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`HANDBOOK OF
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`1S al
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`IPR2020-00179
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`STPRUNESTECHNIQUES, &pce
`f 8SECOND EDITION’.
`Rae
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`MICHAEL BASS, EDITOR IN CHIEF
`ERIC W. VAN STRYLAND ¢ DAVID R. WILLIAMS © WILLIAM L. WOLFE, ASSOCIATE EDITORS
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`IMMERVISION Ex. 2021
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`HANDBOOK OF
`OPTICS
`
`Volume |
`Fundamentals, Techniques,
`and Design
`
`
`Second Edition
`
`Sponsored by the
`OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
`
`Michael Bass Editorin chief
`The Center for Research and
`Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL)
`University of Central Florida
`Orlando, Florida
`
`Eric W. Van Stryland Associate Editor
`The Center for Research and Education
`in Optics and Lasers (CREOL)
`University of Central Florida
`Orlando, Florida
`
`David R. Williams Associate Editor
`
`Center for Visual Science
`University of Rochester
`Rochester, New York
`
`William L. Wolfe Associate Editor
`
`Optical Sciences Center
`University of Arizona
`Tucson, Arizona
`
`McGRAW-HILL, INC.
`New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
`Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
`Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Handbook of optics / sponsored by the Optical Society of America ;
`Michael Bass, editor in chief. — 2nd ed.
`p-
`em.
`Includes bibliographical references and index.
`Contents:
`1. Fundamentals, techniques, and design — 2. Devices,
`measurement, and properties.
`ISBN 0-07-047740-X
`2, Optical instruments—
`1. Optics—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
`Handbooks, manuals, etc.
`I. Bass, Michael.
`[1. Optical Society
`of America.
`QC369.H35
`535—de20
`
`1995
`
`94-19339
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1995 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the
`United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
`Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or
`distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
`retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`123456789 DOC/DOC 90987654
`
`ISBN 0-07-047740-X
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen $. Chapman, the editing
`supervisor was Peggy Lamb, and the production supervisor was Pamela A.
`Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by The Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd.
`
`Printed and bound by R.R. Donnelly & Sons Company.
`
`This book was printed on acid-free paper.
`
`
`
`
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by
`McGraw-Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. How-
`ever, neither McGraw-Hill nor
`its authors guarantees
`the
`accuracy or completeness of any information published herein
`and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for
`any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this
`information. This work is published with the understanding that
`McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are
`not attempting to render engineering or other professional
`services.
`If such services are required,
`the assistance of an
`appropriate professional should be sought.
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`
`
`CHAPTER 15
`PHOTODETECTORS
`
`&
`
`Paul R. Norton
`Santa Barbara Research Center
`Santa Barbara, California
`
`Revised and updated fromarticle by Stephen F. Jacobs*
`
`15.1 SCOPE
`
`‘The purpose ofthis chapter is to describe the range of detectors commercially available for
`sensing optical radiation. Optical radiation over the range from vacuum ultraviolet to the
`far-infrared or submillimeter wavelength (25 nm to 1000 1m) is considered. We will refer
`
`to the following spectral ranges:
`
`VUV
`vacuum ultraviolet
`25-200 nm
`UV
`ultraviolet
`200-400 nm
`VIS
`visible
`400-700 nm
`NIR
`near-infrared
`700-1000 nm
`SWIR
`short-wavelength infrared
`1-3 ym
`MWIR
`medium-wavelength infrared
`3-5 pm
`LWIR
`long-wavelength infrared
`5-14 pm
`VLWIR
`very long wavelength infrared
`14-30 zm
`FIR
`far-infrared
`30-100 zm
`
`100-1000 pm SubMM submillimeter
`
`
`We begin bygiving a brief description of the photoesensitive mechanism for cach type
`of detector. The usefulness and limitations of cach detector type are also briefly described.
`Definitions of the technical
`terms associated with the detection process are listed. The
`concept of sensitivity is defined, and D-star (D*) is presented as a measure of ideal
`performance. Examples are then given of
`the limiting cases for D* under several
`conditions. In addition, other detector performance parameters are described which may
`be of critical
`interest
`in a specific application, including spectral response, responsivity.
`quantumefficiency. noise, uniformity, speed, and stability. Finally, manufacturers” specifi-
`cations for a range of available detectors are compiled and a list of manufacturers is
`included for each type of detector.
`The sensitivity of many detectors has reached the limit set by room-temperature
`background photon fluctuations (radiation shot noise). For these detectors, sensitivity may
`be enhanced byproviding additional cooling, while restricting their spatial field of view
`and/or spectral bandwidth. At some point, other factors such as amplificr noise maylimit
`the improvement.
`*In Handbook ofOptics, first edition, McGraw-Hill, 1978. Section 4, “Nonimaging Detectors.” by Stephen F.
`Jacobs, Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona. Tucson, Arizona.
`
`15.3
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