Wireless Data
`Networks
`
`Peter Rysavy
`Rysavy Research
`
`Page 1
`
`

`

`http://www.rysavy.com
`mailto:rysavy@rysavy.com
`1-541-386-7475
`
`Background
`
`Peter Rysavy is the president of Rysavy Research, a consulting firm specializing
`in wireless communications and other technologies related to personal and
`mobile communications. Since 1993, Peter has worked with numerous clients
`including investment firms, cellular carriers, cellular infrastructure vendors,
`communications software companies, semiconductor manufacturers, network
`hardware companies, automotive electronics companies, research organizations
`and universities.
`
`His firm, Rysavy Research, does market research, develops products and
`services, analyzes business opportunities, and manages technology deployment.
`From 1988 to 1993, Peter was vice-president of engineering and technology at
`Traveling Software (makers of LapLink) where his last major project was LapLink
`Wireless. He managed the development of LapLink and connectivity solutions for
`a broad variety of mobile platforms. Prior to that, he spent seven years at Fluke
`Corporation where he designed communications hardware and software for data
`acquisition products.
`
`Peter is the chair of the standards and architecture committee of the Portable
`Computing and Communications Association (PCCA), a group that produces
`wireless-data recommendations and standards. He also teaches seminars and
`writes articles about wireless communications.
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 2
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`

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`WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS
`Table of Contents
`
`
`
`1.
`2.
`3.
`4.
`5.
`6.
`7.
`8.
`9.
`10.
`11.
`12.
`13.
`14.
`15.
`16.
`17.
`18.
`19.
`20.
`21.
`22.
`23.
`24.
`25.
`26.
`27.
`28.
`29.
`30.
`31.
`32.
`33.
`34.
`35.
`36.
`37.
`38.
`39.
`40.
`41.
`42.
`43.
`44.
`45.
`46.
`47.
`48.
`49.
`50.
`51.
`52.
`
`Wireless Data Networks
`Overview
`The Promise
`Why Wireless?
`What Will Drive Wireless?
`Crossing the Chasm
`Mobile Network Summary
`OSI Reference Model
`Interconnections
`Circuit Switched / Packet Switched
`Wide Area versus Local Area
`Radio Modulation
`Error Control
`Electromagnetic Spectrum
`Effects of Latency
`Slow Link Aware
`Mobile Platforms
`Conventional Remote Access
`Wireless-Optimized Remote Access
`Smart Phones
`Wireless Application Protocol
`WAP Architecture
`Wireless Knowledge
`Mobile IP
`Virtual Private Networking
`IP Telephony
`WLANs in Perspective
`IrDA
`Bluetooth
`Bluetooth Overview
`Bluetooth Piconets
`Bluetooth Scatternets
`Wireless LANs
`WLAN Summary
`Wireless LAN Capacity
`Wireless LAN Protocol Stacks
`802.11 Physical Layer Evolution
`Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
`HiperLAN1
`HiperLAN2
`Narrowband Data Networks
`Paging Highlights
`Two-Way Paging Applications
`DataTAC Architecture
`DataTAC Characteristics
`DataTAC Air Link
`BellSouth Wireless Data - Mobitex
`BellSouth Wireless Data - Mobitex
`Mobitex Architecture
`Mobitex Air Link
`Cellular Networks
`Mobile Network Summary
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 3
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`53.
`54.
`55.
`56.
`57.
`58.
`59.
`60.
`61.
`62.
`63.
`64.
`65.
`66.
`67.
`68.
`69.
`70.
`71.
`72.
`73.
`74.
`75.
`76.
`77.
`78.
`79.
`80.
`81.
`82.
`83.
`84.
`85.
`86.
`87.
`88.
`89.
`90.
`91.
`92.
`93.
`94.
`95.
`96.
`97.
`98.
`99.
`100.
`101.
`102.
`103.
`104.
`105.
`106.
`107.
`108.
`109.
`110.
`
`Cellular Data Overview
`Cellular Networks
`Cellular / PSTN Interconnection
`Cellular Roaming
`AMPS
`Data over Analog Cellular
`Modem Pools
`CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)
`CDPD Overview
`CDPD Inter-carrier and Internet
`CDPD Protocol Stacks
`Digital Cellular and PCS
`Cellular Generations
`Digital Cellular Architecture
`Data Services
`Centralized Data Facilities
`Circuit Data over Digital Cellular
`Digital Cellular Fax Service
`Short Message Service (SMS)
`Internet Interworking Function
`IS-136
`IS-136 Interfaces
`Time Division Multiple Access
`IS-136 Air Link
`TDMA Data Evolution
`GSM Overview
`GSM Interfaces
`GSM Air Link
`GSM Framing (Mobile to Base, Full Rate)
`GSM Data Evolution
`HSCSD
`General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
`GPRS Related Standards
`GPRS Architecture
`GPRS / GSM Architecture
`GPRS Protocols
`GPRS Quality of Service
`IS-95 CDMA Overview
`CDMA Interfaces
`CDMA Air Link
`IS-95 CDMA Data Evolution
`Other Cellular Systems
`Third Generation Systems
`Mobile Network Summary
`Third Generation Mobile Systems
`3GPP and 3GPP2
`Mobile Wireless Internet Forum (MWIF)
`3G-IP
`3G Spectrum Requirements
`Platforms
`3G/4G Evolution
`IP Cellular Architecture
`IPv6
`Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
`EGPRS-136 and GPRS Roaming
`EDGE Air Interface
`EDGE Modulation and Coding Schemes
`EGPRS-136
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 4
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`EGPRS-136 and TIA/EIA-136 Integration
`111.
`112. Wideband CDMA
`113. UMTS Architecture
`114. UMTS Data
`115. UMTS Protocols
`116. UMTS QoS Architecture
`117. QoS Parameters
`118. UMTS All IP Architecture
`119.
`cdma2000
`120.
`cdma2000 Architecture
`121.
`1XRTT
`122.
`1XRTT and 3XRTT
`123.
`cdma2000 Multimedia Standards
`124. CDMA HDR
`125. HDR Architecture
`126. CDMA Convergence
`127. CDMA Convergence
`128. Other Networks
`129. Mobile Network Summary
`130.
`Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
`131.
`iDEN
`132.
`iDEN System
`133. Metricom Ricochet Network
`134. Ricochet Mesh Network
`135. Ricochet2
`136. Cellemetry
`137.
`Fixed Point-to-Point Systems
`138. Microwave Systems
`139.
`Broadband Wireless Access
`140.
`Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
`141. Multi-Channel Multi-Point Distribution Service
`142.
`Point to Multipoint
`143.
`Broadband Deployment
`144. High Altitude Long Endurance
`145.
`Satellite Systems
`146.
`Bent Pipes vs. Switching Systems
`147. Geosynchronous vs. Low Earth Orbiting
`148.
`Some Geosynchronous Systems
`149.
`Some Non-Geosynchronous Systems
`150. Course Conclusion
`
`
`
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`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 5
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`

`
`3G, Cellular, PCS and Wireless Data Acronyms
`
`
`3G - Third Generation Cellular Technology
`3GPP - Third Generation Partnership Project
`3GPP2- Third Generation Partnership Project 2
`AC - Authentication Center
`ACK - Acknowledgment
`ADPCM - Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
`AIN - Advanced Intelligent Network (US - Bellcore)
`ALT - Alternate Link Transfer (Handoff)
`AM - Access Manager
`AMPS - Advanced Mobile Phone Service
`AP - Access Point (IEEE 802.11)
`API - Application Programming Interface
`ARQ - Automatic Repeat Request
`AT - Attention
`ATIS - Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions
`ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode
`BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
`BFSK - Binary Frequency Shift Keying (modulation)
`B-O-QAM - Binary Offset QAM
`BPSK - Binary Phase Shift Keying (modulation)
`BSC - Base Station Controller
`BSS - Basic Service Set (IEEE 802.11)
`BSSGP - Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol
`BTA - Basic Trading Area
`CAI - Common Air Interface
`CAMEL - Customised Application for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic
`CATV - Community Antenna Television
`CC/T - Combined CDMA/TDMA (Omnipoint’s PCS Technology)
`CCF - Call Control Function
`CCITT - The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (now ITU)
`CCK - Complementary Code Keying
`CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
`cdma2000 - Wideband CDMA (IS-95 Based 3G Cellular)
`CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data
`CHAP - Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
`CLNP - Connectionless Network Protocol (OSI standard)
`CO - Telephone Central Office
`CPE - Customer Premises Equipment
`CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Checksum
`CSCF - Call State Control Function
`CSMA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access
`CSMA/CA - Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance
`CSMA/CD - Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detect
`CSU/DSU Customer Service Unit, Data Service Unit
`CT2 - Cordless Telephone version 2
`CT2+ - Cordless Telephone version 2 with handoff (Canadian Standard)
`CT3 - Cordless Telephone version 3
`CTS - Clear to Send
`DARS - Digital Audio Radio Service
`DBMS - Database Management System
`DCE - Data Communications Equipment
`DFSC - Diffserv Code Point
`DCH - Dedicated Channel
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 6
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`

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`DCS 1800 - Digital Cellular System 1800 (Europe)
`DCT - Digital Cordless Telephone
`DECT - Digital European Cordless Telecommunications
`DEMS - Digital Electronic Messaging Services
`DHCP - Dynamic Host Control Protocol
`DIFS - Distributed Interframe Spacing (IEEE 802.11)
`DN - Directory Number
`DNS - Domain Name Service
`DQPSK - Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying
`DS - Distribution System (IEEE 802.11)
`DS0 – Standard 64 kb/s Voice Channel
`DS1 - ANSI Standard Trunk of 24 Voice Channels
`DSMA/CD - Digital Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
`DSSS - Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
`DTE - Data Terminal Equipment
`DTR - Data Terminal Ready
`DVCC - Digital Verification Color Code (Cellular)
`E1 - ITU Standard Trunk of 32 Voice Channels
`Eb - Bit Energy
`EC2 - Enhanced Cellular Control
`EDACS - Enhanced Digital Access Communications System (Ericsson)
`EDGE - Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (GSM & UWC-136)
`EGGSN: Enhanced Gateway GPRS Support Node
`EGSNN: Enhanced Serving GPRS Support Node
`EIR - Equipment Identity Register
`EIRP - Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
`EMBARC - Electronic Mail Broadcast to a Roaming Computer
`ERAN - EDGE Radio Access Network
`ERMES - European Radio Message System
`ESMR - Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio
`ESS - Extended Service Set (IEEE 802.11)
`ETC - Enhanced Throughput Cellular (AT&T)
`E-TDMA - Enhanced TDMA
`ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute
`FACH - Forward Access Channel
`FCC - Federal Communications Commission
`FDM - Frequency Division Multiplexing
`FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access
`FEC - Forward Error Correction
`FES - Fixed End System (CDPD)
`FHSS - Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
`FLEX - One-way Paging Protocol
`FM - Frequency Modulation
`FPLMTS - Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Systems
`FSK - Frequency Shift Keying (modulation)
`G3G - Global 3G (CDMA)
`GAP - Generic Address Parameter (number portability)
`GFSK - Gaussian Filtered FSK (modulation)
`GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node
`GMSK - Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (modulation)
`GNATT - Generic Enhanced Teleservice Transport (IS-136)
`GPRS - General Packet Radio Service (GSM)
`GPS - Global Positioning System
`GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications
`GTP - GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GSM)
`GTP-U - GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User Plane
`GUTS - General UDP Teleservice (IS-136)
`GWCS - General Wireless Communications Service
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 7
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`HDLC - High Level Data Link Control
`HDML - Handheld Device Markup Language
`HDSL - High Speed Digital Subscriber Loop (768 kb/s per copper pair)
`HIPERLAN - High Performance Radio Local Area Network (ETSI, Europe)
`HLR - Home Location Register (Cellular)
`HSCSD – High Speed Circuit-Switched Data (GSM)
`HSDS - High Speed Subcarrier Data System
`HSS - Home Subscriber Server
`HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
`ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol
`iDEN - Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network
`IF - Intermediate Frequency
`IMT-200 - International Mobile Telecommunications (Third Generation Cellular)
`IMT-2000 - International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (3G Cellular Requirements)
`IMTS – International Mobile Telecommunications Service
`IN - Intelligent Network (European - ETSI and ITU)
`IP - Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
`IP - Intelligent Peripheral (AIN Network Element)
`IPCP: Internet Protocol Control Protocol
`IPX - Internet Packet Exchange (Novell Netware)
`IR - Infra-Red
`IRDA - Infra-Red Data Association
`IS - Intermediate System (router)
`IS-136 - TDMA Cellular Standard
`IS-136+ - Component of UWC-136 and will be IS-136-A standard
`IS-41 MAP - SS7 Based Signaling for Cellular Networks
`IS-95 - CDMA Cellular Standard
`ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
`ISM - Industrial Scientific Medical (radio bands)
`ISUP - ISDN User Part (SS7)
`ITU-R - International Telecommunications Union - Radio
`ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications
`IWF - Interworking Function
`IXC - Interexchange Carrier
`JTC - Joint Technical Committee (PCS air interface standards organization)
`L2TP - Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
`LAN - Local Area Network
`LCP - Link Control Protocol
`LEC - Local Exchange Carrier
`LEO - Low Earth Orbit
`LLC - Logical Link Control (IEEE 802)
`LMDS - Local Multipoint Distribution Services
`LNA - Low Noise Amplifier
`LRN - Location Routing Number (number portability)
`LSM - Limited Size Messaging
`LU - Logical Unit
`MAC - Medium Access Control
`MAP - Mobile Application Part (SS7)
`MASC - Mobitex Asynchronous Communications Protocol
`MC - Message Center
`MCD - Mobile Computing Device
`MDBS - Mobile Data Base Station (CDPD)
`MDIS - Mobile Data Intermediate System (CDPD)
`MDLP - Mobile Data Link Protocol (CDPD)
`MDS - Multipoint Distribution Services
`MED - Message Entry Device
`MEGACO - Media Gateway Control
`MES - Mobile End Systems (CDPD)
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 8
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`MGCF - Media Gateway Control Function
`MGCP - Media Gateway Control Protocol
`MGW - Media Gateway
`MIRS - Motorola Integrated Radio System (Renamed iDEN)
`MMF - Mobility Management Function
`MNP - Microcom Network Protocol (proprietary)
`MOA - Mobitex Operators Association
`MPAK - Mobitex Packet
`MPDU - MAC Protocol Data Unit (IEEE 802.11)
`MRF - Multimedia Resource Function
`MS - Mobile Station
`MSC - Mobile Switching Center
`MSS - Mobile Satellite Service
`MT - Mobile Telephone
`MTA - Major Trading Area
`MTP - Message Transfer Part (SS7)
`MTP1 - Mobitex Transport Protocol 1
`MTSO - Mobile Telephone Switching Office
`MWIF - Mobile Wireless Internet Forum
`NAK - Negative Acknowledgment
`NAMPS - Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone System
`NANP - North American Numbering Plan
`NBS - Narrowband Sockets
`NCL - Native Control Language (ARDIS)
`NDIS - Network Driver Interface Specification
`No - Noise Power
`ODI - Open Datalink Interface (Novell Netware)
`OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
`OFS - Operational Fixed System (Microwave systems)
`OSI - Open Systems Interconnect
`PA - Power Amplifier
`PABX - Private Automatic Branch Exchange
`PACS - Personal Access Communications System
`PACS-UA - PACS PHS Based Unlicensed Standard
`PACS-UB - PACS Based Unlicensed Standard
`pACT - Personal Air Communications Technology
`PAD - Packet Assembler Disassembler
`PBX - Private Branch Exchange
`PCCA - Portable Computing and Communications Association
`PCCCH - Packet Common Control Channels (GSM)
`PCF - Packet Control Function (CDMA)
`PCF - Point Coordination Function (IEEE 802.11)
`PCH - Paging Channel
`PCI - Personal Communications Interface (Unlicensed CT-2+)
`PCIA - Personal Communications Industry Association
`PCM - Pulse Code Modulation
`PCMCIA - Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
`PCN - Personal Communications Network (Europe)
`PCS - Personal Communications Services (US)
`PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
`PDC - Personal Digital Cellular (Japan)
`PDCH - Packet data channel (GSM)
`PDCP - Packet Data Convergence Protocol
`PDN - Public Data Networks
`PDP- Packet Data Protocol
`PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
`PDTCH - Packet Data Transfer Channel (GSM)
`PHB - Per Hop Behavior
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 9
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`PHP - Personal Handy Phone, now PHS (Japan)
`PHS - Personal Handy Phone System (Japan)
`PHY - Physical Layer (OSI reference model for networks)
`PIAFS - PHS Internet Access Forum Standards
`PIC - Personal Intelligent Communicator
`PIFS - Point Interframe Spacing (IEEE 802.11)
`PMM - Personal Mobility Management
`PMP - Paging Message Processor
`PMR - Private Mobile Radio
`POCSAG - Post Office Standardization Advisory Group (paging)
`PPDN - Public Packet Data Network
`PPP - Point to Point Protocol (networking)
`PPTP - Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol
`PRMA - Packet Reservation Multiple Access
`PSDN - Public Switched Data Network
`PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
`PWT - Personal Wireless Telecom (Unlicensed DECT Standard
`QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (modulation)
`Q-O-QAM - Quartinary Offset QAM
`QPSK - Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (modulation)
`RACE - R&D in Advanced Communications Technology in Europe
`RACF - Radio Access Control Function
`RACH - Random Access Channel
`RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial In User Service
`RAN - Radio Access Network
`RAS - Registration, Admission, Status
`RBOC - Regional Bell Operating Company
`RCF - Radio Control Function
`RDLAP - Radio Data Link Access Protocol (ARDIS)
`REFLEX - Two-way Paging Protocol
`RF - Radio Frequency
`RF/NCP - Radio Frequency Network Control Processor (ARDIS)
`RFL - RF Sublayer
`RLL - Radio Local Loop
`RLP - Radio Link Protocol
`RP - Radio Port (PCS Reference Model)
`RPCU - Radio Port Control Unit (PCS Reference Model)
`RPM - Radio Packet Modem
`RRD - RF Receiving Device
`RSVP - Resource Reservation Protocol
`RTCP - Teal-Time Control Protocol
`RTF - Radio Terminal Function
`RTP - Real-Time Transport Protocol
`RTS - Request to Send
`RTSP - Real-Time Streaming Protocol
`RTT - Radio Transmission Technology
`SAC - Service Access Code (e.g. 500 Numbers)
`SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel (cellular)
`SCCP - Signal Connection Control Part (SS7)
`SCEF - Service Creation Environment Function
`SCF - Service Control Function
`SCP - Service Control Point
`SCR - Standard Context Routing
`SDF - Service Data Function
`SDP - Session Description Protocol
`SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
`SGW - Signaling Gateway
`SIFS - Short Interframe Spacing (IEEE 802.11)
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 10
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`SIP - Session Initiation Protocol
`SIR - Serial Infra-Red
`SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol
`SMAF - Service Management Access Function
`SMDPP - SMS Delivery Point to Point (IS-136)
`SMDS - Switched Multimegabit Data Service
`SMF - Service Management Function
`SMG - Special Mobile Group
`SMR - Specialized Mobile Radio
`SMS - Short Message Service
`SMS-GMSC - Short Message Service Gateway MSC
`SMS-IWMSC - Short Message Service Interworking MSC
`SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
`SN - Service Node (AIN Network Element)
`SNA - System Network Architecture (IBM)
`SNDCF - Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Function (CDMA)
`SNDCP - Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (CDPD)
`SPM - Service Profile Management
`SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange (Novell Netware)
`SRF - Special Resource Function
`SS7 - Signaling System 7
`SSF - Service Switching Function
`SSP - Service Switching Point (AIN Switch)
`STP - Service Transfer Point
`SU - Subscriber Unit
`T1 - ANSI Standard Trunk of 24 Voice Channels
`TAC - Total Area Coverage (Motorola)
`TACS - Total Access Communications System
`TAM - Two Way Asymmetric Messaging (Motorola paging system)
`TAP - Telocator Alpha/Numeric Protocol (paging)
`TAPI - Telephony API
`TCAP - Transaction Capabilities Application Part (SS7)
`TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP/IP)
`TDD - Time Division Duplex
`TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access
`TDP - Telocator Data Protocol (paging)
`TE - Terminal Equipment
`TETRA - Trans European Trunked Radio System
`TFC - Telocator Format Conversion
`TIA - Telecommunications Industry Association
`TLDN - Temporary Listed Directory Number (cellular)
`TMC - Telocator Mobile Computer Protocol
`TME - Telocator Message Entry Protocol
`TMM - Terminal Mobility Management
`TNPP - Telocator Numeric Paging Protocol
`TP4 - Transport Protocol 4 (OSI)
`TRT - Telocator Radio Transport Protocol
`TXCEL - Throughput Accelerator (Celeritas)
`UART - Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
`UDP - User Datagram Protocol
`UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
`U-NII - Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
`UPT - Universal Personal Telecommunications (European)
`USART - Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
`UTAM - Unlicensed PCS Adhoc Committee for Microwave Transition and Management
`UTRA - Universal Mobile Telecommunications Terrestrial Radio (GSM Based 3G)
`UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
`UWC-136 - Universal Wireless Communications 136 (IS-136 Based 3G Cellular)
`
`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 11
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`UWC-136 HS - Component of UWC-136
`VC - Voice Channel
`VF - Voice Frequency
`VLR - Visitor Location Register (cellular)
`VoIP - Voice over IP
`VOP - Voice Over Packet
`VRU - Voice Response Unit
`VSELP - Vector Sum Linear Prediction (speech coding)
`WACS - Wireless Access Communications System (Bellcore - Now PACS)
`WAE - Wireless Application Environment
`WAFU - Wireless Access Fixed Unit (Wireless Local Loop)
`WAN - Wide Area Network
`WAP - Wireless Application Protocol
`WARC - World Administrative Radio Conference
`W-CDMA - Wideband CDMA
`WCPE - Wireless Customer Premises Equipment
`WCS - Wireless Communications Service
`WIMS W-CDMA - Wireless Multimedia Messaging Services W-CDMA (GSM Based 3G)
`WIN - Wireless Intelligent Network (Cellular and PCS)
`WML - Wireless Markup Language
`WTA - Wireless Telephony Application
`WWW - World Wide Web
`
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`Wireless Data Networks - Cover Material - Page 12
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