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`PARTS OF APPLICATION
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`Page 1 of 63
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`

`

`PATENT APPL~ CATION
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`CONTENTS
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`Page 2 of 63
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`POSITION
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`(LEFT INSIDE)
`
`Page 3 of 63
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`Page 4 of 63
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`

`

`, )RM PT0-1449
`IFIEV. 7-80)
`
`U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE ATTY. DOCKET NO.
`PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE ASA-567
`'
`APPLICANT
`K. HAYASHI
`FILING DATE
`09/19/95
`
`U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`Sheet __ 1_of __ 1_
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`'SERIAL NO.
`08/530,709
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`IGROUP
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`FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
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`DOCUMENT
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`DATE
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`COUNTRY
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`tfi AL 3-250820
`
`11/08/91
`
`Japan
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`CLASS
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`"NIKKEi COMMUNICATIONS", March 7, 1994, Vol. 3, No. 7, pages 100-105.
`
`• An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -•or•- Converting Network Protocol
`Addresses to 48. Bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet
`Hardware", David C. Plummer, November 1982, RFC826.TXT, pages 1-9.
`
`"Information Technology - Telecommunications and Information Exchange
`Between Systems - Local Area Networks - Media Access Control (MAC) Bidges",
`Draft Amendment ISO/IEC DIS 10038IDAM 2, 1992, pages 1-42.
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`IDATE CONSIDERED Co-S--C/7
`• EXAMINER: Initial It roferonce considered, whether or not cltetlon It In conformance with MPEP 608; Draw line tlvough citation II not In conlormonce ond not com,idorod.
`Include copy of this form with next comm,ncation to applicant.
`
`Page 5 of 63
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`
`Page 11 of 63
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`

`

`RFC826. TXT
`
`Network Working Group
`Request F9r Comments: 826
`
`David C. Plummer
`(DCP@MIT-MC)
`November 1982
`
`(____ ~~-~the_rn_et ~':'::•solution Prot~~0
`
`Converting Network Protocol Addresses
`to 48. bit Ethernet Address
`·
`for Transmission on
`Ethernet Hardware
`
`Abstract
`
`The implementation of protocol Pon a sending host S decides,
`through protocol P's routing mechanism, that it wants to transmit
`to a target host T located some place on a connected piece of
`lOMbit Ethernet cable. To actually transmit the Ethernet packet
`a 48.bit Ethernet address must be generated. The addresses of
`hosts within protocol Pare not always compatible with the
`corresponding Ethernet address (being different lengths or
`values). Presented here is a protocol that allows dynamic
`distribution of the information needed to build tables to
`translate ari address A in protocol P's address space into a
`48.bit Ethernet address.
`
`Generalizations have been made which allow the protocol to be
`used for non-lOMbit Ethernet hardware.
`Some packet radio
`networks are examples of such hardware.
`
`The protocol proposed here is the result of a great deal of
`discussion with several other people, most notably J. Noel
`Chiappa, Yogen Dalal, and James E. Kulp, and helpful comments
`from David Moon.
`
`[The purpose of this RFC is to present a method of Converting
`Protocol Addresses (e.g., IP addresses) to Local Network
`Addresses (e.g., Ethernet addresses). This is a issue of general
`concern in the ARPA Internet community at this time. The
`method proposed here is presented for your consideration and
`comment. This is not the specification of a Internet Standard.]
`
`Notes:
`
`This protocol was originally designed for the DEC/Intel/Xerox
`
`1 ~-:)
`
`Page 12 of 63
`
`

`

`RFC826. TXT
`
`It has been generalized to allow it to be used
`lOMbit Ethernet.
`for other types of networks. Much of the discussion will be
`directed toward the lOMbit Ethernet. Generalizations, where
`applicable, will follow the Ethernet-specific discussion.
`
`DOD Internet ProtocoJ will be referred to as Internet.
`
`Numbers here are in the Ethernet standard, which is high byte
`first. This is the opposite of the byte addressing of machines
`such as PDP-lls and VAXes. Therefore, special care must be taken
`with the opcode field (ar$op) described below.
`
`An agreed upon authority is needed to manage hardware name space
`values (see below). Until an official authority exists, requests
`should be submitted to
`David C. Plummer
`Symbolics, Inc.
`243 Vassar Street
`Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
`Alternatively, network mail can be sent to DCP@MIT-MC.
`
`The Problem:
`
`The world is a jungle in general, and the networking game
`contributes many animals. At nearly every layer of a network
`ar9hitecture there are several potential protocols that could be
`used. For example, at a high level, there is TELNET and SUPDUP
`for remote login. Somewhere below that there is a reliable byte
`stream protocol, which might be CHAOS protocol, DOD TCP, Xerox
`BSP or DECnet. Even closer to the hardware is the logical
`transport layer, which might be CHAOS, DOD Internet, Xerox PUP,
`or DECnet. The lOMbit Ethernet allows all of these protocols
`(and more) to coexist on a single cable by means of a type field
`the lOMbit Ethernet
`in the Ethernet packet header. However,
`requires 48.bit addresses on the physical cable, yet most
`protocol addresses are not 48.bits long, nor do they necessarily
`have any relationship to the 48.bit Ethernet address of the
`hardware. For example, CHAOS addresses are 16.bits, DOD Internet
`addresses are 32.bits, and Xerox PUP addresses are 8. bits. A
`protocol is needed to dynamically distribute the correspondences
`between a <protocol, address> pair and a 48.bit Ethernet address.
`
`Motivation·:
`
`Use of the lOMbit Ethernet is increasing as more manufacturers
`supply interfaces that conform to the specification published by
`DEC, Intel and Xerox. With this increasing availability, more
`and more software is being written for these interfaces. There
`are two alternatives: (l) Every implementor invents his/her own
`method to do some form of address resolution, or (2) every
`implementor uses a standard so that his/her code can be
`distributed to other systems without need for modification. This
`proposal attempts to set the standard.
`
`2 ~-:)
`
`Page 13 of 63
`
`

`

`RFC826. TXT
`
`Definitions:
`
`Define the following for referring to the values put in the TYPE
`field of the Ethernet packet header:
`ether_type$XERox_PUP,
`ether_ type$DOD_I NTERNET,
`ether_ type$CHAOS,
`and a new one:
`ether_type$ADDRESS_RESOLUTION.
`Also define the following values (to be discussed later):
`ares_op$REQUEST (= 1, high byte transmitted first) and
`ares_op$REPLY
`( = 2),
`
`and
`
`ares_hrd$Ethernet (= 1).
`
`Packet format:
`
`To communicate mappings from <protocol, address> pairs to 48.bit
`Ethernet addresses, a packet format that embodies the Address
`Resolution protocol is needed. The format of the packet follows.
`
`Ethernet transmission layer (not necessarily accessible to
`the user):
`48.bit: Ethernet address of destination
`48.bit: Ethernet address of sender
`16.bit: Protocol type= ether_type$ADDRESS_RESOLUTION
`Ethernet packet data:
`16.bit: (ar$hrd) Hardware address space (e.g., Ethernet,
`Packet Radio Net.)
`16.bit: (ar$pro) Protocol address space. For Ethernet
`hardware, this is from the set of type
`fields ether_typ$<protocol>.
`8.bit: (ar$hln) byte length of each hardware address
`8.bit: (ar$pln) byte length of each protocol address
`16.bit: (ar$op) opcode (ares_op$REQUEST I ares_op$REPLY)
`nbytes: (ar$sha) Hardware address of sender of this
`packet, n from the ar$hln field.
`mbytes: (ar$spa) Protocol address of sender of this
`packet, m from the ar$pln field.
`nbytes: (arStha) Hardware address of target of this
`packet (if known).
`mbytes: (ar$tpa)-Protocol address of target.
`
`Packet Generation:
`
`As a packet is sent down through the network layers, routing
`determines the protocol address of the next hop for the packet
`and on which piece of hardware it expects to find the station
`with the immediate target protocol address.
`In the case of the
`lOMbit Ethernet, address resolution is needed and some lower
`
`3 ~-:)
`
`Page 14 of 63
`
`

`

`RFC826. TXT
`
`layer (probably the hardware driver) must consult the Address
`Resolution module (perhaps implemented· in the Ethernet support
`module) to convert the <protocol type, target protocol address>
`pair to a 48.bit Ethernet address. The Address Resolution module
`tries to find this pair in a table.
`If it finds the pair, it
`gives the corresponding 48.bit Ethernet address back to the
`caller (hardware driver) which then transmits the packet.
`If it
`does not, it probably informs the caller that it is throwing the
`packet away (on the assumption the packet will be retransmitted
`by a higher network layer), and generates an Ethernet packet with
`a type field of ether_type$ADDRESS_RESOLUTION. The Address
`Resolution module then sets the ar$hrd field to
`ares_hrd$Ethernet, ar$pro to the protocol type that is being
`resolved, ar$hln to 6 (the number of bytes in a 48.bit Ethernet
`address), ar$pln to the length of an address in that protocol,
`ar$op to ares_op$REQUEST, arSsha with the 48.bit ethernet address
`of itself, ar$spa with the protocol address of itself, and ar$tpa
`with the protocol address of the machine that is trying to be
`accessed.
`It does not set ar$tha to anything in particular,
`because 'it is this value that it is trying to determine.
`It
`could set ar$tha to the broadcast address for the hardware (all
`ones in the case of the lOMbit Ethernet) if that makes it
`convenient for some aspect of the implementation.
`It then causes
`this packet to be broadcast 'to all stations on the Ethernet cable
`originally determined by the routing mechanism.
`
`Packet Reception:
`
`When an adaress resolution packet is received, the receiving
`Ethernet module gives the packet to the Address Resolution module
`which goes through an algorithm similar to the following.
`Negative conditionals indicate an end of processing and a
`discarding of the packet.
`
`?Do I have the hardware type in ar$hrd?
`Yes: (almost definitely)
`[optionally check the hardware length ar$hln]
`?Do I speak the protocol in ar$pro?
`Yes:
`(optionally check the protocol length ar$pln]
`Merge_flag := false
`If the pair <protocol type, sender protocol address> is
`already in my translation table, update the sender
`hardware address field of the entry with the new
`information in the packet and set Merge_flag to true.
`?Am I the target protocol address?
`Yes:
`If Merge_flag is false, add the triplet <protocol type,
`sender protocol address, sender hardware address> to
`the translation table.
`?Is the opcode ares_opSREQUEST?
`Yes:
`
`(NOW look at the opcode!!)
`
`Page 15 of 63
`
`

`

`RFC826. TXT
`
`Swap hardware and protocol fields, putting the local
`hardware and protocol addresses in