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`ENGINEERING SERIES
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` OPTICAL ANDELECTRO-OPTICAL
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`
`
`Modern
`Lens Design
`
`A Resource Manual
`
`Warren J. Smith
`Chlef Sclentist
`
`Kalser Electro-Optics, Inc.
`Carlsbad, Callfornia
`
`Genesee Optics Software,Inc.
`Rochester, New York
`
`McGraw-Hill, Inc.
`New York St. Louls San Francisco Auckland Bogota
`Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan
`Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan Sd&o Paulo
`Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto
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`2/4
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`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Smith, Warren J.
`Modern lens design : a resource manual / Warren J. Smith and
`Genesee Optics Software, Inc.
`p.
`cm,—(Optical and electro-optical engineering series)
`Includes index.
`ISBN 0-07-059178-4
`1. Lenses—Design and construction—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
`I. Genesee Optics Software, Inc.
`II. Title,
`III. Series.
`QC385.2.D47S65
`1992
`681’.423—dc20
`
`92-20038
`CIP
`
`Copyright © 1992 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed
`in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the
`United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
`be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,or stored
`in a data base or
`retrieval system, without
`the prior written
`permission of the publisher.
`
`1234567890 DOC/DOC 98765432
`
`ISBN O-07-059178-4
`
`The sponsoring editor for this book was Daniel A. Gonneau, the
`editing supervisor was David E. Fogarty, and the production
`supervisor was Suzanne W. Babeuf. It was set in Century Schoolbook
`by McGraw-Hili’s Professional Book Group composition unit.
`
`Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.
`
`OPTICS TOOLBOXis a registered trademark of Genesee Optics
`Software, Inc.
`
`Preface
`
`Ix
`
`Chapter 1. Introduction
`
`Chapter 2. Automatic Lens Desigr
`2.1
`The Merit Function
`2.2
`Optimization
`2.3
`Local Minima
`24
`25
`2.6
`2.7
`2.8
`
`Typesof Merit Functions
`Stagnation
`Generalized Simulated Annes
`Considerations about Variab!
`Howto Increase the Speed ¢
`Problems
`Test Plate Fits, Melt Fits, and
`Spectral Weighting
`How to Get Started
`
`2.9
`2.10
`2.11
`
`
`
`Br
`
`ET
`
`sistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.
`
`
`Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-
`Hill, Inc., from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither
`McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or complete-
`ness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hill
`nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or
`damages arising out of use of this information. This work is pub-
`lished with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are
`supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering
`or other professional services. If such services are required, the as-
`
`Chapter 3. Improving a Design
`3.1
`Standard Improvement Tech:
`3.2
`Glass Changes (Index and V
`3.3
`Splitting Elements
`3.4
`Separating a Cemented Dou!
`3.5
`Compounding an Element
`3.6
`Vignetting and Its Uses
`3.7
`Ellminating a Weak Element,
`3.8
`Balancing Aberrations
`3.9
`The Symmetrical Principle
`3.10
`Aspheric Surfaces
`
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`
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`Figure 9.1 The basic power arrangementfor a reversedtele-
`photo lens yields a back focal length which is longer than
`the effective focal length.
`
`MERIDIONAL
`1.0
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`
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`
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`should be low-index; this reduces the overcorrected Petzval contribu-
`tion from this component.
`It is apparent that there is absolutely no hope of any semblance of
`symmetry in this type of lens. Thus we can expect the correction of
`coma,distortion, and lateral color to be difficult. In many other design
`types, these aberrations are reduced or corrected by an approximately
`symmetrical arrangement of the elements about the aperture stop. In
`order to correct both the axial and lateral chromatic of the retrofocus,
`both components must be individually achromatized. (Although in a
`system which has only a modestly extended backfocus, the front neg-
`ative component may be weak enough that a high-V-value crown
`singlet will be acceptable.) The simplest fully corrected form is thus a
`pair of achromatic components. Usually the aperture stop is at the
`rear component; the natural shape for the front negative achromatis
`then that of a meniscus, concave toward the stop.
`In an unsymmetrical system, as noted above, coma, distortion, and
`lateral color are difficult to control. Of these, only distortion does not
`affect the image definition. If it can be tolerated, allowing a few per-
`cent distortion will sometimes permit a better level of correction for
`all the other aberrations. Thus it is often worthwhile in the course of
`the optimization process to greatly reduce the weight on distortion in
`the merit function to see if an overall improvement will result.
`
`
`
`are all rather ordinary. As is true of most retrofocus designs, this lens
`
`9.2 The Basic Retrofocus Lens
`
`Figure 9.2 is a relatively simple retrofocus design with an airspaced
`doublet achromatic front and a rear component whichis a split-rear-
`crown triplet form. Designed as a single-frame 35-mm projection lens,
`it covers a modest 37° field at a speed of f/3. Note that the glass types
`
`Figure 9.2
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