`
`Microsoft
`
`09mputer
`DIctIon W
`:
`Fifth Editiv‘
`
`
`. Fuh‘y updated with the Iatest
`technologies, terms, and acronym;___
`I Easy to read, expertly Htustrate'tt- '
`
`. Definitive coverage of hardware,-
`software, the Internet, and more!
`
`
`
`Exhibit 2010
`Exhibit 2010
`IPR2019-01655
`IPR2019-01655
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`Microsoft Press
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`One Microsoft Way
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in—Publication Data
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p. cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`l. Computers--Dictionaries.
`
`2.
`
`lVIicrocomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267
`004'.03--dc21
`
`2002
`
`200219714
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`23456789 QWT 765432
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Penn and Company Ltd.
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa-
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`Send comments to mspinput©microsofi. com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, DirectInput, DirectMusic,
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, HotInail, IntelliEye,
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States andfor other countries. Other product and
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor: Alex Blanton
`Project Editor: Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X08-4l 929
`
`

`

`Contributors
`
`Peter Aiken
`
`Bart Arenson
`
`Janice Borzendowski
`
`Jerome Colburn
`
`Duane Hanson
`
`Andrew Himes
`
`Robert Howecton
`
`Annette B. Jackson
`
`Larry S. Jackson
`
`Thomas A. Jackson
`
`Chris Kinata
`
`llana Kingsley
`
`Robin Lombard
`
`Thomas A. Long
`
`William G. Madison
`
`Illustrators
`
`Travis Beaven
`
`David Holter
`
`Alton Lawson
`
`Thomas P. Magliery
`
`David Mason
`
`Terrence M. McLaren
`
`Wallace Parker
`
`Charles Petzold
`
`Phil Rose
`
`John Ross
`
`David Rygmyr
`
`Aimée Truchard
`
`Michael Vose
`
`Bruce Webster
`
`Judson D. Weeks
`
`Tom Winn
`
`JoAnne Woodcock
`
`Rob Nance
`
`JoelPanchot
`
`

`

`hot swapping
`
`HTML
`
`hot swapplng 21. See hot plugging.
`
`HotSync a. Software application from Palm that permits
`data synchronization between a Palm handheld computing
`device and another computing device, such as a laptop or
`personal computer. The synchronization occurs via a cable
`connection or wirelessly (for example, via infrared signals).
`
`HotWIred n. A Web site affiliated with Wirw magazine
`that contains news, gossip, and other information about
`the culture of the Internet.
`
`housekeeplng It. Any of various routines, such as updat-
`ing the clock or performing garbage collection, designed
`to keep the system, the environment within which a pro-
`gram runs, or the data structures within a program in good
`working order.
`
`hover button 21. Text or an image on a Web page, usu-
`ally in the form of a button, that changes appearance
`when a cursor passes over it. The hover button may
`change color, blink, display a pop-up with additional
`information, or produce other similar effects. Hover but-
`tons are usually implemented through ActiveX objects
`and scripting, although hover behavior can also be set
`through HTML attributes.
`HPC is. See handheld PC.
`
`HPFS n. Acronym for High Performance File System. A
`file system available with OS/2 versions 1.2 and later. See
`also FAT file system, NTFS.
`
`HPGL n. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Graphics Lan-
`guage. A language originally developed for images des-
`tined for plotters. An HPGL file consists of instructions
`that a program can use to reconstruct a graphical image.
`
`HPIB n. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus. See
`general-purpose interface bus.
`
`HPPCL n. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard Printer Control
`Language. See Printer Control Language.
`
`HP/UX or HP-UX n. Acronym for Hewlett-Packard
`UNIX. A version of the UNIX operating system specifi-
`cally designed to be run on Hewlett-Packard’s worksta-
`tions. See also UNIX.
`
`.hqx n. A file extension for a file encoded with BinHex.
`See also BinHex.
`
`HREF a. Short for hypertext reference. An attribute in an
`HTML document that defines a link to another document
`on the Web. See also HTML.
`
`H53 11. Acronym for hue-saturation—brightness. A color
`model in which hue is the color itself as placed on a color
`wheel, where 0° is red, 60° is yellow, 120° is green, 180°
`is cyan, 240° is blue, and 300° is magenta; saturation is
`the percentage of the specified hue in the color; and
`brightness is the percentage of white in the color. Also
`called: HLS, HSV, hue. See also color model. Compare
`CMY, RGB.
`
`HSM is. Short for Hierarchical Storage Management. A
`technology for managing online data and data storage in
`which the medium on which the information resides is
`
`linked to the frequency with which the information is
`accessed. By migrating data to and from primary (rapidly
`accessed but expensive) and secondary (slower but less
`expensive) storage, HSM maintains often-used informa-
`tion on primary storage media and less frequently used
`data on secondary storage such as tape or an optical juke-
`box. Although information resides on different storage
`media, all of it appears to be on line and remains accessi-
`ble to the user. When users request data residing on sec-
`ondary storage, HSM moves the information back to the
`primary storage medium.
`
`HSV n. Acronym for hue-saturation-value. See HSB.
`
`Husync It. See horizontal synchronization.
`
`HTC PCP n. Acronym for Hyper Text Coffee Pot Con-
`trol Protocol. A protocol defined in jest as an April Fools’
`Day spoof of open Internet standards. HTCPCP/l .0 was
`proposed in RFC 2324 on April 1, 1998 by Larry Masinter
`of Xerox PARC. In this RFC, Masinter described a proto-
`col for controlling, monitoring, and diagnosing coffee pots.
`.htm 21. The MS-DOS/Windows 3.x file extension that
`
`identifies Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) files,
`most commonly used as Web pages. Because MS-DOS
`and Windows 3.x cannot recognize file extensions longer
`than three letters, the .html extension is truncated to three
`letters in those environments. See also HTML.
`
`.html :1. The file extension that identifies Hypertext
`Markup Language (HTML) files, most commonly used as
`Web pages. See also HTML.
`
`HTML to. Acronym for Hypertext Markup Language. The
`markup language used for documents on the World Wide
`Web. A tag-based notation language used to format docu-
`ments that can then be interpreted and rendered by an
`Internet browser. HTML is an application of SGML (Stan-
`dard Generalized Markup Language) that uses tags to
`mark elements, such as text and graphics, in a document to
`
`258
`
`

`

`HTML attribute
`
`H'I'I'PS
`
`indicate how Web browsers should display these elements
`to the user and should respond to user actions such as acti-
`vation of a link by means of a key press or mouse click.
`HTML 2, defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force
`(IETF), included features of HTML common to all Web
`browsers as of 1994 and was the first version of HTML
`
`widely used on the World Wide Web. HTML+ was pro-
`posed for extending HTML 2 in 1994, but it was never
`implemented. HTML 3, which also was never standard-
`ized or fully implemented by a major browser developer,
`introduced tables. HTML 3.2 incorporated features widely
`implemented as of early 1996, including tables, applets,
`and the ability to flow text around images. HTML 4, the
`latest specification, supports style sheets and scripting lan-
`guages and includes internationalization and accessibility
`features. Future HTML developmentwill be carried out by
`the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Most Web
`browsers, notably Netscape Navigator and Internet
`Explorer, recognize HTML tags beyond those included in
`the present standard. See also .htm, .html, SGML, tag
`(definition 3), Web browser.
`
`HTML attrlbute a. A value within an HTML tag that
`assigns additional properties to the object being defined.
`Some HTML editing software assigns some attributes
`automatically when you create an object such as a para-
`graph or table.
`
`HTML code fragment :1. HTML code that you add to a
`Web page to create features such as a script, a counter, or a
`scrolling marquee. Often used in the context of webrings
`to add a link and standard graphics or automation to an
`individual page to indicate membership.
`
`HTML document a. A hypertext document that has been
`coded with HTML. See Web page.
`
`HTML edltor a. A software program used to create and
`modify HTML documents (Web pages). Most HTML edi-
`tors include a method for inserting HTML tags without
`actually having to type out each tag. A number of HTML
`editors will also automatically reformat a document with
`HTML tags, based on formatting codes used by the word
`processing program in which the document was created.
`See also tag (definition 3), Web page.
`
`HTML extenslons a. A feature or setting that is an exten-
`sion to the formal HTML specification. Extensions may
`not be supported by all Web browsers, but they may be
`used widely by Web authors. An example of an extension
`is marquee scrolling text.
`
`HTML page It. See Web page.
`
`HTML server control n. An ASP.NET server control that
`
`belongs to the System.Web.UI.HtmlControls namespace. An
`HTML server control maps directly to an HTML element
`and is declared on an ASP. NET page as an HTML element
`marked by a runat=server attribute. In contrast to Web server
`controls, HTML server controls do not have an <asp:Con-
`trolName> tag prefix. See also Web server control.
`
`HTML source a. See source (definition 2).
`
`HTML source flle a. See source (definition 2).
`
`HTML tag a. See tag (definition 3).
`HTML valldatlon servlce a. A service used to confirm
`
`that a Web page uses valid HTML according to the latest
`standard and/or that its hyperlinks are valid. An HTML
`validation service can catch small syntactical errors in
`HTML coding as well as deviations from the HTML stan-
`dards. See also HTML.
`
`HTTP a. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The
`protocol used to carry requests from a browser to a Web
`server and to transport pages from Web servers back to the
`requesting browser. Although HTTP is almost universally
`used on the Web, it is not an especially secure protocol.
`
`HTTPd a. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Dae-
`mon. A small, fast HTTP server that was available free
`from NCSA. HTTPd was the predecessor for Apache.
`Also called: HTTP Daemon. See also Apache, HTTP
`server, NCSA (definition 1).
`HTTP Daemon 11. See HTTPd.
`
`HTTP Next Generatlon a. See HTTP-NG.
`
`HTTP-NG n. Acronym for Hyperth Transfer Protocol
`Next Generation. A standard under development by the
`World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for improving per-
`formance and enabling the addition of features such as
`security. Whereas the current version of HTTP establishes
`a connection each time a request is made, HTTP-NG will
`set up one connection (which consists of separate channels
`for control information and data) for an entire session
`between a particular client and a particular server.
`
`HTTPS n. 1. Acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
`Secure. A variation of HTTP that provides for encryption
`and transmission through a secure port. HTTPS was
`devised by Netscape and allows HTTP to run over a secu-
`rity mechanism known as SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). See
`also HTTP, SSL. 2. Web server software for Windows NT.
`Developed by the European Microsoft Windows NT Aca-
`demic Centre (EMWAC) at the University of Edinburgh,
`
`259
`
`

`

`HTTP server
`
`hyperlink
`
`Scotland, it offers such features as WAIS search capability.
`See also HTTP server, WAIS.
`HTTP server It. 1. Server software that uses HTTP to
`
`serve up HTML documents and any associated files and
`scripts when requested by a client, such as a Web browser.
`The connection between client and server is usually bro-
`ken after the requested document or file has been served.
`HTTP servers are used on Web and Intranet sites. Also
`
`called: Web server. See also HTML, HTTP, server (defi-
`nition 2). Compare application server. 2. Any machine on
`which an HTTP server program is running.
`
`HTTP status codes 21. Three-digit codes sent by an
`HTTP server that indicate the results of a request for data.
`Codes beginning with 1 respond to requests that the client
`may not have finished sending; with 2, successful
`requests; with 3, further action that the client must take;
`with 4, requests that failed because of client error; and
`with 5, requests that failed because of server error. See
`also 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, HTTP.
`
`HTTP streamlng n. The process of downloading stream-
`ing digital media using an HTTP server (a standard Inter-
`net server) rather than a server designed specifically to
`transmit streaming media. HTTP streaming downloads the
`media file onto a computer, which plays the downloaded
`file as it becomes available. See also real-time streaming.
`
`hub 11. In a network, a device joining communication lines
`at a central location, providing a common connection to
`all devices on the network. The term is an analogy to the
`hub of a wheel. See also active hub, switching hub.
`hue n. In the HSB color model, one of the three character-
`isfics used to describe a color. Hue is the attribute that
`
`most readily distinguishes one color from other colors. It
`depends on the frequency of a light wave in the visible
`spectrum. See also color model, HSB. Compare bright-
`ness, saturation (definition 2).
`
`Huffman eodlng n. A method of compressing a given set
`of data based on the relative frequency of the individual
`elements. The more often a given element, such as a letter,
`occurs, the shorter, in bits, is its corresponding code. It
`was one of the earliest data compression codes and, with
`modifications, remains one of the most widely used codes
`for a large variety of message types.
`
`human englneerlng n. The desigmng of machines and
`associated products to suit the needs of humans. See also
`ergonomics.
`
`human-machlne Interface 11. The boundary at which
`people make contact with and use machines; when applied
`to programs and operating systems, it is more widely
`known as the user interface.
`
`hung adj. See hang.
`
`hybrld clrcult n. A circuit in which fundamentally differ-
`ent types of components are used to perform similar func-
`fions, such as a stereo amplifier that uses both tubes and
`transistors.
`
`hybrld computer 21. A computer that contains both digital
`and analog circuits.
`
`hybrld mlcroclrcult n. A microelectronic circuit that
`combines individual microminiaturized components and
`integrated components.
`
`hybrld network n. A network constructed of different
`topologies, such as ring and star. See also bus network,
`ring network, star network, Token-Ring network, topology.
`
`Hybrls vlrus n. A slow-spreading but persistent self-
`updafing Internet worm first detectedin late 2000. The
`Hybris virus is activated whenever an infected computer is
`connected to the Internet. It attaches itself to all outgoing
`e-mailmessages, maintains a list of alle-mail addresses in
`the headers of incoming e-mail messages, and sends cop-
`ies of itself to all e-mail addresses on the list. Hybris is
`difficult to eradicate because it updates itself regularly,
`accessing and downloading updates and plug-ins from
`anonymous postings to the alt.comp.virus newsgroup.
`Hybris incorporates downloaded extensions into its code,
`and it e-mails its modified form to additional potential
`victims. Hybris often includes a spiral plug-in which pro-
`duces a spinning disk on top of any active windows on a
`user’s screen.
`
`HyperCard n. An information-management software tool,
`designed for the Apple Macintosh, that implements many
`hypertext concepts. A HyperCard document consists of a
`series of cards, collected into a stack. Each card can con-
`tain text, graphical images, sound, buttons that enable
`travel from card to card, and other controls. Programs and
`routines can be coded as scripts in an object-oriented lan-
`guage called HyperTalk or developed as external code
`resources (XCMDs and XFCNs). See also hypertext,
`object-oriented programming XCMD, XFCN.
`
`hyperllnk n. A connection between an element in a hyper-
`text document, such as a word, a phrase, a symbol, or an
`image, and a different element in the document, another
`
`260
`
`

`

`hypermedia
`
`Hz
`
`document, a file, or a script. The user activates the link by
`clicking on the linked element, which is usually under-
`lined or in a color different from the rest of the document
`
`to indicate that the element is linked. Hyperlinks are indi-
`cated in a hypertext document through tags in markup lan-
`guages such as SGML and HTML. These tags are
`generally not visible to the user. Also called: hot link,
`hypertext link, link. See also anchor (definition 2), HTML,
`hypermedia, hypertext, URL.
`
`hypermedla n. The combination of text, video, graphic
`images, sound, hyperlinks, and other elements in the form
`typical of Web documents. Essentially, hypermedia is the
`modern extension of hypertext, the hyperlinked, text-
`based documents of the original lntemet. Hypermedia
`attempts to offer a working and learning environment that
`parallels human thinkingithat is, one in which the user
`can make associations between topics, rather than move
`sequentially from one to the next, as in an alphabetic list.
`For example, a hypermedia presentation on navigation
`might include links to astronomy, bird migration, geogra-
`phy, satellites, and radar. See also hypertext.
`
`hyperspace n. The set of all documents that can be
`accessed by following hyperlinks in the World Wide Web.
`Compare cyberspace (definition 2), Gopherspace.
`
`HyperTalk n. A programming language used to manipu-
`late HyperCard stacks developed by Apple Computer, Inc.
`See also HyperCard.
`
`hypertext n. Text linked together in a complex, nonse-
`quential web of associations in which the user can browse
`through related topics. For example, in an article with the
`word iron, traveling among the links to iron might lead the
`user to the periodic table of the elements or a map of the
`migration of metallurgy in Iron Age Europe. The term
`hypertext was coined in 1965 to describe documents pre-
`sented by a computer that express the nonlinear structure
`of ideas as opposed to the linear format of books, film, and
`speech. The term hypermedia, more recently introduced,
`is nearly synonymous but emphasizes the nontextual ele-
`ment, such as animation, recorded sound, and video. See
`also HyperCard, hypermedia.
`
`Hyper Text Coffee Pot Control Protocol it. See
`HTCPCP.
`
`hypertext llnk n. See hyperlink.
`
`Hypertext Markup Language it. See HTML.
`
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol it. See HTTP.
`
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol Daemon n. See HTTPd.
`
`Hypertext Transfer Protocol Next Generatlon n. See
`HTTP-NG.
`
`HyperWave n. A World Wide Web server that specializes
`in database manipulation and multimedia.
`
`hyphen n. A punctuation mark (-) used to break a word
`between syllables at the end of a line or to separate the
`parts of a compound word. Word processing programs
`with sophisticated hyphenation capabilities recognize
`three types of hyphens: normal, optional, and nonbreak-
`ing. Normal hyphens, also called required or hard
`hyphens, are part of a word’s spelling and are always
`visible, as in long-term. Optional hyphens, also called
`discretionary or soft hyphens, appear only when a word
`is broken between syllables at the end of a line; they are
`usually supplied by the word processing program itself.
`Nonbreaking hyphens are always visible, like normal
`hyphens, but they do not allow a line break. See also
`hyphenation program.
`
`hyphenatlon program it. A program (often included as
`part of a word processing application) that introduces
`optional hyphens at line breaks. A good hyphenafion pro-
`gram will avoid ending more than three lines in a row with
`hyphens and will prompt the user for confirmation or tag
`ambiguous breaks, as in the word desert (did the army
`de-sert in the des-ert?) See also hyphen.
`
`hysterefils n. The tendency of a system, a device, or a cir-
`cuit to behave differently depending on the direction of
`change of an input parameter. For example, a household
`thermostat might turn on at 68 degrees when the house is
`cooling down, but turn off at 72 degrees when the house is
`warming up. Hysteresis is important in many devices,
`especially those employing magnetic fields, such as trans-
`formers and read/write heads.
`
`HYTELNET n. A menu-driven index of lntemet resources
`
`that are accessible via telnet, including library catalogs,
`databases and bibliographies, bulletin boards, and network
`information services. HYTELNET can operate through a
`client program on a computer connected to the lntemet, or
`through the World Wide Web.
`
`HyTlme n. Acronym for Hypermedia/Time-based Struc-
`turing Language. A markup language standard that
`describes links within and between documents and hyper-
`media objects. The standard defines structures and some
`semantic features, enabling description of traversal and
`presentation information of objects.
`Hz n. See hertz.
`
`261
`
`