about COMMUNICEEHAIS 230.NOES?
`
`| communication
`
`dictionary of
`
`gilbert held
`
`everything
`youdidn’t know you needed to know
`
`

`

`published in 1989 as Data and Computer Communications
`edition
`irst
`
`opyrig 1996,1998byJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd.1995,
`Baffins Lane, Chichester
`West Sussex, PO 19 IUD, England
`
`
`
`National 01243 779777
`International (+44) 1234 779777
`e-mail (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk
`
`Visit our Home Page on http://www.wiley.co.uk or http://www.wiley.com
`
`All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication mtiy be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
`by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright,
`Designs and Patents Act 1988 or underthe terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court
`Road, London WIP 9HE, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher.
`
`Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where John Wiley
`& Sons is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters. Readers, however, should contact
`the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration.
`
`British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
`
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
`
`ISBN 0 471# 97516 8;
`
`0 471 97517 6 (pbk)
`
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`

`ACF/NCP
`
`ENQ/ACK protocoldiagram
`
`ACF/NCP In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Network Control
`Program.
`
`ACF/SSP In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the System Support
`Programs. Synonym for SSP.
`
`ACF/I'AP In IBM's VIAM, Advancede Com-
`munications Function for the Trace Analysis
`Program. Synonym for TAP.
`
`ACF/I'CAM In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Telecommunica-
`tions Access Method.
`
`ACF/VTAM In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Virtual Telecom-
`munications Access Method.
`
`IBM's
`ACF/VTAM application program In
`VTAM,a program that has opened an ACB to
`identify itself to ACFNTAM and can nowissue
`ACFENTAM macro instructions.
`
`the
`ACF/VTAM definition In IBM's VTAM,
`process ofdefining the user application network
`to ACFNTAM and modifying IBM-defined
`characteristics to suit the needs of the user.
`
`ACF/VTAM definition library In IBM's VTAM,
`the operating system files or data sets that contain
`the definition statements and start options filed
`during ACFNTAMdefinition.
`
`ACF/VTAM operator A person or program
`authorized to issue ACF/VTAM operator com-
`mands.
`
`ACF/VTAM operator command A command
`used to monitor or control an ACFNTAM
`domain.
`
`ACF/VTAME In IBM's VTAM, Advanced Com-
`munications Function for the Virtual Telecom-
`munications Access Method Entry.
`ACI Access Control Information.
`
`
`| cayreplylyin
`
` othe
`tehare=e—
`method offlow con
`
`
`ACM Association for Computing Machinery.
`
`ACOC Area Communications Operations Center.
`
`ACOnet Akademisches COmputer NEtz, a re-
`search network in Austria.
`
`ACONSOLE The name ofa Novell NetWare 3.x
`utility program that allows a network supervisor
`fo access a server via a modem connection and
`manage that server as if the user was at the
`server's console.
`
`Acorn A trademark of AT&T for a network
`control system.
`
`acoustic coupler A device that converts electrical
`signals into audio signals, enabling data to be
`transmitted over the public telephone network
`via a conventional
`telephone handset;
`it also
`converts the audio signals back into electrical
`signals at the receiving end. A kind of modem.
`
`ACP Advanced Communications Package.
`
`ACP Allied Communication Publication.
`
`the operation in
`1 In IBM's VTAM,
`acquire
`which an authorized ACFNTAM application
`program initiates and establishes a session with
`another logical unit; the application program acts
`as the primary end of the session. Note. The
`acquire process causes an Initiate request to be
`sent to the SSCP which causes the SSCP to
`return a CINIT request to the application pro-
`gram (the PLU); this in tum causes the PLU to
`send a BIND request to the SLU. Contrast with
`AXembrandtiWirelessTAaM resource
`Ex. 2021
`
`BSC comm i
`ati 0 ns pro:
`
`
`pi VIOU
`(ransm
`[}
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`

`

`marker
`
`condition. 2. In data communications, a mark
`represents a binary 1; the steady-state, no-traffic
`state for asynchronous transmission. 3. The idle
`condition. 4. In the context of the virtual termi-
`nal, a mark is a signal inserted into an output
`data stream by the virtual terminal, to acknowl-
`edge that an attention or interrupt input signal
`has been received.
`,
`
`marker The common control device for a cross-
`bar switch.
`
`masking A method of transforming one set of
`data into another while blocking or excluding
`some data from this process on the basis of code
`patterns or position.
`
`master antenna system A coaxial cable distribu-
`tion system which provides television to apart-
`ments, hotel rooms, hospitals and schools.
`master boot infector A virus that overwrites or
`replaces the master boot record of a physical
`drive.
`
`marker tapeAtape laid parallel to a conductor master clock Thesource oftiming signals, or the
`
`signals themselves, which all network stations
`under the jacket in a cable. The tape is printed
`use for synchronization.
`with the name of the manufacturer and specifi-
`cations about the cable.
`
`master cryptography key InIBM's SNA, a cryp-
`tographic key used to encipher operational keys
`that will be used at a node.
`
`mark-hold The normal no-traffic line condition
`whereby a steady mark is transmitted.
`
`Markov constraint A constraint on the routing
`method according to which the future route ofa
`packetis independentofits past history, such as
`its source or its route so far. This constraint is
`implied by directory routing.
`
`mark-to-space transition Thetransition, or swit-
`ching from a marking impulse to a spacing
`impulse.
`
`MarkVision The name ofa software productbuilt
`into some IBM laser printers which enables
`remote NetWare users to configure and monitor
`the status of the printer.
`
`MARS Military Affiliate Radio System.
`
`Marquis The name of a PC Card from Motorola
`of Schaumberg, IL that provides 28.8 kbps of
`data and fax communications, and functions as a
`1OMbps Ethernet adaptor.
`
`MASER (Microwave Amplification by Simulated
`Emission of Radiation) A device that gener-
`ates signals in the microwave range, with low-
`noise characteristics.
`
`mask Pattern of bits (ls or Os) specified by the
`user that can be used with the trap mode of a
`communications test set.
`
`system,
`Master modem In a multipoint
`modem that transmits constantly in the outboun
`direction. Usually the modem atthe centralsite
`In a multitier system,
`the term represents
`remote master, or a master modem that is m
`located at the centralsite.
`
`
`
`Master group In Frequency Division Multiplex-
`ing (FDM), an assembly of 10 supergroups
`occupying adjacent bands in the transmissi
`
`spectrum for purposes of simultaneous modula-
`
`tion and demodulation.
`
`
`
`
`master station
`1. In multipoint circuits, the uni
`which controls/polls the nodes. 2. In point-I
`
`é
`point circuits, the unit which controls the
`
`the unit on §
`station. 3.
`In LAN technology,
`token-passing ring that allows recovery
`
`error conditions, such as lost, busy, or dupUca
`
`tokens; a monitorstation.
`
`
`MATE An asynchronous communications
`ware program from Concept Automation
`operates on Data General MV computers.
`
`
`
`
`mathematical model A mathematical
`or approximation of somereal event.
`matrix In switch technology, that portion of
`switch architecture where any input leads
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`

`PC router
`
`PC-Term An asychronous communications and
`tenninal emulation program from Crystal Point
`of KirkJand, WA, that operates on IBM PC and
`comp,atible personal computers.
`
`PCU Packet Control Unit.
`
`peX The name ofa soflware program from Tropi-
`cal Communications Associates, Inc, of Debray
`Beach, FL, that perfonns packe: assembler/ dis-
`assembler functions. pcX operates on IBM PC
`and compatible personal computers.
`
`PD Pulse Duration.
`
`PDF Portable Document Format.
`PDI Picture Description Instruction.
`PDM Pulse Duration Modulation.
`
`PDN 1. Packet Data Network. 2. Public Dat
`Network.
`
`1. Premises Distribution System. 2. Pr
`PDS
`cessor-DirectSlot.
`
`PDU Protocol Data Unit.
`
`
`
`ts a part of the
`PC l'outer A program that
`IBM PC 3270 Emulation Program or IBM 3270
`PC Control Program that uses
`lhe Server-
`Requester Programming Interface (SRPI),
`to
`route requests from the PC requester programs
`to the corresponding router on the host.
`
`pcANYWHERE A trademark of OMA,Inc., of
`New York, NY, as well as a PC-bosed remote
`computing software program marketed by that
`vendor.
`
`PCBoard A series of bulletin board software
`marketed by Clark Development Co., Inc., of
`Salt Lake City, UT.
`
`PCI Peripheral ComponentInterconnect.
`
`PCI Protocol Control Information.
`
`PCL Printer Control Language.
`
`PCM 1. Plug Compatible Machine. 2. Pulse Code
`Modulation.
`
`PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card
`International Association.
`
`PCNET A local area network (LAN) developed
`by Orchid Technology based on coaxial cable
`running at
`1 Mbps transmissionrate.
`
`1. Plastic Clad Silica. 2. Personal Commu-
`PCS
`nications Service.
`
`PC-SYNC An internal synchronous modem and
`communications software marketed by Barr Sys-
`tems, Inc., of Gainesville, FL, for Ibe IBM PC
`series and PS/2 Models 25 and 30.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`peak load The maximum load, such as bits
`second or packets per second, that can be pla
`on a network.
`
`PDUlifetime A value that indicates the number
`router hops a Protocol Data Unit (POU) can fl
`across before it must either reach its destinati:
`or be discarded.
`PC-NFSAtrademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.,
`Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
`In an ATM network,
`as well as a networking product
`from that
`maximum rate at whichcells can be lransmii
`vendor which enables IBM PC and compatible
`across a virtual circuit.
`computers to access a variety of small and large
`computer systems to include DEC VAX and
`IBM SNAnetworks.
`
`peak limiter A filter used to reduce the effect
`noise on a signal by clipping off noise
`above the desired peak level of a signal; can
`used on frequency modulated (FM), f'cque
`shift keyed (FSK), or pulse-code modula
`(PCM)signals.
`
`PC-SYNC/2 An internal synchronous modem and
`communications software marketed by Barr Sys-
`tems, Inc., of Gainesvme, FL,
`for IBM PS/2
`micro-channel personal computers.
`
`peak to average ratio test (PAR) The P/
`test is a signal fidelity measurement desi
`to be sensitive to envelope delay distortion
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`
`
`is represented by direct current flowing in one
`direction and the spacing signal is represented
`by an equal currentflowing in the opposite direc-
`tion. By extension to tone signaling, polar trans-'
`mission is a method of transmission employing
`three distinct states, two to represent a mark and
`a space and one to represent the absence of a
`signal. Also called bipolar.
`
`polarity Any condition in whicbethere are two
`opposing voltage levels or charges, such as
`positive and negative.
`
`polarization 1A characteristic of electromag-
`netic radiation that occurs whentheelectric-field
`vector of the energy wave is perpendicular to
`the main direction of the electromagnetic beam.
`2. The directional aspects of a signal. A signal
`can have a circular or planar polarization.
`
`polarizer Material made of polymer acetate,
`incorporating iodide molecules, which allows
`scattered light
`to enter one pane on a liquid-
`crystal display.
`
`Policy Management Architecture (PMA) A net-
`working architecture developed by NetManage
`of Cupertino, CA, which enables mission-critical
`applications and multimediatools to run onexist-
`ing IP-based intranets.
`
`Policy Management Architecture (PMA) A tool
`from NetManage Corporation of Cupertino, CA,
`which enables network managers and third-party
`developers to create modules that control
`the
`manner by which desktops use TCP/IP-based
`applications. A PMA capability is included in the
`vendor's Chameleon TCP/IP application suite.
`
`
`
`poll character A unique character or sequence
`sent by the main computer to a device to check
`for availability for sending and receiving data.
`
`polling A means of controlling terminals on a
`multipoint
`line. The computer, acting as the
`master station, sends a message to each terminal
`
`in tum saying, "Terminal A: have you anytli
`to send?" If not, "Terminal B: have you an
`to send?" and so on. Each such messageis call
`a poll.
`
`polling delay The elapsed time between sueg
`sive polls to a given station which becomes
`maximum delay after an operatoris ready to s¢
`before transmission actually takes place.
`
`polling list The order in which stations are pol}
`and maintained in a list associated with ¢
`channel. A line polling list can also be
`use
`provide priority in line service.
`
`polyethylene A family of insulating materi
`derived from polymerization ofethylene gas, @
`provide gooddielectric properties.
`
`polymorphic virus A virus that completely ma
`fies its appearance eachtimeit infects a comp
`program.
`
`Poly-STAR Terminal emulation software
`Polygon, Inc., of St Louis, MO, which enab}
`an IBM PC or compatible personal comp
`to communicate with any Digital Equipmg
`Co. VAX or other ASCII host computers.
`|
`
`Poly-STAR/240 Terminal emulation software fr}
`Polygon,
`Inc., which make a personal ca
`puter operate as a Digital Equipment Corporats)
`(DEC) VT240 terminal.
`
`PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) A flame-retard
`thermoplastic insulation material
`that is co]
`monly used in the jackets of bvilding cables.
`
`POP t. Point Of Presence. 2. Post Office
`col.
`
`PopNet A trademark of LAN shark Systems,
`of Reynoldsburg, OH, as well as the name
`a memory-resident program loader from
`vendor which operates on a VINES server.
`
`port A computer interface capable of attach
`to a modem for communicating with a rem
`tenninal; the logical entrance and exit
`t
`which data traffic flows
`into and out of
`network.
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`skywave
`
`Theportion of a wavethat travels to the
`skywave
`ionosphere andis reflected or refracted back to
`the earth.
`
`slab on grade A concrete floor installed directly
`on the earth, without a basementor crawl space.
`slamming Theprocess of unauthorized switching
`of a subscriber from one long distance carrier to
`another.
`
`control. Nominally equal to twice the propag
`tion delay.
`slotted ALOHA A packet broadcast system |i
`ALOHAin which packets are timed to arrive
`the center in regular time slots, synchronized f
`all' stations.
`
`SLAR Side-Looking Airborne Radi".
`slave A called unit under the control of commands
`and signals from a master (calling) unit.
`slave station In point-to-point circuits, the unit
`controlled by the master station.
`SLC Submarine Laser Communications.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`slotted frame A frame of information which
`
`shared by two or morestations by dividing
`frame into equal parts. This technology is
`
`by many TDMs and on some LANswith ri
`topologies.
`slotted ring A ring-based network that uses slo
`as the method for gaining access to the
`medi
`SLS Signaling Link Selection.
`SLU Secondary Logical Unit.
`SL/1_ A PBX manufactured by Northern Teleco
`SM1Statistical Multiplexer. 2. Switching
`SLIC Subscriber Line Interface Card.
`ule. 3. System Management. 4. Service Modu
`slicing level A voltage or currentlevel ofa digital
`SMA_Search Mode Acquisition.
`signal where a oneorzero bit can be determined
`or not. Also threshold.
`SMAE Systems Management Application Entil
`
`Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
`industry standard interface for connecting
`
`heral devices and their controllers to a mi
`processor. The SCSI interface defines both h
`
`ware and software standards for communicati
`between a host computer and a peripheral.
`SLM System Logic Module.
`Small-Scale Integration (SSI) A term used
`describe a multifunction semiconductor devi
`slot
`1. A unit of time in a TDM frame where a
`with a sparse density (10 circuits or less)
`sub-channel bit or character is carried. 2. Basic
`
`electronic circuitry contained aasingle silic
`information unit (an 18-bit pattern) sent on an
`
`chip.
`IBM 3600 System Loop. Specifies a command,
`data, or a sync pattern. 3. A numbered division
`SMAPSystems Management Application Proc
`of an equipment rack or shelf into which an
`smart terminal A smart terminal has semico
`electronic card is inserted.
`uctor-based memory.
`Its features include
`ability to be polled, to store data in blocks,
`to perform error checking. Functions such
`editing can be performed on a smart tenni
`but specific capabilities are built into the ter!
`and cannot be changed. A smart terminal 8
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`
`SLCSAT Submarine
`SATellites.
`
`Laser
`
`Communications
`
`slip A defect in timing that caused a single bit or
`a sequence of bits to be omitted or read twice.
`Slips are primarily caused by improper synchro-
`nization resulting from wander and improper dis-
`tribution of the network reference frequency.
`SLIP Serial Line P.
`
`slot sharing A procedure by which more than one
`terminal may contend for the same slot thereby
`increasing the numberofterminals that may be
`attached an IBM System 3600 Loop.
`slot time A local network parameter that des-
`cribes the contention behavior of a media access
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`

`

`time division multiplexers (TDMs)
`
`the fiber so that its movementis limited. Tight
`buffers are commonly used in patch cords and
`other locations where a cable is likely to be
`moved or shaken.
`
`time call A call between two subscribers, where
`the called subscriber is within the caller's area
`code but outside the caller's free calling area.
`Time Compression Multiplexing (TCM) A dig-
`tightly coupled A term used to describe the
`ital
`transmission technique that permits full-
`interrelationship of processing units that share
`duplex data transmission by sending compressed
`real storage and are controlled by the same
`bursts of data in an alternating or ¢ping-pong"
`control program.
`_fashion.
`tilt The difference between insertion losses. Sig-
`Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Refers
`nals at higher frequencies weaken more dramat-
`to a form of multiple access whereasingle car-
`ically than signals at lower frequencies.
`rier is time shared by many users. Sigm,Js from
`TIM Test Interface Module.
`earth stations reaching thesatellite consecutively
`ae processed in lime segments without overlap-
`ping.
`100 percent
`time division multiplexers (TDMs)
`digital, dividing high-speed digital channels,
`such as a modem RS-232C output,
`into digi-
`tal subchannels. TDMseither bit-interleave or
`character-interleave data.
`Bit-interleaving is used primarily for syn-
`chronous multiplexing of protocols
`(Bisync,
`HDLC, X.25, SDLC,etc.) Bit-interleaving main-
`tains lhe order and number ofbits from input at
`one end of the channel to output at the other end.
`Synchronous protocols require maintaining the
`number andorderofbits in each clock to ensure
`
`timbre of sound A term used to express the
`quality of a particular sound which helps to
`identify the object, instrument, or person that is
`its source.
`
`Time Assignment Speech Interpolation (TASD
`A technique for making trunk circuits more
`efficient by combiningportions of conversations
`on the same circuit This technique makes use
`of the fact that typical conversations have quiet
`periods during which the circuit can be used for
`other conversations.
`
`time bomb A destructive program that remains
`until a predefined event or time triggers its
`operation.
`
`Time division
`multiplexer
`
`
`
`Bits or characters are inter leaved:
`
`ato Channel3
`Channel 1 ~~
`| Si | Co |g] Cx | Cy | Ce |Cg| C4 |Cs| Co | Cal Cg | etc.
`|
`Channel 2
`Channel 3
`Channel 4
`
`Channel 4
`
`Channel1
`Channel 2
`
`time division multiplexers (TDMs)
`
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`
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`

`

`« Over 18,000 references and 300 illustrations = Bridges the gap between definition and explanation «=
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`Puce BcOGe RESOMe Re Te esCRU)|)
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`MSUaRKOLACLEA
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`Whatis the difference between IPARS and IRAC?
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`
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`ELMS MUMSUUOUCC MUM eet UNCIUCneM ACs oe
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`OeTame)reea
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`What are KEYview and KickSTART and who holds the trademark for each?
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`ee
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`EissitetayteThyibeAnbeneaeDatrt.
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`See)aioeeee
`
`dictionary of
`communications
`technology
`
`Here Is an invaluable one-stop reference for IS professionals, consultants
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