Microsoft·
`
`
`
`Microsoft·
`
`• •
`
`om uter
`IC I OJ3'ial Ii,
`
`•Fully updated with thelqtest
`
`
`technologies, terms, and acronyms
`
`'
`
`
`
`•Easy to read, expertly illustrated
`
`•Definitive coverage of hardware,
`
`
`the Internet, and more!.
`software,
`
`•7
`
` IPR 2019-01655
` Exhibit 2003
`
`

`

`PUBLISHED BY
`
`
`Microsoft Press
`
`
`A Division of Microsoft Corporation
`
`One Microsoft Way
`
`Redmond, Washington 98052-6399
`
`
`
`Copyright © 2002 by Microsoft Corporation
`
`
`
`All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`or by any means without the written permission of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`
`
`
`
`Microsoft Computer Dictionary.--5th ed.
`p.cm.
`ISBN 0-7356-1495-4
`
`
`1.Computers--Dictionaries. 2. Microcomputers--Dictionaries.
`
`AQ76.5. M52267 2002
`
`004'.03--dc21
`
`200219714
`
`
`
`
`
`Printed and bound in the United States of America.
`
`
`
`
`
`2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 QWT 7 6 5 4 3 2
`
`
`
`
`
`Distributed in Canada by H.B. Fenn and Company Ltd.
`
`
`
`
`
`A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Microsoft Press books are available through booksellers and distributors worldwide. For further informa­
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`tion about international editions, contact your local Microsoft Corporation office or contact Microsoft
`
`
`
`Press International directly at fax (425) 936-7329. Visit our Web site at www.microsoft.com/mspress.
`
`Send comments to mspinp ut@microsoft.com.
`
`Active Desktop, Active Directory, ActiveMovie, ActiveStore, ActiveSync, ActiveX, Authenticode,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`BackOffice, BizTalk, ClearType, Direct3D, DirectAnimation, DirectDraw, Directlnput, DirectMusic,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DirectPlay, DirectShow, DirectSound, DirectX, Entourage, FoxPro, FrontPage, Hotmail, lntelliEye,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`IntelliMouse, IntelliSense, JScript, MapPoint, Microsoft, Microsoft Press, Mobile Explorer, MS-DOS,
`
`
`
`
`
`MSN, Music Central, NetMeeting, Outlook, PhotoDraw, PowerPoint, SharePoint, UltimateTV, Visio,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual FoxPro, Visual InterDev, Visual J++, Visual SourceSafe, Visual Studio,
`
`
`
`
`
`Win32, Win32s, Windows, Windows Media, Windows NT, Xbox are either registered trademarks or
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. Other product and
`
`
`
`
`company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
`
`The example companies, organizations, products, domain names, e-mail addresses, logos, people, places,
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`and events depicted herein are fictitious. No association with any real company, organization, product,
`
`
`
`
`
`domain name, e-mail address, logo, person, place, or event is intended or should be inferred.
`
`Acquisitions Editor:
`
`Alex Blanton
`
`Project Editor:
`
`Sandra Haynes
`
`Body Part No. X0S-41929
`
`

`

`rag
`
`RAM compression
`
`Rag.
`
`Ragged right Justified Ragged left
`
`memory. Semicon­RAM n. Acronym for random access
`
`
`(asymmetric digital subscriber line) that is capable of
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`ductor-based memory that can be read and written by the
`
`
`
`adjusting transmission speed (bandwidth) based on signal
`
`
`
`
`central processing unit (CPU) or other hardware devices.
`
`
`
`quality and length of the transmission line. As the signal
`
`
`
`
`The storage locations can be accessed in any order. Note
`
`
`
`
`quality improves or deteriorates while a transmission line
`
`
`that the various types of ROM memory are capable of ran­
`
`
`is being used, the transmission speed is adjusted accord­
`
`
`
`dom access but cannot be written to. The term RAM, how­
`
`ingly. See also ADSL, xDSL.
`
`
`
`ever, is generally understood to refer to volatile memory
`
`rag n. Irregularity along the left or right edge of a set of
`
`
`that can be written to as well as read. Compare core,
`
`
`
`lines of text on a printed page. Rag complements justifica­
`
`
`EPROM, flash memory, PROM, ROM (definition 2).
`
`tion, in which one or both edges of the text form a straight
`
`RAMAC n. 1. Acronym for Random Access Method of
`
`
`
`
`vertical line. See the illustration. See also justify, ragged
`
`
`
`Accounting Control. Developed by an IBM team led by
`
`left, ragged right.
`
`
`
`Reynold B. Johnson, RAM AC was the first computer disk
`
`
`drive. It was introduced in 1956. The original RAMAC
`
`
`
`consisted of a stack of 50 24-inch platters, with a storage
`
`
`
`
`capacity of 5 megabytes and an average access time of 1
`
`
`
`
`second. 2. A high-speed, high-capacity disk storage sys­
`tem introduced by IBM in 1994. Based on the original
`
`
`
`
`RAMAC storage device, it was designed to fulfill enter­
`
`
`
`prise requirements for efficient and fault-tolerant storage.
`Rambus DRAM n. See RDRAM.
`Rambus dynamic random access memory n. See
`ragged left adj. Of, relating to, or being lines of text
`
`RDRAM.
`
`whose left ends are not vertically aligned but form an
`RAM cache n. Short for random access memory cache.
`
`
`
`irregular edge. Text may be right-justified and have a
`
`Cache memory that is used by the system to store and
`
`
`
`ragged left margin. Ragged-left text is used infrequently­
`
`
`
`retrieve data from the RAM. Frequently accessed seg­
`
`
`
`typically, for visual effect in advertisements. See also rag,
`
`ments of data may be stored in the cache for quicker
`right-justify.
`
`
`
`
`
`access compared with secondary storage devices such as
`
`
`ragged right adj. Of, relating to, or being lines of text
`
`
`disks. See also cache, RAM.
`
`
`
`whose right ends are not vertically aligned but form an
`RAM card n. Short for random access memory card. An
`
`
`
`
`irregular edge. Letters and other word-processed docu­
`
`
`
`add-in circuit board containing RAM memory and the
`
`
`
`ments are commonly left-justified, with ragged-right mar­
`
`
`
`interface logic necessary to decode memory addresses.
`gins. See also left-justify, rag.
`
`n. See memory cartridge.
`
`
`( or array of independent RAID n. Acronym for redundant
`
`RAM cartridge
`
`
`
`inexpensive) disks. A data storage method in which data is
`RAM chip n. Short for random access memory chip. A �
`
`
`
`
`
`distributed across a group of computer disk drives that
`
`
`
`semiconductor storage device. RAM chips can be either
`a....11
`
`
`
`
`
`function as a single storage unit. All the information
`
`
`dynamic or static memory. See also dynamic RAM, RAM,
`
`
`
`stored on each of the disks is duplicated on other disks in
`
`static RAM.
`
`
`
`the array. This redundancy ensures that no information
`n. Short for random access memory
`
`RAM compression
`
`will be lost if one of the disks fails. RAID is generally
`
`This technology was an attempt by a number
`compression.
`
`
`used on network servers where data accessibility is critical
`
`
`
`of software vendors to solve the problem of running out of
`
`
`
`and fault tolerance is required. There are various defined
`
`
`global memory under Windows 3.x. Compression of the
`
`
`
`
`levels of RAID, each offering differing trade-offs among
`
`
`
`usual contents of RAM may lessen the system's need to
`
`
`access speed, reliability, and cost. See also disk controller,
`
`
`read or write to virtual (hard disk-based) memory and thus
`
`
`error-correction coding, Hamming code, hard disk, parity
`
`
`
`speed up the system, as virtual memory is much slower than
`
`
`bit, server ( definition 1).
`
`
`
`
`physical RAM. Because of the falling prices of RAM and
`RAID array n. See RAID.
`
`
`
`
`the introduction of operating systems that handle RAM
`
`437
`
`