dlcctionary of
`
`communication
`
`about commL-Inicafiorw Each/30:53",
`
`gilflbert held
`
`everything
`you, didn’t know you needed to know
`
`

`

`edition
`'
`0 yrig
`
`blished in 1W9 as Data and Computcr Communications
`1 mammoth Wiley & Sons mt
`Baflins Laue, Chichester
`West Sussex, P0 19 “ID, England
`
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`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication mtiy be reproduced. stored in a reuieval system, ortmnsmitted, in any form or
`by any means, electronic. mechanical. photocopying recording. scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright.
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`Road, London Wll’ 9l-lE, UK, without the permission in writing of tin Publisher.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademark. In all instances where [ohn Wiley
`& Sons is aware of a claim. tin product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers. however, should contact
`the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding tradelmrls and registration.
`
`British Library Catabguing it Publication Data
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`A catalogue record for this book is available from file British Library
`
`ISBN 04-71# 97516 8;
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`0 471 97517 6 [pbk]
`
`Apple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, |PR2020-00033
`Page 2 of 9
`
`Rembrandt Wireless
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`Ex. 2021
`
`

`

`ACF/NCP
`
` reply '
`,
`5; such ”4131 mm: omen,»
`
`
`
`ENQ/ACKpmxoxfldLnfiam
`
`ACM Association for Computing Machinery.
`
`ACOC Area Communications Operations Center.
`
`ACOnet Akademisches COmputer NEtz, a re-
`search network in Austria.
`
`ACONSOLE The name of a Novell NetWare 3.x
`
`utility program that allows a network supervisor
`t) access a server via a modem connection and
`
`manage that server as if the user was at the
`server's console.
`
`Acorn A trademark of AT&T for a network
`
`control system.
`
`acoustic coupler A device that converts electrical
`signals into audio signals, enabling data to be
`nansmitted over the public telephone network
`via a conventional
`telephone handset;
`it also
`converts the audio signals back into electrical
`signals at the receiving end. A kind of modem.
`
`ACP Advanced Communications Package.
`
`ACP Allied Communication Publication.
`
`the operation in
`1. In IBM's VTAM,
`acquire
`which an authorized ACFNTAM application
`program initiates and establishes a session with
`another logical unit; the application program acts
`as the primary end of the session. Note. The
`acquire process causes an Initiate request to be
`sent to the SSCP which causes the SSCP to
`
`return a CINIT request to the application p10-
`gram (the PLU); this in turn causes the PLU ID
`send a BIND request to the SLU. Contrast with
`fihmnbflmuflmflflekflwTNMrmmmr
`
`EX. 2021
`
`ACF/NCP In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Network Control
`
`Program.
`
`ACF/SSP In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Corn-
`
`munications Function for the System Support
`Programs. Synonym for SSP.
`
`ACF/I'AP In IBM's VTAM, Advanced-r Com-
`
`munications Function for the Trace Analysis
`Program. Synonym for TAP.
`
`ACF/I'CAM In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Telecommunica-
`tions Access Method.
`
`ACF/VTAM In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Virtual Telecom-
`munications Access Method.
`
`IBM's
`ACFNTAM application program In
`VTAM, a program that has opened an ACB to
`identify itself to ACFNTAM and can now issue
`ACFNTAM macro instructions
`
`ACFNTAM definition In IBM's VTAM,
`
`the
`
`process of defining the user application network
`b ACFNTAM and modifying IBM-defined
`characteristics to suit the needs of the user.
`
`ACF/VTAM definition library In IBM's VTAM,
`the operating system files or data sets that contain
`the definition statements and start options filed
`during ACFNTAM definition
`
`ACF/VTAM operator A person or program
`authorized to issue ACFNTAM operator com-
`mands
`
`ACFNTAM operator command A command
`used to monitor or control an ACFNTAM
`domain.
`
`ACFNTAME In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Virtual Telecom-
`
`munications Access Method Entry.
`AC1 Access Control Information.
`
`
`
`
`v‘
`i_
`.'
`f
`I
`
`
`gas?7 a e. 2
`11.1""
`‘74":94».
`
`
`
`
`
`l‘ .1. ‘3'"WT‘I'IF1L .''l.h in .
`
` A
`
`Apple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, |PR2020-00033
`Page 3 of 9
`
`

`

`marker
`
`condition. 2. In data communications. a mark
`
`represents a binary l: the steady-state, no-traffic
`state for asynchronous transmission. 3. The idle
`condition. 4. In the context of the Virtual termi-
`
`nal, a mark is a signal inserted into an output
`data stream by the virtual terminal. to acknowl-
`edge that an attention or interrupt input signal
`has been received.
`’
`
`marker The common control device for a cross-
`bar switch.
`
`marker tape A tape laid parallel to a conductor
`under the jacket in a cable. The tape is printed
`with the name of the manufacturer and specifi-
`cations about the cable.
`
`mark-hold The normal no-traffic line condition
`
`whereby a steady mark is transmitted.
`
`Markov constraint A constraint on the routing
`method according to which the future route of a
`packet is independent of its past history, such as
`its source or its route so far. This constraint is
`
`implied by directory routing.
`
`mark-to-space transition The transition. or swit-
`ching from a marking impulse to a spacing
`impulse.
`
`MarkVision The name of a software product built
`into some IBM laser printers which enables
`remote NetWare users to configure and monitor
`the status of the printer.
`
`MARS Military Afliliate Radio System.
`
`Marquis The name of a PC Card from Motorola
`of Schaumberg, IL that provides 28.8 kbps of
`data and fax communications. and flmctions as a
`
`lOMbps Ethernet adaptor.
`
`MASER (Microwave Amplification by Simulated
`Emission of Radiation) A device that gener-
`ates signals in the microwave range, with low-
`noise characteristics.
`
`mask Pattern of bits (ls or Os) specified by the
`user that can be used with the trap mode of a
`communications test set.
`
`326
`
`masking A method of transforming one set oi
`data into another while blocking or excluding
`some data from this process on the basis of code
`patterns or position.
`
`master antenna system A coaxial cable distribu-
`tion system which provides television to apart-
`ments. hotel rooms. hospitals and schools.
`master boot infector A virus that overwrites or
`
`replaces the master boot record of a physical
`drive.
`
`master clock The source of timing signals. or the
`signals themselves, which all network stations
`use for synchronization.
`
`master cryptography key In IBM's SNA, a cryp-
`tographic key used to encipher operational keys
`that will be used at a node.
`
`master group In Frequency Division Multiplex-
`ing GTDM). an assembly of 10 snpergroups
`occupying adjacent bands in the transmissi
`
`spectrum for purposes of simultaneous modula-
`
`tion and demodulation.
`
`
`system.
`master modem In a multipoint
`modem that transmits constantly in the outboun
`direction. Usually the modem at the central site
`In a multitier system,
`the term represents
`
`remote master, or a master modem that is 1!)
`located at the central site.
`
`master station
`I. In multipoint circuits. the iii
`which controls/polls the nodes. 2. In point-I
`
`.
`point circuits, the unit which controls the
`
`the unit at .
`station. 3.
`In LAN technology.
`token-passing ring that allows recovery
`
`error conditions, such as lost. busy. or dtpUea
`
`tokens: a monitor station.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`MATE An asynchronous communications
`ware program from Concept Automation
`operates on Data General MV computers.
`
`mathematical model A mathematical
`
`or approximation of some real event.
`
`
`
`
`matrix In switch technology, that portion 0f
`switch architecture where any input leads
`lieyrfibqi‘étrli
`ii'eless
`
`Ex. 2021
`
`pple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, lPR2020—00033
`Page 4 of 9
`
`

`

`PC router
`
`PCl'outer Aprogramthattsapartofthe
`IBM PC 3270 Emulation Program or IBM 3270
`PC Control Program that uses
`lhe Server-
`Requester Programming Interface (SRPI),
`t)
`route requests from the PC requester programs
`to the corresponding router on the host.
`
`pcANYWHERE A trademark of OMA, Inc., of
`New York, NY, as well as a PC-bosed remote
`
`computing soflware program marketed by that
`vendor.
`
`PC—Term An asychronous communications and
`terminal emulation program from Crystal Point
`ofKirkIand. WA, that operates at IBM PC and
`comp,atible personal computers.
`
`PCU Packet Control Unit.
`
`ch The name of a soflware program from Tropi-
`cal Communications Associates, .Inc., of Debray
`Beach, FL, tint performs packe: assembler] dis-
`assembler functions. ch operates m IBM PC
`and compatible personal computers.
`
`PCBoard A series of bulletin board software
`
`PD Pulse Duration.
`
`PDF Portable Document Format.
`
`PDI Picture Description Instruction.
`PDM Pulse Duration Modulation.
`
`PDN 1. Packet Data Network. 2. Public Dat
`Network.
`
`
`
`1. Premises Distribution System. 2. Pr
`PBS
`cessor-Direct Slot.
`
`PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card
`International Association.
`
`PDU Protocol Data Unit.
`
`PDU lifetime A value that indicates the number
`
`
`
`
`
`marketed by Clark Development Co., Inc., of
`Salt Lake City, UT.
`
`PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect.
`
`PCI Protocol Control Information.
`
`PCL Printer Control language.
`
`PCM 1. Plug Compatible Machine. 2. Pulse Code
`Modulation.
`
`PCNET A local area network (LAN) developed
`by Orchid Technology based m coaxial cable
`rtmning at leps transmission rate.
`
`PC—NFS A trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
`as well as a networking product
`from that
`vendor which enables IBM PC and compatible
`computers to access a variety of small and large
`computer systems to include DEC VAX and
`IBM SNA networks.
`
`L Plastic Clad Silica. 2. Personal Commu-
`PCS
`nications Service.
`
`PC—SYNC An internal synchronous modem and
`communications software marketed by Barr Sys-
`tems, Inc., of Gainesville, FL. for the IBM PC
`series and PS/2 Models 25 and 30.
`
`PC—SYNCI2 An internal synchronous modem and
`communications soflware marketed by Barr Sys-
`tems, Inc, of Gainesvme, FL,
`for IBM PSl2
`
`micro-channel personal computers.
`
`router hops a Protocol Data Unit (POU) can fl
`across before it must either reach its destinati
`or be discarded
`
`In an ATM network,
`Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
`maidmum rate at which cells can be lransmi
`across a virtual circuit.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`peak limiter A filter used to reduce the effect
`noise on a signal by clipping off noise
`above the desired peak level of a signal; can
`used m frequency modulated (FM), ftque
`shift keyed (FSK), or pulse-code modula
`
`(PCM) signals.
`
`
`peak load The maximum load, such as bits
`second or packets per second, that can be pla
`
`m a network.
`
`
`peak to average ratio test (PAR) The PI
`test is a signal fidelity measurement desi
`to be sensitive to envelope delay distortion
`Rerthlretésss sensitive '”
`
`400
`Apple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, lPR2020—00033
`Page 5 of 9
`
`Ex. 2021
`
`
`
`

`

`
`
`is represented by direct current flowing in one
`direction and the spacing signal is represented
`by at equal current flowing in the opposite direc-
`tion. By extension to tone signaling, polar trans-'
`mission is a method of transmission employing
`three distinct states, two to represent a mark and
`a space and one to represent the absence of a
`signal. Also called bipolar.
`
`polarity Any condition in whicbether'e are two
`opposing voltage levels or charges, such as
`positive and negative.
`
`1. A characteristic of electromag-
`polarization
`netic radiation that occurs when the electric-field
`
`vector of the energy wave is perpendicular to
`the main direction of the electromagnetic beam.
`2 The directional aspects of a signal. A signal
`can have a circular or planar polarization.
`
`polarizer Material made of polymer acetate,
`incorporating iodide molecules, which allows
`scattered light
`to enter one pane on a liquid-
`crystal display.
`
`Policy Management Architecture (PMA) A net-
`working architecture developed by NetManage
`of Cupertino, CA, which enables mission-critical
`applications and multimedia tools to rim on exist-
`ing lP-based intranets.
`
`Policy Management Architecture (PMA) A tool
`from NetManage Corporation of Cupertino, CA,
`which enables network managers and third-party
`developers to create modules that control
`the
`manner by which desktops use TCP/lP-based
`applications. A PMA capability is included in the
`vendor's Chameleon TCP/IP application suite.
`
`
`
`poll character A unique character or sequence
`sent by the main computer to a device to check
`for availability for sending and receiving data.
`
`polling A means of controlling terminals on a
`multipoint
`line. The computer, acting as the
`master station, sends a message to each terminal
`
`4-12
`
`in turn saying, "Terminal A: have you an I
`to send?" If not, "Terminal B: have you an
`to send?" and so on. Each such message is c I
`a poll.
`
`.
`
`polling delay The elapsed time between sue;
`sive polls to a given station which becomes
`maximum delay after an operator is ready to s %
`before transmission actually takes place.
`
`polling list The order in which stations are po .
`and maintained in a list associated with -
`
`channel. A line polling list can also be
`provide priority in line service.
`
`polyethylene A family of insulating materi
`derived from polymerization of ethylene gas, ...
`provide good dielectric properties
`
`polymorphic virus A virus that completely m.
`fies its appearance each time it infects a comp
`program.
`
`Poly—STAR Terminal emulation software
`Polygon, lnc., of St Louis, MO, which ena
`at IBM PC or compatible personal comp
`to communicate with any Digital Equipm
`Co. VAX or other ASCII host computers.
`’
`
`Poly—STAR/240 Terminal emulation software f .
`Polygon,
`lnc., which make a personal c o
`puter operate as a Digital Equipment Corpora t
`(DEC) VT240 terminal.
`
`PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) A flamere .
`thermoplastic insulation material
`that is Cu
`monly used in the jackets of bvilding cables.
`
`POP t. Point Of Presence. 2. Post Office
`col.
`
`PopNet A trademark of LAN shark Systems,
`of Reynoldsburg, 0H, as well as the name
`a memory-resident program loader from
`vendor which operates on a VINES server.
`
`port A computer interface capable of attach
`to a modem for communicating with a rem
`terminal; the logical entrance and exit
`I
`which data traflic flows
`into and out 0
`network
`
`Rembrandt Wireless
`
`Ex. 2021
`
`»ple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, |PR2020-00033
`Page 6 of 9
`
`

`

`
`
`
`
`slotted frame A frame of information which
`
`
`
`
`control. Nominally equal to twice the propag
`tion delay.
`
`slotted ALOHA A packet broadcast system Ii
`ALOHA in which packets are timed to arrive
`the center in regular time slots, synchronized f
`all'stations.
`
`shared by two or more stations by dividing
`frame into equal parts. This technology is
`by many TDMs and on some LANs with ‘
`topologies.
`
`skywave
`
`skywave The portion of a wave that travels to the
`ionosphere and is reflected or refracted back to
`the carth.
`
`slab on grade A concrete floor installed directly
`on the earth, without a basement or crawl space.
`
`slamming The process of unauthorized switching
`of a subscriber from one long distance carrier to
`another.
`
`SLAR Side-Looking Airborne Radjp".
`slave A called unit under the control of commands
`
`and signals from a master (calling) unit.
`
`slave station In point-to-point circuits, the unit
`controlled by the master station.
`SLC Submarine Laser Communications.
`
`SLCSAT Submarine
`SATellites.
`
`Laser
`
`Communications
`
`SLU Secondary Logical Unit.
`
`slotted ring A ring-based network that uses slo
`as the method for gaining access to the
`'
`
`SLS Signaling Link Selection.
`
`
`
`SL/l A PBX manufactured by Northern Teleco
`
`SM 1 Statistical Multiplexer. 2. Switching
`ule. 3. System Management. 4. Service Nbdu
`
`SMA Search Mode Acquisition.
`
`
`
`
`SMAE Systems Management Application Fm
`Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
`
`industry standard interface for connecting
`heral devices and their controllers to a mi
`
`
`processor. The SCSI interface defines both h
`ware and software standards for communicati
`
`between a host computer and a peripheral
`
`Small-Scale Integration (88]) A term used
`describe a multifunction semiconductor de '
`
`
`
`SLIC Subscriber Line Interface Card
`
`slicing level A voltage or current level of a digital
`signal where a one or zero bit am be determined
`or not. Also threshold.
`
`slip A defect in timing that caused a single bit or
`a sequence of bits to be omitted or read twice.
`Slips are primarily caused by improper synchro-
`nization resulting from wander and improper dis-
`tribution of the network reference frequenCy.
`SLIP Serial Line 1?.
`
`SLM System Logic Module.
`slot
`1. A unit oftime in a 'IDM frame where a
`sub-channel bit or character is carried. 2. Basic
`
`information unit (an 18-bit pattern) sent (11 an
`IBM 3600 System Loop. Specifies a command.
`data, or a sync pattern. 3. A numbered division
`of an equipment rack or shelf into which an
`electronic card is inserted.
`
`slot sharing A procedure by which more than one
`terminal may contend for the same slot thereby
`increasing the number of terminals that may be
`attached an IBM System 3600 Loop.
`
`slot time A local network parameter that des-
`cribes the contention behavior of a media access
`
`with a sparse density (10 circuits or less)
`electronic circuitry comained m a single silic
`chip.
`
`SMAP Systems Management Application Proc
`smart terminal A smart terminal has semico
`
`
`
`
`Its features include
`uctor-based memory.
`ability to be polled, to store data in blocks,
`to perform error checking. Functions sud:
`editingcanbeperformedmasmarttami
`but specific capabilities are built into the terl
`and cannot be changed. A smart terminal “
`Rdihhi$8fiiilireless
`
`
`
`
`
`500
`
`EX. 2021
`
`)ple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, |PR2020-00033
`Page 7 of 9
`
`

`

`time division multiplexers (TDMs)
`
`the fiber so that its movement is limited. Tight
`buffers are commonly used in patch cords and
`other locations where a cable is likely to be
`moved or shaken.
`
`tightly coupled A term used to describe the
`interrelationship of processing units that share
`real storage and are controlled by the same
`control program.
`
`tilt The difference between insertion losses. Sig-
`nals at higher frequencies weaken more dramat-
`ically than signals at lower frequencies.
`TIM Test Interface Module.
`
`timbre of soimd A term used to express the
`quality of a particular sound which helps to
`identify the object, instrument, or person that is
`its source.
`
`Time Assignment Speech Interpolation (l'ASl)
`A technique for making trunk circuits more
`efficient by combining portions of conversations
`m the same circuit This technique makes use
`of the fact that typical conversations have quiet
`periods during which the circuit can be used for
`other conversations.
`
`time bomb A destructive program that remains
`until a predefined event or time triggers its
`operation.
`
`Tine rivision
`muliplexer
`
`time call A call between two subscribers, where
`the called subscriber is within the caller's area
`
`code but outside the caller's free calling area.
`
`Time Compression Multiplexing (TCM) A dig-
`ital
`transmission technique that permits full-
`duplex data transmission by Sending compressed
`bursts of data ‘11 an alternating or o‘ping—pong"
`fashion.
`
`Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Refers
`b a form of multiple access where a single car-
`rier is time shared by many users. Sings from
`earth stations reaching the satellite consecutively
`a e processed 'n lime segments without overlap-
`Ping
`
`100 percent
`time division multiplexers (TDMs)
`digital, dividing high-speed digital channels.
`such as a modem RS-232C output,
`into digi-
`tal subchannels. TDMs either bit—interleave or
`character-interleave data.
`
`Bit-interleaving is used primarily for syn-
`dironous multiplexing of protocols
`(Bisync,
`HDLC, X25, SDLC, etc) Bit-interleaving main—
`tains lhe order and number of bits from input at
`one eml ofthe channel to output at the otherend.
`Synchronous protocols require maintaining the
`number and order of bits in each clock to ensure
`
`
`
`Bits or characters are inter leaved:
`
`Channel 1
`Channel 2
`p Channel 3
`Channel 1 F“
`lctlczlcalc4|c1ICZICSIC4|01ICZICSIC4|9tc-I\__/ Channel 4
`Channel 2 \
`Channel 3
`Channel 4
`
`nine divinbn mltipleras (IDMS)
`
`Rembrandt Wireless
`
`Ex. 2021543
`
`
`
`ple Inc. v. Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP, |PR2020-00033
`Page 8 of 9
`
`

`

`. Over 10,000 references and 300 Illustrations - Bridges the gap between definition and explanation -
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