Detailedillustrations and diagramsfor easy reference
`
`* Three new appendixes, including Y2k,file
`ecmlemeyeilemeleEYL
`* Searchable text on CD-ROM
`* Extensive coverage of hardware, software, the
`Internet, and more!
`
`4
`
`Micresoft Press
`
`Over
`8, 00
`Entries
`
`Exhibit 1020
`Unified Patents v. Synkloud Technologies
`Page 001
`
`an
`
`aa THE ULTIMATE COMPUTER REFERENCE
`“tong
`le
`Microsoft®
`WindowsNT°
`Windows'os
`
`io
`
`oC
`
`D-ROM
`Included
`Micrasoft*
`
`fatexplorer
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 1999 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No pa1t of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary. -- 4th ed.
`p. cm.
`Previous eds. published under title: Microsoft Press computer
`dictionary
`ISBN 0-7356-0615-3
`1. Computers Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers Dictionaries.
`I. Microsoft Press computer dictionary.
`QA76.15.M538 1999
`004'.03--dc2I
`
`99-20168
`CIP
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`123456789 ML.ML 432109
`
`Distributed in Canada by ITP Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For furt~er information
`about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft Press
`International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at mspress.microsoft.com.
`
`Macintosh, Power .fylacintosh, QuickTime, and TrueType fonts are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,
`.Inc. Kodak is a registered trademark of the Eastman Kodak Company. Intel is a registered trademark and lndeo
`is a trademark of Intel Corporation. Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, Active Platform, ActiveX,
`Authenticode, BackOffice, Directlnput, DirectX, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, MS-DOS, MSN, NetMeeting,
`NetShow, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual J++, WebTV, WebTV Network, Win32, Win32s, Windows,
`Windows NT, and XENIX are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the
`United States and/or other countries. PANTONE is a registered trademark of Pantone, Inc. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, people, and events depicted herein are fictitious. No associa(cid:173)
`tion with any real company, organization, product, person, or event is intended or should be inferred. ·
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Chrisley Bahn
`Project Editor: Kirn Fryer
`
`

`

`align
`
`alphanumeric display terminal
`
`align vb. 1. In an application such as a word proces(cid:173)
`sor, to position lines of type relative to some point,
`such as the page margin. The most common types of
`alignment are left- and right-aligned and centered.
`See the illustration. 2. To adjust some device to posi(cid:173)
`tion it within specified tolerances, such as the read/
`write head relative to a track on a disk. 3. 1n data
`handling, to store multiple-byte data units so that the
`respective bytes fall in corresponding locations of
`memory.
`
`Left
`aligned
`to the
`left
`edge
`
`Right
`aligned
`to the
`rlgh
`edge
`
`Center
`centered
`around
`a
`mid.Point
`
`Decl]al
`999
`1099
`1001999
`10 999
`
`Align.
`alignment 11. The arrangement of objects in fixed or
`predetermined positions, rows, or columns. For ex(cid:173)
`ample, the Macintosh Finder can do automatic align(cid:173)
`ment of icons in a folder or on the desktop.
`allocate vb. To reserve a resource, such as sufficient
`memory, for use by a program. Compare deallocate.
`allocation 11. In operating systems, the process of re(cid:173)
`serving memory for use by a program.
`allocation block size 11. The size of an individual
`block on a storage medium, such as a hard drive,
`which is detennined by factors such as total disk size
`and partitioning options.
`allocation unit n. See cluster.
`all points addressable 11. The mode in computer
`graphics in which all pixels can be individually ma(cid:173)
`nipulated. Acronym: APA. See also graphics mode.
`alpha' adj. Of or pertaining to software that is ready
`for initial testing.
`alpha1 n. A software product that is under develop(cid:173)
`ment and has enough functionality to begin testing.
`An alpha is usually unstable and does not have all the
`features or functionality that the released product is
`to have. Compare beta2
`•
`Alpha 11. 1. Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC)
`line of computers built on its 64-bit RISC-based mi-
`
`croprocessor (Alphachip). 2. DEC's internal name
`for a microprocessor product introduced in February
`1992 as the DECchip 21064, which evolved into
`DEC's current Aiphachips. See also Alphachip,
`DECchip 21064.
`Alpha AXP adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of
`Digital Equipment Corporation's 64-bit RISC-based
`microprocessor technology implemented in its
`DECchip product. The designation AXP is used by
`DEC in its personal computer products to indicate
`that a product has a DECchip microprocessor. See
`also Alpha, DECchip 21064, RISC.
`alphabet n. In communications and data processing,
`the subset of a complete character set, including let(cid:173)
`ters, numerals, punctuation marks, and other com(cid:173)
`mon symbols as well as the codes used to represent
`them. See also ASCII, CCITT, character set, EB(cid:173)
`CDIC, ISO.
`Alpha box 11. A computer built around the DECchip
`21064 processor (called Alpha internally at Digital
`Equipment Corporation). See also DECchip 21064.
`alpha channel n. The high-order .8 bits of a 32-bit
`graphics pixel used to manipulate the remaining 24
`bits for purposes of coloring or masking.
`Alphachip 11. A 64-bit RISC-based microprocessor
`from Digital Equipment Corporation. See also
`DECchip 21064, RISC.
`alphageometric \aj'fa-jlf:J-me' trik\ adj. In reference
`to computer graphics, especially videotext and tele(cid:173)
`text systems, pertaining to or being a display method
`that uses codes for alphanumeric characters and cre(cid:173)
`ates graphics using geometric primitives. Shapes
`such as horizontal and vertical lines and corners are
`alphageometric. See also alphamosaic.
`alphamosaic \al'fa-mO-zii'ik\ adj. In reference to
`computer graphics, especially vi4eotext and teletext
`systems, pertaining to or being a display technique
`that uses codes for alphanumeric characters and cre(cid:173)
`ates graphics using rectangular arrangements of ele(cid:173)
`ments to form a mosaic. See also alphageonietric.
`alphanumeric \al'fa-nao-mar'ik\ adj. Consisting of .
`letters or digits, or both, and sometimes including
`contr~l characters, space characters, and other spe(cid:173)
`cial characters. See also ASCII, character set, EB-
`· CDIC.
`alphanumeric display terminal 11. A terminal ca(cid:173)
`pable of displaying characters but not graphics.
`
`20
`
`

`

`•
`
`converter
`
`copy
`
`ASCII values, and decimal-to-hexadecimal tables.
`Several conversion tables are in Appendixes A-E.
`converter n. Any device that changes electrical sig(cid:173)
`nals or computer data from one form to another. For
`example, an analog-to-digital converter translates
`analog signals to digital signals.
`converter box n. See converter.
`'
`cookbook1 adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a
`book or manual that presents information using a
`step-by-step approach. For example, a cookbook ap(cid:173)
`proach to programming might present a series of
`sample programs that the reader c_ould analyze and
`adapt to his or her own needs.
`cookbook2 n. A computer book or manual that pre(cid:173)
`sents information using a step-by-step approach.
`Most often, cookbook refers to a programming guide,
`but it can refer to a book that shows how to accom(cid:173)
`plish specialized tasks in an application.
`cooked mode n. One of two forms (the other being
`raw mode) in which an operating system such as
`UNIX or MS-DOS "sees" the handle, or identifier,
`for a character-based device. If the handle is in
`cooked mode, the operating system stores each char- ·
`acter in a buffer and gives special treatment to car(cid:173)
`riage returns, end-of-file markers, and linefeed and
`tab characters, sending a line of data to a device,
`such as the screen, only after it reads a carriage(cid:173)
`return or end-of-file character. In cooked mode, char(cid:173)
`acters read from standard input are often automatically
`echoed (displayed) on the screen. Compare raw mode.
`cookie n. 1. A block of data that a server returns to a
`client in response to a request from the client. 2. On
`the World Wide Web, a block of data that a Web
`server stores on a client system. When a user returns
`to the same Web site, the browser sends a copy of the
`coolde back to the server. Cooldes are used to iden(cid:173)
`tify users, to instruct the server to send a customized
`version of the requested Web page, to submit account
`information for the user, and for other administrative
`purposes. 3. Originally an allusion to "fortune
`cookie," a UNIX program that outputs a different
`message, or "fortune," each time it is used. On some
`systems, the cookie program is run during user
`logori.
`cookie filtering tool n. A utility that prevents a coolde
`on a Web browser from relaying information about
`the user requesting access to a Web site. See also
`cookie (definition 2).
`
`cooperative multitasking n. A type of multitasldng in
`which one or more background tasks are given pro(cid:173)
`cessing time during idle times in the foreground task
`only if the foreground task allows it. This is the pri(cid:173)
`mary mode of multitasking in the Macintosh operat(cid:173)
`ing system. See also background 1, context switching,
`foreground', multitasldng, time slice. Compare pre(cid:173)
`emptive multitasldng.
`cooperative processing n. A mode of operation char(cid:173)
`acteristic of distributed systems in which two or
`more computers, such as a mainframe and a micro(cid:173)
`computer, can simultaneously carry out portions of
`the same program or work on the same data. Com(cid:173)
`pare distributed processing.
`coordinate n. Any element in a group of references to
`a particular location, such as the intersection of a
`certain row and column. In computer graphics and
`displays, coordinates specify such elements as points
`on a line, the comers of a square, or the location of a
`pixel <?n the screen. In other computer applications,
`coordinates specify cells on a spreadsheet, data
`points on a graph, locations in memory, and so on.
`See also Cartesian coordinates, polar coordinates.
`coordinate dimensioning n. A form of spatial posi(cid:173)
`tioning in which a point is described, relative to a
`fixed reference, in terms of its distance and direction
`along predefined axes. See also Cartesian coordinates,
`three-dimensional model, two-dimensional model.
`coordinated universal time format n. See Universal
`Time Coordinate.
`cope.er chip n. A microprocessor that uses copper
`(rather than the more common aluminum) to connect
`transistors in a computer chip. Copper chip technol(cid:173)
`ogy, which was developed by IBM and introduced in
`1997, can be expected to boost the speed of a micro(cid:173)
`processor by as much as 33 percent.
`coprocessor n. A processor, distinct from the main
`microprocessor, that performs additional functions or
`assists the main microprocessor. The most common
`type of coprocessor is the floating-point coprocessor,
`also called a numeric or math coprocessor, which is
`designed to perform numeric calculations faster and
`better than the general-purpose microprocessors used
`in personal computers. See also floating-point pro(cid:173)
`cessor.
`copy vb. To duplicate information and reproduce it in
`another part of a document, in a different file or
`memory location, or in a different medium. A copy
`
`113
`
`

`

`copy disk
`
`cost-benefit an~lysis
`
`operation can affect data ranging from a single char(cid:173)
`acter to large segments of text, a graphics image, or
`one to many data files. Text and graphics, for ex(cid:173)
`ample, can be copied to another part of a document,
`to the computer's memory (by means of a temporary
`storage facility such as the Windows or Macintosh
`Clipboard), or to a different file. Similarly, files can
`be copied from one disk or directory to another, and
`data can be copied from the screen to a printer or to a
`data file. In most cases, a copy procedure leaves the
`original information in place. Compare cut and paste,
`move.
`copy disk n. An MS-DOS command to duplicate the
`contents of a floppy disk on a second disk. See also
`floppy disk, MS-DOS.
`copy holder n. An inclined clipboard or other such
`device designed to hold printed material so that it can
`be easily viewed by someone working at a computer
`keyboard.
`copyleft n. See General Public License.
`copy program n. 1. A program designed to duplicate
`one or more files to another disk or directory. 2. A
`program that disables or circumvents the copy(cid:173)
`protection device on a computer program so that the
`software can be copied, often illegally, to another
`disk. See also copy protection.
`copy protection n. A software "lock" placed on a
`computer program by its developer to prevent the
`product from being copied and distributed without
`approval or authorization.
`copyright n. A method of protecting the rights of an
`originator of a creative work, such as a text, a piece
`of music, a painting, or a computer program, through
`law. In many countries the originator of a work bas
`copyright in the work as soon as it is fixed in a tan(cid:173)
`gible medium (such as a piece of paper or a disk
`file); that rule applies in the United States for works
`created after 1977. Registration of a copyright, or the
`use of a copyright symbol, is not needed to create the
`copyright but does strengthen the originator's legal
`powers. Unauthorized copying and distribution of
`copyrighted material can lead to severe penalties,
`whether done for profit or not. Copyrights affect the
`computer community in .three ways: the copyright
`protection of software, the copyright status of mate(cid:173)
`rial (such as song lyrics) distributed over a network
`such as the Internet, and the copyright status of origi(cid:173)
`nal material distributed over a network (such as a
`
`newsgroup post). The latter two involve electronic
`media that are arguably not tangible, and legislation
`protecting the information disseminated through
`electronic media is still evolving. See also fair use,
`General Public License.
`CORBA \kor'b~\ n. Acronym for Common Object
`Request Broker Architecture. A specification devel(cid:173)
`oped by the Object Management Group in 1992 in
`which pieces of programs (objects) communicate
`with other objects in other programs, even if the two
`programs are written in different programming lan(cid:173)
`guages and are running on different platforms. A pro(cid:173)
`gram makes its request for objects through an object
`request broker, or ORB, and thus does not need to
`know the structure of the program from where the
`object comes. CORBA is designed to work in object(cid:173)
`oriented environments. See also object (definition 2),
`Object Management Group, object-oriented.
`core n. One of the types of memory built into comput(cid:173)
`ers before random access memory (RAM) was avail(cid:173)
`able or affordable. Some people still use the term to
`refer to the main memory of any computer system, as
`in the phrase core dump-a listing of the raw con(cid:173)
`tents of main memory at the moment of a system
`crash. Compare RAM.
`core program n. A program or program segment that
`is resident in random access memory (RAM).
`coresident adj. Of or pertaining to a condition in
`which two or more programs are loaded in memory
`at the same time.
`corona wire n. In laser printers, a wire though which
`high voltage is passed to ionize the air and transfer a
`uniform electrostatic charge to the photosensitive
`medium in preparation for the laser.
`coroutine n. A routine that is in memory at the same
`time as, and frequently executed concurrently with,
`another.
`corrective maintenance n. The process of diagnosing
`and correcting computer problems after they occur.
`Compare preventive maintenance.
`correspondence quality n. See print quality.
`corruptio9 n, A process wherein data in memory or
`on disk is unintentionally changed, with its meaning
`thereby altered or obliterated.
`cost-benefit analysis n. The comparison of benefits to
`costs for a particular item or action. Cost-benefit
`analysis is often used in MIS or IS depa.r.:tments to
`
`114
`
`

`

`direct CIJg}ti,I oolor proof
`
`I ... .....
`
`direct dlgttAI color proo.f n. A test sheet produced by a
`lowcr-oos1 output device, such ~ a color laser pl'in1er,
`10 serve as an approx.imalion of what tho finnl image
`will Joot like when produced on professiooal-quality
`printing cq\dpmcnt, A diroe:1 dJgital oolor proo( docs
`not ilJ\'Ol'i'e color ieparadon. 11s in craditioual proofs.
`Instead, a dJrcct digital color proof is printed in 3.U
`colors at one time on a single page, no.suiting in son,o.
`what IQwer quality compartd with tradi1iona.l separa(cid:173)
`tion method!f but bnving 1he advnn1ages of iuere8$ed
`11pccd Alld reduced OOSf, Acron)'m: DDCP. Also calltd
`digilal proof. Su also color separation (definiti.oa I),
`Oir«t Graphics lnte.rf'ace S p0cl.f'ic,itlon n. Su
`DO!S.
`Oittetln.put n. An APl (application programmjng
`interface) developed by MicrQ6,0fl for j oysricb and
`similar pointing de\'iccs in Wlodow.s 9x.
`dirtctfon k~y n. See arrow Ice)',
`direct n1emory a1.-ces.1 n. Memory aooess that docs
`no, involve tho micr0prooe$sor and ill frrquentty used
`for data cransfet dirce1ty bel"Ween memory and an
`'"'iotcllige.n(' pc:riphcral device, suci. as a disk chive.
`Acrc>nym.: OMA.
`director)' n. 1. A catalog for ftlenamcs and other direc•
`tories stored on a disk. A di.rectory .is a wny of ocga•
`niz.ing and irouping 1he 6JC$ $0 chat the U$CJ' is not
`ow:rwbclmcd by a long list of tbc,n. The topmost
`directory is called the l'()()t dirtetory: the dkectoriei
`within a dircc::tory are called subdirtetorits. Depend(cid:173)
`ing on how an operatlng system supporu di.rectories.,
`filenames in a directory can be viewed and ordeC'ed in
`various ways-f(>r example, alphabetically. by date.
`by '11,e .• or as foom in a g:raphica.1 us« interface. What
`the user views as a directory ill $Upponed in the ope~
`411ing syi1tcm by tAbles o( data, s.-torOO on lhe di.st,
`lha1 indieatc characteristic, and the location of each
`6Je. In tho Macintosh and Windows 9x operating
`sy.sterus., directories are called folders. 2. On a oe,(cid:173)
`work. an index of names and pon:ineot information
`related to authorized users and netwod rc$0urce.s,
`Directory Acc:ess Protot:ol n. The protocol that gov.
`ems conununic.adons between X.SOO clients and
`..sen•crs. See illso CCl1,. X series.
`Directory CJlentAgent ,1. Ste DUA,
`Oirtttory lnf«>nruadon Base n.. Su DJB (definitiOC'I: 2).
`directory pntb ,L Su J>athoame.
`
`dlttctory rtplicadon n. Tho copying of a master &ec
`of diroetorie!I from a mver (called an ~()rt ~t:rwr)
`to sped.tied servers or workstation! {called impon
`complller,) in mo same or other domain.,. ReplicatJoa
`simplifies chc tuk. of maintaining identical ,iets of
`directories aod files on mohiple compukn- boe.ause
`only a single nut$ler copy of I.be data mu111 be main(cid:173)
`tained. &e alto direcrory, server.
`Di~tory St rvt r Age:ot n, See DSA.
`dlr«tory strvfoe n. A service on a network 1ha1 re,.
`rums maiJ addre.sscs of ocher users or enables a usier
`10 locate h0$ts and servtces.
`Dirt ctory S)<item Agtl)t n. See D SA.
`directory tree n. A srapbic displa)' lb.ting the din»
`(()Jles and subdirectories OC'I: a bard diit in uee form,
`with subdirectories shown as branches of the maJn
`dltectOfY. See also branch (definition l), dircctocy,
`tree $1ructore.
`Directory User Agt:l'lt n. S.u DUA,
`direct proccs.~ing n. Pnx:ts.s.ing of cl.ala as it is rcoei\'ed
`by the syuem. as Opposed co dcfen-ed processing, in
`which data is t1orod in blocks before procoss.ing.
`Cr,mpijre deferred processing.
`dJred re• d after write n,. Stt DRAW.
`direct read dur ing write n. Ste DRDW.
`direct scqu4,.1.JJct n, lo s;ncud spe,ct/Qm communic1,
`lion, a form of moduhi.rion i:n which a cWTier is
`modulated by a seric,s ,of binary pulses. Ste also
`moduli.lion (definition 1). spread tpcc:uum,
`direct l'lcw storage ~uboe n. A type of c:athodc•ray tube
`(CRl) in which the scree.n am n:tairi ima,ges for a IO!l'J;
`dme and in which a beam or electrons from an clccuun
`gun can be moved arbitrarily $CtOSS the .screen surface
`(as opposed to a standard cathode-ray mbe, in which
`the eloc:uon beam is mov«I in 11 specific pa.nMl). This
`l)'J)O of CRT is capable c,f cli,pl>ying • p<ecise, dclJliled
`iniage with001 requiring any screen refresh. However,
`onco the image Ii dn!WII, ii Clllll\6I be changed withoot
`a comple1e era.sins or lbe screen. Acrmrym: OVST,
`rilso called storage robe. Compare CRT.
`OiredX n. A Windows application programmitlg in·
`,erface (API) that gh•es tpplicatiQns dirccc access 10
`ll oomput.ef"s souod aod graphiC$ hardware. DiteotX
`includes a number of components, iocludina
`DirectDmw for graphics, O.irectSound for audio, and
`Diroct3D for threc..(lim.ensional graphics.
`
`142
`
`

`

`W'lll ,i, Acronym for BewMt-Paciwd lmuface Bu6.
`· ~r gSfltll3il-t)urpasc int.c:rfaec: bos.
`BPPCL fl. Acronym fO£ Hewlell-Pad:a:rd Printer
`,Control L1mgua, e. See Printer Contro] L;mgu_~g •
`JB'f{IX or HP· _
`,.1. Ai:ronym f-0(· Hewlo?tt-Pacbro
`. A vel'SKl!l of !he UNIX opera.ling system SJIC•
`~
`cffi1;.illy 4;1csig,ned tn be nm on Hewldt-PaekMd'
`~ks!li.tio11s. See also UNJX_
`,hep; If- A file e:tlimston for a file encoded wl.ih
`}liilllcX. See also BioHe ,
`tlREP '\ffrd\ n. Shon for hypertext rdcrence. An
`enn"bute in 11.D HTML docu.lllC{lt t tilat ddind Ii l.irok to
`enoili~ document on the Web. Se~ al.ir, HTML
`llSII n. A~ronynl for hue alll!U.liolil-brightt=s. A
`,color mooe] in wltlcl1 .lme .is lbe c-OIO'l' i~f a,s placed
`om a color wlttt!, where ~ i:s ml, 60" js ycllQ1w, uo·
`is ~co, ]80" is 1;:yao, 240° is blue, Md. 300° .is ma(cid:173)
`genta; s.iltlr1llion is the pcrocat:a.gc of the $peew~d
`l111e in (be color; mid bl'i.ghmess i tbe pcroc:nmgc of
`white ill lfu: color. A.he> called HLS, HSY, bne. s~e
`al.ro toior Dl.(l,wl. Campan!! CMY. ROB.
`.HSV n. A.crnnym far !b11c: a1ura1ioJ1-value. Se.e. HSB.
`H-s,m; \H'senk\ n, See .l:torizootal syncl!rcmizaiion.
`.him. 111, 'file MS-OOS/W'mdoWII 3.x fil'e e:x1c:II.S:io11 tllal
`imootilk~ Hypertext Markup Lmgu11gc. (HTML}
`fib, most comrnm1iy il!sed. as Web pages. B,eciiusa,
`MS.-:DOS and Wirulow1> 3~ amnot l'«OgnkZe file U •
`tensjons longer than ,tru~ tctte:rs, the .lilin'I eXle11$ion
`~ cruncaood to three lette
`in !hose cnvirnll1lic:Ii~.
`Su ,also HT.ML.
`.html n. Tite file el.tension lhat ide11tilic:s Hypem:u
`'.l.hrlrnp :langMge <(HTML) files, m.ost commonly
`l!Sed ii!. Web p11g,cs. Su Alm lITML.
`H'ft;o:, n. Ac;runy,n fOf Hypertext l artuip L!r11
`1.1agc.
`The ma.dup lmg,uu:gc 11sro for d.o,;ume:nlS, on lbll
`World Wide Web. » TMl. wi 1m IIPPlkallon of SOML
`(Siil:ndard {",ene.ra.lLied Mati.."l.lp .Languag,c) tint uses
`ta.gs to mark. element , ~uch IIJ uixt :md .!lr11phics, in 11.
`ckic1,1meot to indkr.ite bow Web brow -rs &l!.oo!d dis(cid:173)
`play these elemerus to the 11ser and should l'(!Spood to
`iElc .IL1iou : lfllCh as .avtivatio.o of a lint by m emis of
`11 keJ pr,ess moo e cficlt l:ITML 2.0, tkfi1ied l:>y
`1te lnternel Enghlleer.i.ng Tusk f'o:rce (IETF).. inchidi,d
`features Qf HTML common to all Web bww.s,c;rs &S of
`1994 Mlill was !he firs! v-er,.;ion of HTML wic.lely used
`on •he Wrn:td Wide Web. HTML+ w s proposed for
`ext\lnding HTML 2.0 in ! 99.4 but never impie-
`
`mc:n1cd. HTML 3,.0, whicll lllso· wa,s ne•,;er :s.tnm:l.anl(cid:173)
`i:z.c:rl or fully implemented by a major brow:SBf dC"o·cl(cid:173)
`Of<!(, intrwuood tables. H'IML 3.2 1nc01'J)O(a~ed
`features wi~ly im.plsrncntcd. a:s. of early 1996, i.ll(cid:173)
`clutliilg tables, applets, and the ability lo flow text
`around inlill.geS, lIT'ML 4, Ille latest spcci:f'ica,tlon,
`S"1ppolts style shccis .ind st.rlpirng la~~S and
`md (leas i11ll:'.rnaifomdizalion and aece sibility te,a.
`nues. Fllture HTML development will be carried oot
`by the World Wide Web Coosortinm (W3C). Most
`Web browscri;, ru:rtably Ne:tscap
`avigator and
`Internet E!:tp!Of'Cr, rcoogniuc: IrrML tllg$ beyond
`U1-0se, included iri die present stmdatd. Stt. ('Ilse .htm,
`.b.lmJ, SGJl.fL, t:lg (defini.liQa 3). 'i ch brows.er.
`HTML docwnent 11. A hypcmxt document 1hat bas
`been coded with HTML. See Wd, page.
`HTML edltOI' ,i, A wfitwm-c prognmt 1i1Stl>d to create
`.md modify RTh1L documents (Web p11gc:s). Most
`HTML cditor.s include a method foc inserting H11ML
`tags without actuu.lly h.avmg to type out each tag. A
`number ,of HTML oclilo:r.s will also aulmnalically
`reformat a ooclllllellt wilh HTML tags, based on for(cid:173)
`matting oode.s used by lbe wont pi:occ=ing program
`io which the docruneru was c~- See (11.vf, lag
`(definitian '.3}, Web pu;gc:.
`HTML pagm n. Su Web page.
`HTML .source 11. See sour·oe (dcfinitlon 2).
`HDR mm:e ffle ,t,. S~ SQIIIC~ (,d.c:firution 2),
`:U.'IML tag 11. &e ~ (definition 3).
`u.nm. v;iJidati.on SBni.ce II, A service lkSed to •C-Oll(cid:173)
`finn that ;1 W1;1b pag:c m&CS ulid HTML accormng to
`~ latest siandard and/or i!iat it!; hypcdinb W'e valid.
`An HTML valldauon service, can cawb ~mall .syntec(cid:173)
`!ical c:mmi in HTML cooing as weU as ~iaticms
`from tb.e HTML staindards. See also HTML.
`HTff> n, Acr-onym for Rypemxt Transfer PmtoooL
`tha pu:,iroool U$C:d to ,cany mquc:SIS from a bfCIWSI;![ tQ
`a. Web serv,er and 10 transport p11ges from Web sel"i·
`en bili:k. lo the Jeql!l~ tmg browser_ Although HTrP
`is allrnost. 111ni\•ct ·lilly llSed Oil. Ille Web, it is 11111: an
`especially ~cclllc: protocol.
`DTTPd. n. Aeronym for Hyperte,;.t Tnmrlcr IProto.ol
`Jb,emon. A ,small.. CU!!it H1TP server that wa-. avail.(cid:173)
`able frtt from NCSA. HTlPd was ihe p,ooeo,.!;SaoT
`ror Apache.. Al r; cafled H'l.'l'P Daemon. Su als<l
`Ap,acb.e, HTIP .server, NCSA (definition L),
`HTII' Daem
`,i. See HTI'N.
`
`223
`
`

`

`HTI'P ext Gen1m1tlon
`
`BTU' Nnt-Gen.ecawm n. Set Em:?- G.
`Hrl'P•NG n. A,;ronym for Hypertext Truosfe1 Proto(cid:173)
`col en Geo.eration. A nandaro uoc!cc de,,·elopme:nt
`biy the World Wide Web Consomum (WJ.C) for iJD.
`pro,·ing perfOJllliince ancl enablmg lbe adihion of
`featm,es such !Ill sec.urity, Where$ the current version
`of HTTP establis!ta. a COl:lDection mch time a niqns~t
`is lll$le, HTTP-NG will m. up one C().nru=.clion
`{which. C(lll!illlt!l of separllte chirrmels fur corurol rn·
`fomiaii.om. and data) for an l'!lltiTC :session. ktwcc11 a
`particular client and II p.1ttLc-1.JW s<=nt:T.
`H'ITPS n. 1, Acronym far Hypatexr Transfur hoto(cid:173)
`c.ol SCC"1ue. A variation of lfITP lhnt provides fo1
`encryption and traosmis8i.on lhrough a secure P,.."lfl.
`IITTPS was devised by Netscape and all,ows .H'ITP
`to rue OY:eI a security mei:lmnism known a. SSL (.Se(cid:173)
`= Sockets Layer). See also HTTP, SSL. 2-. Web
`
`SlefVOT sortW.lfe fur - mdows NT. DcvelDJli,d by !he
`&rop,zan Mkrosoft Wh1dows IT Academic Centr,e
`{EMWAC) 211 the University of Edinbulgb, Scotland,
`it offtts such 'fcabm:S WAIS Rc1m:h ea,p;'lbility. s~e
`r,L-v.o HTTP .server,
`:AIS.
`HTl'!P erver n. 1. Sc::n-er solil:ware that uses lfITP to
`~ U? HTML doc~mcnts amd :my ~a(:ilUed files
`and sicripts when Iequeaed by a client , s1,1d1 as a Web
`bwwser. The crnmecliori between client and server is
`llSllalliy bmkan after the .reql!lc:~ed doculD!lll~ C)T t.il'e
`ii.as beeil ser,,"ed. H'TTP se.rven arc:. lls!led 011 Web .and
`Inuanct :sires. Also ca.tied Web er~. Se~ also
`HTML, lrITP, server {dd initlon 2), ;Z. Any machine
`uli whlch an .HTTP' server prngrillli s mnning..
`DITP SQitw; «ides n. Throe-digit cooe,. sent by an
`IITl'P s.ei;vcr !hat i.cdii.cate. lhc IUUIIS of a ri::quesi. Cot
`data. Codes bl?ginni.ng wieh l rci;pond to requests that
`lb\! d iC!ll may not have llilished sending: wi.(]1 2:, SllC(cid:173)
`ce ful regnests; wiltl 3, further actio11 tfuii !he dlmt
`nmst take; with 4L, r,eque;st s that :failed beeau8e of cli(cid:173)
`enr erro.r: :md with :S, requesll; liha:t Jailed b.:caus.c of
`server error. Su also 400, 40l, 402. 403,, 404, HTJ'P.
`hub n. In. a network, a d.e,ice jomm,g: communiClllion
`linci; 111 cellll:al location, providimg II rum.moo QQD"
`nection to ail devices on lhe network. The term is am
`analogy to !he hub of " wheel See Q/s,Q actn·e nub,
`swil"chilli :!:tub.
`·hue n. ln tb.c HSB coloc modd , ooe of the three ch.Jr·
`cce.ristics used ro ~ a c:olot. Hill is th.:: 211-
`lribure !bl most readily dimoguishes Ollie color fiom
`otwr colo.rs. It de~ on the freqmmc.y of a light
`
`wave in tiw visible spectrum See als~ color m.o,d~l.
`HSB. Cf.1nrpare btightnes ,
`tu[ation (defin·tion 2).
`Huffman coding n. A method of compressimg a givem
`~ of d11ia. baM!d on the telative frequency of the m•
`dhidual cJ.cments. The more often a &i•'CJI ,element,
`such l!S a tct1Jer, occurs, lite shorter, in bils, is ils <:ot(cid:173)
`TI:!pondi)lg code. It WllS oiw of ,the eill'liest dal:a rom(cid:173)
`p=;S'ion codes and willt modific111tiom. rema.iqi: one
`of lhc most widely used codes or a larg_e vari,aiy of
`mess11gc types.
`um1m ,n~neerui.g; 11. The des· glling of m 21chi11
`a11d 3$$ocl211.etl producL,; to smr the need~ or l!w...nat1s_
`S.te also !lfgono:mics.
`lrnma.n-maehint lnteri11~ n .. Th.e boon~ !11 which
`people m~~ coorlil!t w1th and we machines; wtien
`.
`applied to progralll8 and o~ting sySlems, i.t is more '
`widel)' known .is lbe 11sec intenatt,
`hunt? adj. Sile nang.
`hy1ntld dnuit ,1. A c:lrcwt iri which .fulld!run_e:Dt ally
`different types of components ar•c used to perform
`:tmilar functio11.S, such w; a ste.reo amplifier that uses
`botb hlbi::-s and. Iran isCr>n.
`'hybrid mmp ter 11. A computer that co111aw bo1fl
`digiQI and imalog cir-cuits.
`hybrid. microcircuit 11. A microeJeotronk cilWit lba.t
`combia.c-: imfivtd'ual mi.crom.inlarw:izc,j oo~t,s
`and integrated compODellll
`hybrid ndwtll'k n. A network c:onstruc!Cd or dlffcreilt
`topologie 51lch aS ri11g and i;tar. &e iil l:l top0logy,
`bus nctwollk, ring network, star network, Token rung
`network..
`H~l'Ca.nl fl. An inl'ormatioJI•rnana.1~eillent softw.ate
`t()()1, de8igoed for die Appl.e Macintosh., that imple(cid:173)
`ments many hypei1ex.t concepts. A Hypc.rCafd docu(cid:173)
`ment consi~ts of ii :serie. of ee.rd!i. collect ed into a
`s.tnck. Each card can contain te;tl.. g;rnphical images,
`WIil.lid. buttons dl11t enable er.wet rrorn card to cai:d.
`,.
`and othc:r oontro]s. Pt~s arrd rontim:s CiJll be
`c-odlld as scripU In an objoot-orl01l'ted ll!ngnagc calld 1
`Hypefl'.llk or d.c,·cloped as extcrnlll code rcsouroe{;
`(XO.tDs and XFCNs). See olw hypcriex.l, obje
`o:r.icmod. p.rogrrunming, XCMD, XFCN.
`llyperlin'k r1. A co111ncctioo betw1?co an cle.mcnJ. ia a
`b:ypsrtcxt docunient, mch ii8 a WQldi, pbrase, sJ1111'ol,
`or miaac, and a dlffe3:,;mt d cmenl in lhc dllCnmenl.
`llll.Olher document, a file, Qr II scrip Th~ us:er .o.cti(cid:173)
`vmes lhe link by clicking on tbc llrnked el(lJillen1,
`
`224
`
`I l
`
`

`

`PCL
`
`PDS
`
`currently with the CPU using a technique called bus
`mastering. The PCI specification allows for multi(cid:173)
`plexing, a technique that permits more than one elec(cid:173)
`trical signal to be present on the bus at one time. See
`also local bus. Compare VL bus.
`PCL n. See Printer Control Language.
`PCM n. See pulse code modulation.
`PCMCIA n. Acronym for Personal Computer
`Memory Card International Association. A group of
`manufacturers and vendors formed to promote a
`common standard for PC Card-based peripherals and
`the slot designed to hold them, primarily on laptop,
`palmtop, and other portable computers, as well as for
`intelligent electronic devices. PCMCIA is also the
`name of the standard for PC Cards, first introduced
`in 1990 as release 1. See also PC Card, PCMCIA slot.
`PCMCIA card n. See PC Card.
`PCMCIA connector n. The 68-pin female connector
`inside a PCMCIA slot designed to hold the 68-pin
`male connector on a PC Card. See also PC Card,
`PCMCIA slot.
`PCMCIA slot n. An opening in the housing of a com(cid:173)
`puter, peripheral, or other intelligent electronic de(cid:173)
`vice designed to hold a PC Card. Also called PC
`Card slot. See also PC Card, PCMCIA connector.
`PC mem