`
`Programming
`Emb€dd€d
`
`Systems in C and C++
`
`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0001
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`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0001
`
`
`
`WMEWWEEIMEH
`by Midiael Barr
`
`Copyright 0 i999 O‘fleillyfi Associates. Inc. M] rights resewed.
`Primed in the United States of America.
`
`Published by O'Reflly a. Associabca Inc" lfli Morris Street. Sebastopol, Gk954fl.
`
`HM findtrfitam
`
`Melina Elli": Melanie Wang
`
`Priming-Hm
`
`jantiarfrr 1999:
`
`First Edition.
`
`Nutshell Handbook. the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the U'Rfl'illjl' logo are registered
`Hademarks offl‘fleilly' .9 Associates, Inc. 111e association between the image offirJts and the
`topic ol'embedded systemsis a trademark offifleilly&hssociates, Inc. Manyofthe
`designations used by nunufaeturets and. sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
`trademarks. Where those deatgnatjons appearln this book. and U‘Reilly Sinssodates, me. 1was
`awaleofalxadenmk It'lain:1 the designationshatrebeen pfintedineapsorinilialeaps.
`
`While et-rett.r precaution has been taken in the preparation of this hook. the publisher ammes
`no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use nt‘the
`information oorrtained herein
`
`ISBN: 1-56592—354—5
`[Ml
`
`[HUI]
`
`
`
`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0002
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`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0002
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`
`
`69thth
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`51
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`evolutionary path. The most obvious example is lntel’s 80x86 family. which spans
`from the original 8086 to the Pentium lI—and beyond. in fact, the 80x86 family
`has been so successful that it has spawned an entire industry of imitators.
`
`As itisusedinthisbook. the termpmcessorreferstoanyofthree typesofdevices
`known as microprocessors, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors. The
`name microprocessor is usually reserved for a chip that contains a powerful CPU
`that has not been designed with any particular computation in mind. These chips
`are usually the foundation of personal computers and high-end workstations. The
`most common microprocessors are members of Motorola's 68k—found in older
`Macintosh computers—and the ubiquitous 80x86 families.
`
`A microcontroller is very much like a microprocessor. except that it has been
`designed specifically for use in embedded systems. Microcontrollers typically
`include a CPU, memory (a small amount of RAM, ROM. or both). and other
`peripherals in the same integrated circuit. if you purchase all of these items on a
`single chip, it is possible to reduce the cost of an embedded system substantially.
`Among the most popular microcontrollers are the 8051 and its many imitators and
`Motorola's 68HCxx series. It is also common to find microcontroller versions of
`
`popular microprocessors. For example, lntel's 386EX is a microcontroller version
`of the very successful 80386 microprocessor.
`
`The final type of processor is a digital signal processor, or DSP. The CPU within a
`DSP is specially designed to perform discrete-time signal processing calculations—
`like those required for audio and video communications—extremely fast. Because
`DSPs can perform these types of calculations much faster than other processors,
`they offer a powerful.
`low-cost microprocessor alternative for designers of
`modems and other telecommunications and multimedia equipment. Two of the
`most common 05? families are the TMSSZOCxx and 5600x series from TI and
`
`Motorola, respectively.
`
`Intel'5 8018838 Processor
`
`The processor on the Arcom board is an Intel 8018888—a microcontroller version
`of the 80186. In addition to the CPU, the 8018888 contains an interrupt control
`
`unit. two programmable [/0 ports, three timer/counters. two serial ports. a DRAM
`controller, and a chip-select unit. These extra hardware devices are located within
`the same chip and are referred to as on-chip peripherals. The CPU is able to corn—
`municate with and control the on-chip peripherals directly, via internal buses.
`
`Although the onch peripherals are distinct hardware devices. they act like little
`extensions of the 80186 CPU. The software can control them by reading and writ-
`
`ing a 256—byte block of registers known as the peripheral control block (PCB).
`You may real] that we encountered this block when we first discussed the mem-
`ory and [/0 maps for the board. By default the PCB is located in the V0 space,
`
`
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`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0003
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`ZTE, Exhibit 1011-0003
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`