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`PRINCIPLES OF
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`
`
`(PRINCIPLES OF
`
`FARM MACHINERY
`
`)
`
`Third Edition
`
`R. A. Eepner
`Professor of Agricultural Engi eering, -
`University of California,
`Davis, California
`
`Roy Bainer
`_
`Emeritus Dean of the College of Engineering,
`and Emeritus Professor of Agricultural Engineering,
`University of California,
`Davis, California
`
`and
`
`E. L. Barger
`Former Director of Product Planning,
`Massey—Ferguson, Ltd.
`
`0
`6"
`
`AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
`Westport, Connecticut
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`© Copyrighr I978 by
`THE AVI PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC.
`
`Westport, Connecticut
`
`All rights reserved. No part of this Work covered by the
`copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or
`by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical,
`including photocopying, recording, taping, or information
`storage and retrieval systemsmwithout written permission
`of the publisher.
`
`Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
`
`Kepner, Robert Allen, 1915-
`Principles of farm machinery.
`
`Includes index.
`
`1. Agricultural machinery. I. Bainer, Roy,
`joint author. II. Barger, Edgar Lee,
`1902-
`joint author. III. Title
`$675.1(43 1978
`631.3
`ISBN 0-87055-252-X
`
`78-16078
`
`
`
`Printed in the United States of America
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`5/12
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`

`

` Preface To The Third Edition
`
`The primary objective in preparing a new edition of Principles of Farm
`Machinery at this time was to incorporate SI (metric) units of measure.
`Engineering Colleges and schools in many universities are moving rapidly
`toward the use of the SI system in teaching engineering courses. In this
`Third Edition, US. customary units are also shown in most places because
`responses to a questionnaire sent to all agricultural engineering departments
`in the United States and Canada were overwhelmingly in favor of the dual-
`unit presentation. Customary units have been omitted in some places where
`the significance of the numbers is in their relative values rather than their ab-'
`solute magnitudes or where including dual units would unduly complicate
`the presentation of a graph. Problems have only SI units.
`The portion of Chapter 2 dealing with costs has been updated and rewrit-
`ten. New material has been added pertaining to large-hay-bale systems,
`axial-flow threshing cylinders and rotary separation in 'grain combines, and
`handling and storing seed cotton. Minor updating has been done yhere ap—
`propriate throughout the remainder of the book. We did not make an ex—
`haustive search of all pertinent literature published since the Second Edition
`was prepared in 1971, but papers appearing in the Transactions of the
`ASAE during this period were reviewed and appropriate ones are cited.
`Principles of Farm Machinery emphasizes functional requirements, prin-
`ciples, and performance evaluation of field machines, but also includes some
`design-related material. It is intended primarily as a textbook for an upper-
`division engineering course in field machinery. Prerequisites should include
`a course in static mechanics. Knowledge pertaining to strength of materials
`and dynamics would be helpful but is not eSSCntial.
`Reference lists at the ends of the chapters indicate the source of much of
`the technical material in the book and provide a handy guide for more
`detailed study of a particular subject. Such information should be helpful to
`the practicing agricultural engineer as well as to others in the farm
`machinery industry.
`In 1975, agricultural engineering students at the University of Missouri-
`Columbia, under the direction of Professor C.E. Goering, developed a page-
`by—page SI conversion supplement for the Second Edition. Having their
`i‘eSults available as a means of checking our COJIVel'siuns fur the Third Edi-
`
`tion was most helpful. Masscy~Ferguson, Inc., Des Moincs, Iowa, provided
`funds
`for
`typing, drafting,
`and other
`incidental
`expenses. Special
`appreciation is expressed to Karin Clawson for typing the revised portions of
`the manuscript, to Jam-es Bumgarner for preparing the line drawings, to
`
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`

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`
`
`Vi
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`PRINCIPLES OF FARM MACHINERY
`
`Dennie Kepner (wife of the senior author) for assistance in proofreading,
`and to electronics engineers for developing pocket computers such as the
`HP-SS.
`
`R. A. KEPNER
`
`ROY BAINER
`
`E. L. BARGER
`
`April, 1978
`
`_
`
`if:
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`II
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`(ii
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`There has been a tremendous amount of research and development in the
`area of farm machinery since the First Edition was published 17 years ago.
`Several thousand technical reports have been published during this period.
`Reviewing a substantial portion of these and deciding what
`information
`should be included in the Second Edition has been a formidable task.
`To provide space for new information without greatly increasing the
`length and cost of the book, four chapters and most of the appendix material
`included in the First Edition have been deleted. No ASAE standards or rec—
`ommendations are included in their entirety because these are now readily
`available and kept up~to-date in the Agricultural Engineers Yearbook. The
`chapter on construction materials was deleted because of the considerable
`amount of space that would be required to cover this subject adequately.
`Several new chapters or major portions of chapters have been added.
`Although much of the basic information from the First Edition has been
`retained,
`the entire book has been rewritten and updated. Substantial
`changes have been made in the organization and sequence of presentation in
`some subject areas. Half of the line drawings and 60% of the halftones are
`new in the Second Edition.
`_
`
`f‘if‘ff" Preface To The Second Edition
`
`As in the First Edition, some problems are included at the ends of most
`chapters. Instructors are urged to develop additional problems appropriate
`to their specific teaching objectives.
`Responses to a questionnaire sent to all agricultural engineering depart-
`ments in the United States and Canada in 1970 provided valuable guidance
`regarding the general subjects to be included and the manner of presenta-
`tion. Some instructors would prefer that the book be design—oriented, but the
`predominant use appears to be in more general farm machinery courses. Ac-
`cordingly, the Second Edition continues to emphasize functional require-
`ments, principles, and performance evaluation, but with some design-related
`material included. Ideally, there should be two textbooks, one on principles
`and one on design.
`We wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following persons, each of
`whom reviewed preliminary drafts of one or more chapters: N.B. Akesson,
`K.K. Barnes, G.P. Barrington, A.M. Best and members of his engineering
`staff, D.C. Bichel, HI). Bruhn, BJ. Butler, D.M. Byg, W.J. Chancellor,
`G.F. Cooper, T.E. Corley, .I.B. Dnbie, KJ. Fornstrom, R.B. Fridley, W.R.
`Gill, J.R. Goss, R.C. Hansen, E.D. Hudspeth, Jr., D.R. Hunt, W.H.
`Johnson, J.J. Mehlschau, M. O’Brien, J.G. Porterfield, C.B. Richey, C.E.
`Schertz, W.L. Sims, BA. Stout, H.E. Studer, G.R. Tupper, P.K. Turnquist,
`
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`
`vii
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`

`

`
`
`viii
`
`PRINCIPLES OF FARM MACHINERY
`
`J .C. Vance, and W.E. Yates. Comments and suggestions from these experts
`were extremely helpful and represent significant contributions to the final
`product.
`Massey-Ferguson, Ltd., Toronto, Canada, provided funds for typing,
`drafting, and other incidental expenses. Without this support, the revision
`probably would 'not have been undertaken. We are grateful to the University
`of California for providing facilities and especially to the Department of
`Agricultural Engineering for permitting part of the writing to be done on
`Univcrsity time. Special appreciation is expressed to Karin Clawson and
`Joanne Weigt, who typed the manuscript, and to James Bumgarner who
`prepared the line drawings.
`
`R. A. KEPNER
`
`ROY BAINER
`
`E. L. BARGER
`
`December, 1971
`
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`

`.
`
` Preface To The First Edition
`
`In preparing this textbook, the authors have attempted to present the sub—
`ject of farm machinery from the engineering viewpoint, emphasizing
`functional requirements and principles of operation for the basic types of
`field machines. Where feasible, machines for a particular cultural practice
`(such as planting) have been treated on the basis of the unit operations per-
`formed by the functional elements of the machine. Methods for testing or
`evaluating the performance of certain types of field machinery are included
`in the appropriate chapters.
`Principles of Farm Machinery is designed primarily as a textbook for an
`upper-division course in farm machinery that might be required of all
`professional agricultural engineering students, regardless of their expected
`field of specialization. Prerequisites should include a course in static
`mechanics. Knowledge pertaining to strength of materials and to dynamics
`would be helpful but is not essential.
`In discussing the various machines, only a minimum amount of descrip-
`tive material has been included. We have assumed that the reader will be
`generally familiar with the common types of farm machinery, either from
`actual experience or from other course work. A student without
`this
`background should, from time to time, Consult references of a more descrip-
`tive nature (trade literature, non-technical textbooks, etc). The laboratory
`provides additional opportunity for the student to become familiar with the
`details of specific machines.
`This book represents a summarization and integration of a vast amount of
`engineering information not heretofore available in one volume. Reference
`lists at the ends of the chapters indicate the sources for much of the material
`and provide a handy guide for more detailed study of any particular subject.
`Such information should be helpful to the practicing agricultural engineer as
`well as to others in the farm machinery industry.
`The subject matter deals primarily with the more common types of field
`machines but also includes general discussions of materials, power transmis-
`sion, economics, and hydraulic controls, as applied to farm machinery. The
`chapter on seed cleaning is included only because of its relation to the
`separating and cleaning functions in seed-harvesting equipment. There are
`litany exarnples of specialty equipment and localized special problems that
`require, engineering attention and offer a real challenge to the farm
`machinery development engineer, but space does not permit their considera-
`tion in this book.
`
`It is recognized that there is considerable variation in the type of approach
`and technical level of treatment for the various subjects presented. Unfor-
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`ix
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`

`PRINCIPLES OF FARM MACHINERY
`
`tunately, this inconsistency is an indication of the present status of farm
`machinery engineering. For
`some types of equipment, considerable
`engineering information and analytical material are available in the
`literature, but for other types there is little or nothing other than descriptive
`material. This situation, however, is changing rapidly and will continue to
`improve in the future.
`Lack of standardization of nomenclature is one of the difficulties con~
`
`fronting a person who writes about farm machinery. The authors have given
`considerable thought to this problem in an attempt
`to select the most
`descriptive and logical
`terms and perhaps contribute in some degree to
`future standardization of nomenclature. For example, what we describe as a
`vertical-disk plow is known in the industry by any one ofhali'a dozen names,
`including the one we Selected.
`In a group of closely related books such as The Ferguson Foundation
`Agricultural Engineering Series, some overlapping of subject matter is un»
`avoidable and perhaps eVen desirable. For example, the subject of hydraulic
`controls is discussed in our book as well as in the tractor book of this series.
`This duplication is felt by the authors to be justified became of the increas-
`ing importance of the subject and because of the direct relation of hydraulic
`controls to farm machinery and its design.
`The authors wish to express their appreciation to the many individuals
`and organizations whose material we have freely used in preparing this
`manuscript. Farm machinery manufacturers and others have been most
`cooperative in supplying illustrative material. We are particularly indebted
`to the Ferguson Foundation, Detroit, Michigan, for sponsoring this work,
`and to Mr. Harold Pinehes of the Foundation for his encouragement and
`assistance. Credit is given to the University of California for providing the
`services and facilities so necessary in such an undertaking.
`The preliminary, offset-printed edition was reviewed by many of the
`leading agricultural engineers, both in industry and in state colleges and
`universities. Specific suggestions received from approximately fifty of these
`reviewers, over half of whom were men in industry, represent an important
`contribution to the accuracy and 00mpleteness of the book. We are sincerely
`grateful
`for the help received from these men. Our special
`thanks go -
`to Messrs. N.B. Akesson, A.W. Clyde, and F.W. Duffee for assistance with
`the subject matter in their respective fields of specialization. Appreciation is
`expressed to Mrs. Hazel Porter for her cooperation and patience in typing
`the manuscript, to Messrs. Maurice Johnson and Gerald Lambert who
`prepared most of the line drawings for illustrations, and to all others who
`assisted in“ any way.
`
` x
`
`October, 1955
`
`(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:18)(cid:20)(cid:21)
`11/12
`
`ROY BAINER
`
`R. A. KEPNER
`
`E. L. BARGER
`
`
`
`

`

`PAGE
`
`1
`. -.
`.
`.-
`.
`.
`,
`.
`.
`. .
`.
`.
`.
`.
`1_ Research and Development in Farm Machinery... . .
`2. Implement Types, Field Capacities, and Costs ..................... 23
`3. Mechanical Power Transmission and Power-Take-Off Drives .. ...... 48
`4, Hydraulic Power Transmission and Implement Controls ........... 80
`5. Soil Tillage and Dynamics ....................................... 112
`6. Moldboard Plows ............................................... 136
`
`7. Disk Implements ............................................... 160
`8. Hitch Systems and H itching Tillage Implements .................. 177
`9. Chisel--type and Multipowered Tillage Implements ................ 195
`10. CrOp Planting .................................................. 209
`11. Row--Crop Cultivation, Flaming, and Thinning ................... 237
`12. Applying Fertilizers and Granular Pesticides ..................... 259
`13. Spraying and Dusting ........................................... 282
`14. Hay Harvesting: Cutting, Conditioning, and Windrowing ......... 313
`15. Packaging and Handling Hay ................................... 341
`16. Forage Chopping and Handling .................................. 368
`17. Grain and Seed Harvesting ........ '. ............................. 392
`18. Corn Picking and Shelling ....................................... 432
`19. Cotton Harvesting .............................................. 446
`20. Root Crop Harvesting .......................................... 464
`21. Fruit and Vegetable Harvesting and Handling .................... 479
`
`CHAPTER '
`
`)st Contents
`
`Appendices
`A. Draft, Energy, and Power Requirements ...................... 506
`B. Typical Operating Speeds for Implements ..................... 508
`C. Coefficients of Rolling Resistance for Pneumatic Tires ......... 509
`D. Graphic Symbols for Fluid Power Diagrams .................. 510
`E. SI Units, Customary Units, and Conversion Factors ........... 512
`
`Index .......................................................... 515 N.
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