comes a strong magnet temporarily when anelectric
`
`current is passed through wire coiled around it: A
`
`movable electromagnet, called the armature or rotor,
`
`spins becauseit is alternately attracted and repelled by
`fixed magnets, called the field magnets
`(Tracy,
`
`Modern Physical Science).
`
`
`electromagnetic, adj. Physics. 1 of or caused by anelec-
`tromagnet. 2 of or having to do with electromagne-
`
`tism.
`—electromagnetically, adv. 1 by meansofan electro-
`
`magnet. 2 by electromagnetism.
`
`electromagnetic field, Physics. the field created by the
`
`interaction of an electric field and a magnetic field
`
`when an electric current passes through a wire.
`
`electromagnetic induction, Physics. the production of an
`
`electromotive force in a circuit by variation of the
`
`magnetic field with which thecircuit is connected.
`
`electromagnetic radiation, Physics. a radiation ofelec-
`
`tromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic radiations are
`
`generated by accelerating charged particles.
`
`electromagnetic spectrum, Physics. the entire range of
`
`the different types of electromagnetic waves, from the
`
`very long, low-frequency radio waves, through infra-
`
`red and light wavesto the very short, high-frequency
`
`cosmic rays and X rays: By using uranium, they found
`
`it possible for the frst time,
`to generate continuous
`
`
`186
`
`electromagnetic unit, Physics. any of the units in the
`CGSsystem that are based on electromagnetism. They
`include the abampere (= 10 amperes), abcou/omb (=
`10 coulombs), abfarad (= 10° farads), and abhenry (=
`10° henrys). Abbreviation: e.m.u. or EMU
`electromagnetic wave, Physics. a wave of energy gener-
`ated by a varying electric and magnetic field when an
`electric chargeoscillates or is accelerated. Electromag-
`netic waves are light waves, radio waves, X-rays, or
`gammarays, according to their frequency and wave-
`lengths. Whenever an electric current changes in a cir-
`cuit, energy in the form of electromagnetic waves is
`radiated away from the circuit (E. Mallett).
`electromagnetism, n. Physics. 1 magnetism produced by
`a current ofelectricity. 2 the branch of physics that
`deals with electricity and magnetism: Electromag-
`netism, together with electrostatics and such subjects
`as electrochemistry ... madepossible all the present ap-
`plications of electricity except those depending on
`twentieth-century
`developments
`in
`electronics
`(Shortley and Williams, Elements of Physics).
`electromotive, adj. Physics. 1 producing a flow ofelec-
`tricity. 2 of or having to do with electromotiveforce.
`electromotive force, Physics. 1 the force resulting from
`differences of potential that causes an electric current.
`Symbol: E
`2 the amountof energy derived from anelectric source
`per unit of current passing through the source. Elec-
`tromotive force is commonly measuredin volts. Iftwo
`different metals are placed in contact, and thejunction
`is warmed, an electromotive force is generated (F. P.
`Bowden), Abbreviation: e.m.f. or EMF
`electromotive series, Chemistry. a list of the metallic ele-
`ments in the decreasing order of their tendencies to
`changeto ions in solution, so that each metal displaces
`from solution those below it in the list and is displaced
`by those aboveit.
`electron (i lek’tron), n. Physics. an elementary particle
`having a very small massat rest (9.095 x 10-?8gram)
`and a unit charge of negative electricity equal
`to
`1.60219 10-'9 coulombs, All atoms have electrons
`surrounding a nucleusat various distances in orbitals
`or shells. The hydrogen atom has oneelectron; the
`
`10-1
`
`3
`
`19012
`
`1016
`
`106
`
`10
`
`frequency
`in hertz
`
`wavelength in
`nanometers
`
`Page 4 of 4
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`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
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`LGE Exhibit 1012
`LGE v. ImmerVision
`Page 4 of 4
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