F V E N T H
`
`r
`
`AQUILA - Ex. 2014
`
`

`

`MODERN
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`

`

`Rudolf F. Graf is an author whose name is well-known to engineers, technicians, and hobbyists
`around the world. He graduated as an electronics engineer from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute
`and did his graduate work New York University. Mr. Graf has been active in the electronics
`industry for more than fifty years in capacities ranging from design and consulting engineer, chief
`engineer, chief instructor at electronics and television schools, and consulting editor. He also
`held various sales and marketing positions. h4r. Graf is the author or co-author of more than 150
`technical articles published by major magazines. He has written about 50 books on electricity and
`electronics, with more than 2 million copies in print, including the best-selling Kdeo Scrambling
`& Descrambling for Satellite & Cable TV, Second Edition and the Circuits series of books, both
`published by Newnes. A number of his books have been translated into several European languages
`as well as Chinese, Japanese, and Russian.
`
`

`

`MODERN
`
`DICTIONARY
`
`of
`ELECTRONICS
`
`SEVENTH EDITION
`
`REVISED AND UPDATED
`
`Rudolf F. Graf
`
`Boston Oxford Auckland
`
`Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
`
`

`

`Newnes is an imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann.
`
`Copyright 0 1999 by Rudolf F. Graf
`
`-&A
`
`member of the Reed Elsevier Group.
`
`All rights reserved.
`
`No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
`in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
`without the prior written permission of the publisher.
`
`Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Butterworth-Heinemann
`prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
`
`* * > l l i r \ F O l r l T I
`
`Butterworth-Heinemann supports the efforts of American Forests and the Global
`GLBBAL- ReLeaf program in its campaign for the betterment of trees,
`forests, and our environment.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
`
`Graf, Rudolf F.
`Modem dictionary of electronics / Rudolf F. Graf.-7th
`revised and updated.
`p.
`cm.
`ISBN 0-7506-9866-7 (alk. paper)
`1. Electronics -Dictionaries.
`I. Title
`TK7804.G67 1999
`621.38 1 '03 - dc21
`
`ed.,
`
`99-17889
`CIP
`
`British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
`A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
`
`The publisher offers special discounts on bulk orders of this book.
`For information, please contact:
`Manager of Special Sales
`Butterworth-Heinemann
`225 Wildwood Avenue
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`Tel: 781-904-2500
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`1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
`
`Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
`Printed in the United States of America
`
`

`

`class 0 insulating material - c l o c k
`
`class 0 insulating material -An unimpregnated
`material or combination of materials, such as cotton, silk,
`or paper. Other materials or combinations of materials
`may be included if shown to be capable of satisfactory
`operation at 90°C.
`class S amplifier - A pulse-width-modulated audio
`amplifier in which the active elements are switched
`by a control frequency several times higher than the
`signal frequency being amplified. Class S offers an ideal
`efficiency of 90 percent.
`clavier -Any keyboard, either hand or foot operated.
`clean room-A
`confined area in which the humid-
`ity, temperature, and particulate matter are precisely con-
`trolled within specified units. The class designation of the
`clean room defines the maximum number of particles of
`0.3-micron size or larger that may exist in one cubic foot
`of space anywhere in the designated area. For example, in
`a Class 1 clean room, only one particle of any kind may
`exist in one cubic foot of space. Newer clean rooms are
`typically Class 1 to 10, and are needed for manufacturing
`ICs with feature size close to 1 micron.
`clear-1. Also called reset. To restore a storage or
`memory device to a prescribed or nonprogrammed state,
`usually to zero or off (empty). 2. Remove all components
`of a calculation in a calculator. 3. In a calculator, to erase
`the contents of a display, memory, or storage register.
`4. As used in security work, the term clear is synonymous
`with reset, meaning that a latched circuit is restored
`to normal state. 5. Signal to reset or set all signals to
`an initial known state (usually zero). 6. The process of
`setting the contents of a register, flag, or memory location
`to zero. 7. To erase the contents of a display or a memory
`or storage register.
`clearance -The
`shortest distance through space
`between two live parts, between live parts and supports
`or other objects, or between any live part and grounded
`Part.
`clear channel-In
`the standard broadcast band,
`a channel such that the station assigned to it is free
`of objectionable interference through all of its primary
`service area and most of its secondary service area.
`clear entry-Remove
`only the last number, not the
`entire calculation, in a calculator.
`clear e n t r y k l e a r all-In
`a calculator, a key used
`to clear the last entry or to clear the machine completely.
`clearing-1. Removal of a flaw or weak spot in
`the dielectric of a metallized capacitor by the electrical
`vaporization of the metallized electrode at the flaw. 2. The
`ability of a lightning protector to interrupt follow current
`before the operation of circuit fuses or breakers. In the
`case of a simple gap, clearing frequently requires some
`external assistance.
`clearing ends-The
`operation of removing the
`sheath from the end of a cable, eliminating all moisture,
`and checking for crosses, shorts, and grounds in prepara-
`tion for testing.
`clearing-out drop -A drop signal associated with
`a cord or trunk circuit and operated by ringing current to
`attract the operator’s attention.
`clear input-An
`asynchronous input to a flip-flop
`used to set the Q output to logic zero.
`clear m e m o r y key-Removes what is stored in a
`memory register of a calculator.
`clear raster-A
`raster free of snow such as would
`be obtained in the absence of a video signal on either the
`cathodes or the grids of the three guns in the color CRT
`(mostly a function of bias conditions).
`clear terminal -See
`reset terminal.
`clear to send - See CTS.
`click-To
`point a mouse pointer at a word or icon
`on a monitor, press a mouse button, and then release it
`
`122
`
`quickly. Clicking is usually performed to select or deselect
`an item or to activate a program or a program feature.
`click and pop suppressor- An audio-signal-
`processing accessory. It removes or greatly reduces the
`audible transient sounds resulting from scratches and
`blemishes on the surface of a phonograph record.
`click filter-A
`capacitor and resistor connected
`across the contacts of a switch or relay to prevent a surge
`from being introduced into an adjacent circuit. See also
`key-click filter.
`click-noise modulation -A
`clipping action per-
`formed to increase the bandwidth of a jamming signal.
`Results in more energy in the sidebands, correspondingly
`less energy in the carrier, and an increase in the ratio of
`average power to peak power.
`client -A
`software program or computer that requests
`information from another computer.
`client-server network-A
`network that uses a
`central computer (server) to store data that is accessed
`from other computers on the network (clients).
`clipboard -A
`temporary storage place in a computer
`where text or graphics are stored.
`clipper-A
`device whose output is zero or a fixed
`value for instantaneous input amplitudes up to a certain
`value, but is a function of the input for amplitudes
`exceeding the critical value.
`clipper amplifier- An amplifier designed to limit
`the instantaneous value of its output to a predetermined
`maximum.
`clipper-limiter -Also called slicer. A device whose
`output is a function of the instantaneous input amplitude
`for a range of values lying between two predetermined
`limits, but is approximately constant at another level for
`input values above the range.
`clipping - 1. The loss of initial or final parts of words
`or syllables due to less than ideal operation of voice-
`operated devices. 2. Term used to express the clipping
`of the peaks of a waveform when an amplifier is driven
`beyond its power capacity. The flattening of the tips of
`the sine wave due to clipping. 3. Severe distortion caused
`by overloading the input of an amplifier. A sine-wave
`signal waveform has a flat top and bottom at the peaks
`when clipping occurs. 4. The deforming and distortion of
`speech signals due to limiting the maximum amplitude of
`the signals. 5. The shearing off of the peaks of a signal.
`For a picture signal, this may affect either the positive
`(white) or negative (black) peaks. For a composite video
`signal, the sync signal may be affected. 6. Removing parts
`of display elements that lie outside defined bounds. Also
`called scissoring. 7. The loss of one or more bits at the
`beginning of a transmission, typically caused by a delay
`in line turnaround or echo suppression. (May also occur
`in voice communication, with the loss of the beginning
`of an initial syllable.)
`
`Clipping, 3.
`
`clipping level-The
`signal level at which clipping
`(distortion) just begins to occur.
`c l o c k - 1. A pulse generator or signal waveform used
`to achieve synchronization of the timing of switching
`
`

`

`123
`
`circuits and the memory in a digital computer system.
`It determines the speed of the CPU. 2. A timing device
`in a system: usually it provides a continuous series
`of timing pulses. 3. An electronic circuit that generates
`timing pulses to synchronize the operation of a computer
`as well as keep time. 4. A. strobe signal that activates a
`certain sequence of operations. 5. An electronic circuit or
`device for producing precisely timed, repetitive voltage
`pulses of fixed frequency and amplitude.
`clock cable-Cable
`of specific impedance and
`electrical characteristics used to distribute the clock
`(master) frequency where needed in digital computers.
`-Pertaining
`to the type of operation in
`g is added to a basic flip-flop to permit the
`flip-flop to change state only when there is a change in
`the clocking input or an enabling level of the clocking
`input is present.
`clocked flip-flop - A flip-flop circuit designed so
`that it is triggered only if trigger and clock pulses are
`present at the same time.
`clocked R-S flip-flop-A
`flip-flop in which two
`conditioning inputs control the state the flip-flop assumes
`upon arrival of the clock pulse. If the S (set) input is
`enabled, the flip-flop assumes the logic 1 condition when
`clocked; if the R (reset) input is enabled, the flip-flop
`assumes the logic 0 condition when clocked. A clock
`pulse must be applied to change the state of the flip-
`flop.
`iock frequency -In digital computers, the master
`frequency of periodic pulses that are used to schedule the
`operation of the computer.
`clock generator-A
`test-signal generator that sup-
`plies a chain of pulses identical with those supplied by
`the clock circuit of a digital computer.
`clocking -Time-synchronizing
`infomation.
`clock input - That flip-flop terminal whose condition
`or change of conditions controls the admission of data
`through the synchronous inputs and thereby controls the
`(output state of the flip-flop. The clock signal permits data
`:signals to enter the flip-flop and, after entry, directs the
`flip-flop to change state accordingly.
`Clock pulse- 1. The synchronization signal pro-
`qduced by a clock. 2. A pulse used to gate information
`.into a flip-flop operated in the synchronous mode. (In
`IK flip-flops, the clock pulse causes counting if the data
`:inputs are both held in logic 1.)
`clock rate- 1. The rate at which a word or char-
`acters of a word (bits) are transferred from one internal
`computer element to another. Clock rate is expressed in
`cycles (in a parallel-operation machine, in words; in a
`serial-operation machine, in bits) per second. 2. The speed
`((frequency) at which a processor operates, as determined
`by the rate at which words or bits are transferred through
`internal logic sequences. 3. The minimum or maximum
`pulse rate. at which adc counters may be driven. There is
`a fixed reLationship between the minimum conversion rate
`and the clock rate, depending on the converter accuracy
`and type. All factors that affect conversion rate of an adc
`limit the ~cloclc rate. 4. The time rate at which pulses are
`emitted from a clock.
`clock skew- 1. Phase shift in a single clock distri-
`bution system in a digital circuit. It results from different
`delays in clock driving elements and/or different distribu-
`tion paths. 2. Unintentional time difference between clock
`edges; can exist between clock phases or between clock
`signals in different parts of a circuit.
`clock slips-The
`relative shift of a system clock
`with respect to data in synchronous systems. Clock slips
`can came modems to lose synchronization.
`
`communication
`
`clock cable - closed loop
`
`right-handed
`
`clock stagger - I . Time separation of clock pulses
`in a multiphase clock system. 2. Voltage separation
`between the clock thresholds in a flip-flop.
`clockwise-polarized wave -See
`polarized wave.
`clone - I. A PC designed to duplicate the behavior
`and performance of another personal computer, usually
`an IBM PC. 2. A copy that performs the same as the
`hardware, software, cellular phone, or computer on which
`it was based.
`close-captioned TV-A
`text service for the hard-
`of-hearing TV audience that decodes a text subcarrier
`and displays it at the bottom of the TV frame on the
`accompanying video picture. It does not interfere with
`the standard audio FM subcarrier.
`close coupling - 1. Coupling between two circuits
`so that ( a ) most of the power flowing in one is transferred
`to the other and (b) impedance changes in one circuit
`greatly affect the other. 2. Also called tight coupling. Any
`degree of coupling greater than critical coupling.
`closed architecture - 1 . A system whose charac-
`teristics are proprietary and therefore cannot be readily
`connected with other systems (compare with open archi-
`tecture). 2. Equipment designed to work only with periph-
`erals and accessories made by the same company.
`closed array-An array that cannot be extended at
`either end.
`closed circuit - 1. A complete electric circuit
`through which current may flow when a voltage is applied.
`2. A program source, audio or video, that is not broadcast
`for general consumption, but is fed to remote monitored
`units by wire.
`closed-circuit communication systems-
`Certain communication systems that are entirely self-
`contained and do not exchange intelligence with other
`facilities and systems.
`closed-circuit jack-A
`jack that has its through
`circuits normally closed. Circuits are opened by inserting
`a mating plug.
`closed-circuit signaling - Signaling in which cur-
`rent flows in the idle conditions and a signal is initiated
`by increasing or decreasing the current.
`closed-circuit system -An
`intrusion alarm sys-
`tem in which the sensors of each zone are connected in
`series so that the same current exists in each sensor. When
`an activated sensor breaks the circuit or the connecting
`wire is cut, an darm is transmitted for that zone.
`closed-circuit television -Abbreviated CCTV.
`1. A television system in which the television signals
`are not broadcast, but are transmitted over a closed
`circuit and received only by interconnected receivers.
`2. Transmission and reception of video signals via wire
`carriers.
`closed entry-A design that places a limit on the
`size of a mating part.
`closed-entry contact - A female contact designed
`to prevent the entry of a device that has a cross-sectional
`dimension greater than that of a mating pin.
`close-differential relay-A
`relay whose dropout
`value is specified close to its pickup value.
`closed loop - 1 . A circuit in which the output is con-
`tinuously fed back to the input for constant comparison.
`2. In a computer, a group of indefinitely repeated instmc-
`tions. 3. A system with feedback control in which the
`output is used to control the input. 4. An automatic control
`system in which feedback is used to link a controlled pro-
`cess back to the original command signal. The feedback
`mechanism compares the actual controlled value with the
`desired value; if there is any difference, an error signal is
`created that helps correct the variation. In automation,
`feedback closes the loop. 5. A control arrangement in
`
`

`

`landline - large-signal short-circuit forward-current t r a n s f e r ratio
`
`412
`
`beacon other than an
`
`landline - A telegraph or telephone line passing over
`land, as opposed to submarine cables.
`landline
`communications
`facilities-Domestic
`common-carrier’s facilities that are within the continental
`United States.
`l a n d m a r k beacon -Any
`airport or airway beacon.
`land mobile service-A
`radio service in which
`communication is between a base station and land mobile
`stations or between land mobile stations.
`land mobile station -A
`two-way mobile station
`that operates solely on land.
`land radio positioning station -A
`station in the
`radio positioning service, not intended to be operated
`while in motion.
`land return -Radiation
`reflected from nearby land
`masses and returned to a radar set as an echo.
`lands-Bonding
`points used in the manufacture of
`microelectronic circuits.
`landscape-In word processing, printing a page
`horizontally across the width of the paper.
`land station -A permanent, or fixed, station.
`land transportation radio services-Radio-
`communication services whose transmitting facilities
`include fixed, land, or mobile stations, operated by and
`for the sole use of certain land transportation carriers.
`Langevin ion -An
`electrified particle produced in a
`gas by an accumulation of ions on dust particles or other
`nuclei.
`Langmuir dark space -The nonluminous region
`surrounding a negatively charged probe inserted into the
`positive column of a glow or arc discharge.
`language - 1. A set of computer symbols, with rules
`for their combination. They form a code to express
`information with fewer symbols and rules than there are
`distinct expressible meanings. 2. A format for computer
`programs. Ultimately, computers receive their instructions
`in machine language, binary codes whose meanings are
`specific to each computer. Machine codes are usually
`written in hex or octal for easier use by humans. High-
`level languages, such as BASIC, allow programs to be
`written in fairly human terms (such as PRINT “NOW IS
`THE TIME”) that are then translated into a sequence of
`machine codes. 3. A system for representing information
`and communicating it between people, or between people
`and machines. 4. A definition of the elements and syntax
`within which a computer program must be encoded.
`5. The means by which people communicate with a
`computer.
`language converter - A data-processing device
`designed to change one form of data, i.e., microfilm, strip
`chart, etc., into another (punch card, paper tape, etc.).
`language translation -The process performed by
`an assembler, compiler, or other routine that accepts state-
`ments in one language and converts them to equivalent
`statements in another language.
`language translator - A computer system program
`that translates text written in one language to another
`language. Assemblers, interpreters, and compilers are
`examples of language translators.
`L-antenna- An antenna consisting of an elevated
`horizontal wire to which a vertical lead is connected at
`one end.
`lanyard -A device that is attached to certain quick-
`disconnect connectors and that permits uncoupling and
`separation of connector halves by a pull on a wire or
`cable.
`lap - 1. A rotation plate covered with liquid abrasive,
`used for grinding quartz crystals. 2. A fire-resistant,
`untwisted, ribbonlike form of asbestos felt made from
`
`slivers of asbestos fiber blended with cotton or other
`organic fibers. Used as a wrapping on wire and cable.
`LAP - Abbreviation for Link Access Protocol. The
`data link layer protocol that is used in X.25-based
`networks in setting up channels between data termination
`equipment and data communication equipment.
`lap c o m p u t e r - A battery-operated computer, small
`and light enough to be operated on the user’s lap.
`lap dissolve- In motion pictures or television,
`simultaneous transition in which one scene is faded down
`and out while the next scene is faded up and in.
`lapel microphone-A microphone worn on the
`user’s clothing.
`lap joint-The
`connecting of two conductors by
`placing them side by side so that they overlap.
`Laplace’s law-The
`strength of the magnetic field at
`any given point due to any element of a current-carrying
`conductor is directly proportional to the strength of the
`current and the projected length of the element, and is
`inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the
`element from the point in question.
`Laplace transform -A mathematical substitution
`whose use permits the solution of a certain type of
`differential equation by algebraic means.
`lapping - 1. Bringing quartz crystal plates up to their
`final frequency by moving them over a flat plate over
`which a liquid abrasive has been poured. 2. Grinding and
`polishing such products as semiconductor blanks in order
`to obtain precise thicknesses or extremely smooth, flat,
`polished surfaces.
`laptop- A small portable computer. Sometimes dis-
`tinguished as larger than a notebook computer, but some-
`times also used as a synonym for notebook computer.
`lap winding-An
`armature winding in which oppo-
`site ends of each coil are connected to adjoining segments
`of the commutator so that the windings overlap.
`lap wrap-Tape wrapped around an object in an
`overlapping condition.
`large-scale integrated circuit -An
`integrated
`circuit that contains 100 gates or more in a single chip,
`resulting in an increase in the scope of the function
`performed by a single device.
`large-scale integration -Abbreviated LSI. 1. The
`simultaneous achievement of large-area circuit chips and
`optimum density of component packaging for the express
`purpose of cost reduction by maximization of the num-
`ber of system interconnections made at the chip level.
`2. Monolithic integrated circuits of very high density.
`Such circuits typically have on a single chip the equiv-
`alent of about 200 to thousands of simple logic circuits.
`The term sometimes describes hybrid ICs built with a
`number of MSI or LSI chips. 3. A classification of ICs by
`size, applicable to chips containing more than 100 gates or
`circuits of equivalent complexity. 4. The technology that
`produces microcircuits with at least 100 active devices
`on a single chip. Functional blocks that include several
`op amps and other devices are examples of LSI devices.
`large-signal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s -The characteristics
`of an amplifier when rated (full) output signals are
`produced.
`large-signal d c current gain-The
`dc output
`current of a transistor with the dc output circuit shorted,
`divided by the dc input current producing the dc output
`current.
`large-signal power gain-The
`ratio of the ac
`output power to the ac input power under specified large-
`signal conditions. Usually expressed in decibels (dB).
`large-signal
`short-circuit
`f o r w a r d - c u r r e n t
`transfer ratio-In
`a transistor, the ratio under specified
`test conditions of a change in output current to the
`corresponding change in input current.
`
`

`

`regenerative receiver - regulating t r a n s f o r m e r
`
`636
`
`ANTENNA
`
`TICKLER FEEDBACK COIL
`TICKLER FEEDBACK COIL
`
`-7
`
`
`
`VGC VGC
`
`Regenerative detector.
`
`interconnections-See
`
`regenerative receiver-A
`receiver in which con-
`trolled regeneration is used to increase the amplification
`provided by the detector stage.
`regenerative repeater- 1. A repeater that regen-
`erates pulses to restore the original shape. Used in tele-
`typewriter and other code circuits; each code element is
`replaced by a new code element with specified timing,
`waveform, and magnitude. 2. Normally, a repeater uti-
`lized in telegraph applications. Its function is to retime
`and retransmit the received signal impulses restored to
`their original strength. These repeaters are speed and code
`sensitive and are intended for use with standard telegraph
`speeds and codes. 3. A circuit that samples incoming sig-
`nal pulses and retransmits them with perfect timing and
`no distortion.
`Regional Bell Operating C o m p a n y (RB0C)-
`Also called Bell Operating Companies (BOC). Local
`telephone operating companies that were split off from
`AT&T and which provide most local and intrastate
`telephone service in the United States.
`regional c h a n n e l -A
`standard broadcast channel
`within which several stations may operate at 5 kilowatts
`or less. However, interference may limit the primary
`service area of such stations to a given field-intensity
`contour.
`regional
`ion, 1.
`region of limited proportionality -The
`range
`of applied voltage, below the Geiger-Mueller threshold,
`where the gas amplification depends on the charge liber-
`ated by the initial ionizing event.
`register- 1. A short-term, fast-access circuit used to
`store bits or words in a CPU; its capacity usually is
`one computer word. Variations may include provisions
`for shifting, calculating, etc. Registers play a key role in
`CPU operations. In most applications the efficiency of
`programs is related to the number of registers. See also
`static shift register; dynamic shift register. 2. The relative
`position of all or part of the conductive pattern with
`respect to a mechanical feature of the board or to another
`pattern on the obverse side of the printed-circuit board
`(e.g., pattern-to-hole register or pattern-front-to-pattern-
`back register). 3. Also called registration. The accurate
`matching of two or more patterns such as the three
`images in color television. 4. A range of notes used for
`playing a particular piece or part of it (e.g., melody or
`harmony), particularly the range covered by a clavier or
`manual. 5 . In an automatic-switching telephone system,
`the part of the system that receives and stores the dialing
`pulses that control the additional operations necessary to
`establish a telephone connection. 6. A device that can
`store information, usually that contained in a small subset
`or word of the total within a digital computer system.
`7. Logic elements (gates, flip-flops, shift registers) that,
`taken together, store 4-, 8-, or 16-bit numbers. They are
`
`interconnect-
`
`essentially for temporary storage, in that the contents
`usually change from one instruction cycle to the next.
`In fact, much of a microprocessor's operation can be
`learned by studying the registers, which take part in nearly
`all operations. 8. An electromechanical device that marks
`a paper tape in response to signal impulses received
`from transmitting circuits. A register may he driven by
`a prewound spring mechanism, an electric motor, or a
`combination of these. 9. One word of memory. Usually
`implemented in fast flip-flops, directly accessible to a
`processor. Most MPUs include a set of internal registers,
`which can be accessed much faster than the main memory.
`10. A special section of primary storage in a computer
`where data is held while it is being worked on.
`register control -Any
`device that provides auto-
`matic register. In photoelectric register control, a light
`source and phototube from a scanning head. Whenever a
`special mark or a part of the design printed on a continu-
`ous web of paper arrives at the scanning head, the amount
`of light reaching the phototube changes. If necessary, the
`web is then moved slightly to bring it back into register.
`register file-1. A small area of memory in which
`several data elements, or registers, can be accessed
`simultaneously, rather than one by one. 2. A bank of
`multiple-hit registers that can he used as temporary
`storage locations for data or instructions (sometimes
`referred to as a stack).
`register length -The number of digits, characters,
`or bits that a computer register can store.
`register mark-In
`printed circuits, a mark used to
`establish the relative position of one or more printed-
`wiring patterns or portions of patterns with respect to their
`desired locations on the base.
`register of a meter-In
`a meter, the part that
`registers the revolutions of the rotor, or the number of
`impulses received from or transmitted to the meter, and
`gives the answer in units of electric energy or other
`quantity measured.
`registration - 1. The accuracy of relative position
`or concentricity of all functional patterns on any mask
`with the corresponding patterns of any other mask of a
`given device series of masks when the masks are properly
`superimposed. 2. The degree of proper alignment of a
`circuit pattern on the substrate. 3. The degree of accuracy
`of pattern position with respect to patterns on other layers
`of double-sided or multilayer boards.
`registration marks-The marks used for aligning
`successive processing masks.
`registration of a meter-The
`apparent amount of
`electric energy (or other quantity being measured) that
`has passed through the meter, as shown by the register
`reading. It is equal to the register reading times the register
`constant. During a given period, it is equal to the register
`constant times the difference between the register readings
`at the beginning and end of the period.
`registry -The
`superposition of one image onto
`another (e.g., in the formation of an interlaced scanning
`raster).
`regular -Pertaining
`to reflection, refraction, or trans-
`mission in a definite direction rather than in a diffused or
`scattered manner.
`regulated power supply-A
`unit that maintains
`a constant output voltage of current for changes in line
`voltage, output load, ambient temperature, or time.
`regulating device-A
`device that functions to
`regulate a quantity or quantities such as voltage, current,
`power, speed, frequency temperature, and load, at a
`certain value or between certain limits for machines, tie
`lines, or other apparatus.
`regulating t r a n s f o r m e r -A
`transformer for adjust-
`ing the voltage or the phase relation (or both) in steps,
`
`

`

`statampere - staticizer
`
`statampere -The
`cgs electrostatic unit of electric
`current, equal to 3.3356 x lo-*' ampere (absolute).
`statcoulomb-The
`cgs electrostatic unit of charge,
`equal to 3.3356 x lo-'' coulomb (absolute).
`state- 1. The condition of a circuit, system, etc.
`2 . The condition at the output of a circuit that represents
`logical 0 or logical 1. 3. A condition or set of conditions
`considered together, especially one of the two normal
`sets of operating conditions of a gate or flip-flop. 4. The
`logical 0 or 1 condition in PC memory or at a circuit's
`input or output.
`state c o d e - A
`coded indication of what state the
`CPU is in -responding
`to an interrupt, servicing a DMA
`request, executing an I/O instruction, etc.
`state diagram - A representation of the stable states
`of a process, and the vectored paths by which the process
`passes to and from these states.
`state m a c h i n e -A
`sequential-logic system whose
`outputs depend on previous and present inputs (for
`example, a counter), as opposed to processes that are
`functions of present inputs alone.
`statement -In
`computer programming, a meaning-
`ful expression or generalized instruction written in a
`source language.
`state of charge-The
`condition of a storage cell or
`battery in terms of the remaining capacity.
`state table-Also
`called state transition table. A list
`of the outputs of a logic circuit based on the inputs and
`previous outputs. Such a circuit has memory and cannot
`be described by a simple truth table.
`state transition table -See
`state table.
`s t a t f a r a d - The cgs electrostatic unit of capacitance,
`equal to 1.11263 x lo-'* farad (absolute).
`stathenry-The
`cgs electrostatic unit of inductance,
`equal to 8.98766 x lo-" henrys (absolute).
`static-1. See atmospherics. 2. A form of informa-
`tion storage in shift registers and memories whereby
`information will be retained as long as power is applied.
`3. Capable of maintaining the same state indefinitely (with
`power applied) wi