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`llllllAlle
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`THIS IS TO CERTIFY that the collections of the Library of Congress contain a book
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`entitled OPEN CABLE ARCHITECTURE, Michael Adams, call number TK 6679.3.A33 2000,
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`

`

`Michael
`Adams
`
`,
`
`> Cable Opurnlms
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0002
`
`OPENCABLE‘“
`ARCHITECTURE
`
`The path to cable compatibility and retail
`
`availability in digital television
`
`Clsco thss
`
`www.ciscopress.com
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0002
`
`

`

`OpenCableTM Architecture
`
`Michael Adams
`
`Clsco SYSTEMS
`
`MUD
`
`(jrsco PRhSS
`
`Cisco Press
`201 West 103rd Street
`
`Indianapolis, IN 46290 USA
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`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0003
`
`

`

`
`
`
`OpenCableTM Architecture
`Michael Adams
`
`
`
`Copyright © 2000 Ciseo Press
`
`Cisco Press logo is a trademark of Cisco Systems. Inc.
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`Published by:
`Cisco Press
`201 West lO3rd Street
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`,
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`“3.:
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`Indianapolis. IN 46290 USA
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`All rights resery ed. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means. electronic
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`ISBN: l»57870-135-X
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`Warning and Disclaimer
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`
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`

`

`
`
`Contents at a Glance
`_-.._._ , Fy!‘
`~
`.»~.
`.4
`
`-—
`A
`.- An
`wuvv .
`
`Part |
`
`Digital Cable Television
`
`Chapterl
`
`* :gta 5%. ::"
`
`Chapter2
`
`£*a:;Ca:e e:”::;e:
`
`Chapter 3
`
`”e be :; Set- :: w .: _:
`
`Chapter4
`
`Sgt; e3": :;e5
`
`Chapters
`
`43’3”;:;Ti 55.5? 55".:53 :Ca:eS se~s
`
`Chapter6
`
`‘ne 2; 5 Se ’:: 3:“ e”?
`
`Chapter 7
`
`2 gta 3 :a::as Case SC: es
`
`Part II
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services
`
`Chapter8
`
`“.52:
`
`e Se’
`
`:es
`
`Chapter 9
`
`”:e'ac'. .e Ca: e See” Case 31.: es
`
`Chapter 10
`
`C”-:e~a*: 55'. :ee
`
`Chapter 11
`
`C*-:e*a*: Ca: e 3,515“ Case 31.: es
`
`Part lll
`
`OpenCable
`
`Chapter 12
`
`.'.*. 3:?35: e‘
`
`Chapter13
`
`C:e*Ca:e 4':*:e:tqa "’::e
`
`Chapter 14
`
`3:32: e :e :e 3x: :*a 35:“ 'en‘en‘s
`
`Chapter 15
`
`C:e"Ca: e -ee:e*: ”tenaes
`
`Chapter 16
`
`CC -\
`
`”e \ET»'~C"\ nten‘a:e
`
`Chapter 17
`
`CV --‘
`
`“e Cree”? "tenet?
`
`Chapter 18
`
`CC a;
`
`”e 55:33 ~:e”‘a:e
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
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`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Glossary
`
`
`
`
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`

`

`vii
`
`Contents
`
`Foreword
`
`xx
`
`Introduction
`
`xxii
`
`Part I
`
`Digital Cable Television 3
`
`Chapter1 Why Digital Television?
`
`5
`
`5
`Digital Technology Evolution
`Silicon Integration and Moore‘s Law 5
`Analog-to-Digital Conversion
`6
`Convergence with the Personal Computer
`Internet Convergence
`8
`New Services
`8
`New Business Models
`
`9
`
`7
`
`Advantages of Digital Television
`Channel Expansion
`10
`On—Demand Services
`10
`
`10
`
`11
`11
`
`Quality
`Security
`11
`Flexibility
`DataTransmission
`
`12
`
`Summary
`
`12
`
`Chapter 2 Analog Cable Technologies
`
`15
`
`Analog Channel Expansion
`
`15
`
`The Hybrid Fiber Coax Upgrade
`HFC Topology
`18
`Linear Optical Transmission
`Return Path Activation
`20
`
`16
`
`20
`
`Summary
`
`22
`
`References
`
`22
`
`Chapter 3
`
`The Analog Set—Top Converter
`
`25
`
`The Cable Network Interface
`Cable Tuner
`29
`29
`NTSC Demodulator
`29
`Out-of—Band Receiver
`Out—of—Band Transmitter
`Media Access Control
`30
`
`27
`
`30
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`
`
`
`
`On-Sereen Displgt}
`
`Autlio Proeexxing
`Volume Control
`
`3«w«~
`. -
`
`\«
`
`33
`Digital _\lL1>lC
`BTSC Stereo and SAP Decoding
`
`~.l
`
`Microprocessor Subq >teni
`Central Proeeving L‘nit
`Memor} Subgwteni
`35
`Displa} and Ke§pttd 3'
`
`34
`35
`
`RF Modulator 3'
`
` Conditional Aece» Syteni
`
`30
`Analog De-wrambler
`El
`
`3
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`RF Bum“ Snitch 3'
`
`3)
`lanit\
`38
`Cablelnput
`lnt‘raredReceuer
`Diasnmtic Port
`Data Port
`39
`
`38
`33
`
`39
`Outputs
`40
`RF Output
`Bttxebunindeo 4|)
`BehebantlAudio
`iii
`Infrared Transmitter
`
`Jl
`
`Softu tire Architecture
`
`—ll
`
`Operating S_V>teni Softuure
`DeViee Dri\er5 4:
`
`42
`
`Applicationx
`
`~13
`
`43
`43
`
`CuxeStudies
`CFT—ZZUD
`5600X .l—l
`Limitatiom 45
`Le<<0n5l_e.1rned
`
`~15
`
`Suniniur}
`
`46
`
`46
`Reference:
`46
`Book
`lnternetResouree> 4"
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`
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`

`ix
`
`
`Chapter4
`
`Digital Technologies
`
`49
`
`50
`Video Compression
`51
`MPEG—2 Compression
`Other Video Compression Algorithms
`Details of MPEG—2 Video Compression
`
`55
`56
`
`61
`Audio Compression
`MPEG-1 Layer 2 (Musicam)
`Dolby AC—3
`61
`Other Audio Compression Algorithms
`Data
`62
`
`61
`
`62
`
`System Information
`
`62
`
`63
`MPEG—2 Systems Layer
`Timing and Synchronization
`Packetization
`64
`
`64
`
`65
`Multiplexing
`Conditional Access
`
`66
`
`Limitations of MPEG—2 Systems Layer
`
`67
`
`Transmission Mechanisms
`Baseband Transmission
`Broadband Transmission
`
`67
`68
`75
`
`Summary
`
`82
`
`83
`References
`83
`Books
`83
`Periodicals
`83
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`84
`
`Chapter 5 Adding Digital Television Services to Cable Systems
`
`87
`
`Drivers for Digital Television
`Channel Expansion
`89
`
`88
`
`Direct Broadcast Satellite Competition
`High Definition Television
`89
`
`89
`
`Consolidation with Other Digital Services
`Radio Frequency Return Traffic
`91
`
`90
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`
`
`
`
`Business Communications
`
`91
`
`Network Management
`
`91
`
`Transmission of Digital Television
`
`Out-of—Band Data Communications
`Drivers
`93
`Out-of—Band Architectures
`Forward 008 Channel
`95
`Reverse OOB Channel
`96
`Out—of—Band Evolution
`100
`
`94
`
`91
`
`93
`
`1 00
`
`Out—of—Band Channel Termination
`Hub—Level Addressing
`101
`Return Traffic Aggregation
`Shared Media Access Control
`
`101
`101
`
`Headend—to—Distribution Hub Interconnection
`LAN Extension Products
`103
`SONETs
`103
`ATM Networks
`IP Networks
`104
`
`103
`
`102
`
`Summary
`
`104
`
`105
`References
`105
`Books
`105
`Periodicals
`Internet Resources
`
`105
`
`Chapter 6
`
`The Digital Set-Top Converter
`Cable Environment
`108
`
`107
`
`Overview 109
`
`The Cable Network Interface
`
`1 10
`
`Cable Input
`Tuner
`1 12
`
`1 12
`
`1 12
`QAM Demodulator
`113
`NTSC Demodulator
`Out-of—Band Channel Termination
`Out-of—Band Transmitter
`1 13
`Media Access Control
`1 14
`
`Telephone Modem 1 14
`
`113
`
`Transport Processing
`
`1 14
`
`Conditional Access System 115
`
`
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`\
`
`xi
`
`
`1 16
`Digital Decryption
`Analog De—scrambling
`
`1 17
`
`Video and Graphics Processing
`MPEG—2 Video Decoding
`Analog Video Processing
`On-Screen Display
`120
`Digital—to—Analog Conversion
`NTSC Encoding
`121
`
`1 18
`1 18
`119
`
`122
`Audio Processing
`Dolby AC—3 Audio Decoding
`BTSC Stereo Decoding
`123
`Audio Synthesis
`123
`
`Microprocessor Subsystem 124
`Central Processing Unit
`125
`Memory Subsystem 125
`Display and Keypad
`127
`
`RF Modulator
`
`127
`
`RF Bypass Switch
`
`128
`
`Inputs
`
`128
`
`129
`Outputs
`129
`RF Output
`Baseband Video
`Baseband Audio
`S-Video
`130
`
`129
`130
`
`Component Video
`IEEE1394
`130
`
`130
`
`131
`DigitalAudio
`Infrared Transmitter
`
`131
`
`131
`Software
`Device Drivers
`
`132
`
`Operating System 132
`Applications
`132
`Limitations
`133
`
`Summary
`
`133
`
`133
`References
`133
`Books
`133
`Standards
`Internet Resource
`
`134
`
`121
`
`123
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` )
`
`.Qa
`,
`v
`
`13S
`1411
`
`141
`Split Security Model
`142
`Out-of-Bund Channel
`Central \‘erSu\ Local Subxcriber Management
`
`
`
`a
`-
`.AAF m Aflk
`We“ dmnmnh,
`;
`_\
`L/ g .3 _, Scewc: vdbv Dye, VS
`
`Chapter 7
`13'
`Architectural Comparison
`
`Satellite Diitribution to Heudend<
`
`Headerid—Io—Sub>ci‘iber Dinribuuon
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`143
`DigiCuble
`1—15
`Head-End In The Sk} \Iodel
`Local Subscriber \Lmagemem HS
`DigiCuble Sununun
`1511
`
`150
`Pegmu>
`l5l
`Pegmin Phase 1.0 Goul>
`Pegdsm Requext for Proponll
`Pegams Architecture
`153
`Digital Broadband Deli\er_\ S§\1€lii
`
`15:
`
`Suinmai‘}
`
`101,1
`
`161,1
`ReferenceS
`160
`Book
`Periodical
`
`l 61,1
`
`Part II
`
`Interactive and On-Demand Services
`
`Chapter 8
`
`,
`fi-,
`(I) «v.~
`
`r
`
`(l)
`
`(l) (l)
`
`': (I)
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`()1E
`
`Internet Comergence
`
`lob
`
`Goal~ of lnierdcin e Sen iee\
`
`lb
`
`Interdcine Versu< OIi-DCIIl.lIlLlSC1‘\1CC\
`
`lnieructiVe Senicex
`
`165
`
`1th
`NM ignion
`1(30
`Infornignion Sen 1C€\
`1‘11
`Communicinionx‘Senice~
`Electronic Commerce Sen ices
`\‘ideo Gaine~
`l‘ll
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`Enhanced Tele\ ixion Sen icex‘
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`
`163
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`l":
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`Sen er Applicanom 1‘3
`DistribuiedApplicdiiom 1‘4
`
`
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`

`

`xiii
`
`Application Requirements
`Software Download
`Activation
`176
`Communications
`
`177
`
`175
`176
`
`Streaming Media
`
`178
`
`179
`Application Resources
`179
`Set—Top Resources
`Software Download Mechanisms
`
`18]
`
`Activation and Synchronization Mechanisms
`Communication Mechanisms
`183
`
`182
`
`Summary
`
`1 84
`
`184
`References
`1 84
`Books
`185
`Periodicals
`185
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`185
`
`Chapter 9
`
`Interactive Cable System Case Studies
`Time Warner Full Service Network
`187
`FSN Network Architecture Goals
`187
`Network Overview 189
`Services
`194
`
`187
`
`196
`Applications Model
`Application Requirements
`Applications Resources
`Lessons Learned
`199
`
`197
`198
`
`200
`Pegasus
`Pegasus Phase 1.1 Goals
`Network Overview 201
`Services
`201
`
`200
`
`202
`Applications Model
`Application Portability
`203
`Applications Resources
`204
`Lessons Learned
`211
`
`Summary
`
`211
`
`212
`References
`212
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`212
`
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`

`
`
`
`Chapter10 Orr—Demand Services
`215
`Interactive Versus On-Demand Services
`
`216
`
`Internet Comparisons
`
`217
`
`Goals of On—Demand Services
`
`218
`
`219
`On-Demand Services
`219
`Movies—on-Demand
`219
`Music—on-Demand
`Post-Broadcast On—Demand
`Special Interest Programming
`Distance Learning
`220
`Library Access
`220
`VideoMail
`220
`
`219
`220
`
`On-Demand Reference Architecture
`
`221
`
`222
`222
`
`Provisioning Network
`Distribution Network
`Media Servers
`225
`Conditional Access
`Server Placement
`
`226
`226
`
`Switching Matrix
`Set—Top
`235
`
`228
`
`Summary
`
`References
`
`235
`2_ 5JJ
`
`237
`
`Chapter 11 On—Demand Cable System Case Studies
`Time Warner Full Service Network
`2
`Full Service Network Overview 2
`Basic Star Architecture
`238
`
`7 7
`
`UJU)
`
`240
`Logical ATM Connectivit)
`MPEG Mapping into ATM 2-11
`
`MPEG Delivery from Server to Set-Top
`Lessons Learned
`2—15
`
`2—13
`
`FSN Summar)
`
`2—15
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`Pegasus Phase 20 245
`FSN Learning Experience
`On«Demand Ser\ ices
`2—17
`New Channels
`2—18
`Ser\ er Location
`2-19
`
`2—16
`
`250
`Fiber Transport
`Transport Protocol
`251
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0014
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`

`

`XV
`
`
`251
`Switching Matrix
`Pegasus Phase 2 Summary
`
`253
`
`Summary
`
`253
`
`253
`References
`253
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`253
`
`Part III
`
`OpenCable 255
`
`Chapter12 Why OpenCable?
`
`257
`
`Goals of OpenCable
`New Suppliers
`New Services
`
`258
`258
`258
`
`Retail Availability
`
`258
`
`Market Forces
`
`259
`
`Competition
`Technology
`
`259
`261
`
`Government Regulation
`1992 Cable Act
`261
`
`261
`
`1994 FCC Report and Order
`1996 Telecommunications Act
`
`262
`262
`
`1998 Report and Order on Competitive Availability of Navigation Devices
`Digital Carriage
`264
`Emergency Alert Systems
`
`265
`
`263
`
`Retail Issues
`
`265
`
`Cable Service Management
`New Services
`266
`
`266
`
`Existing Suppliers
`Signal Theft
`268
`
`267
`
`269
`OpenCable Solutions
`269
`The OpenCable Process
`The OpenCable Architecture
`The OpenCable Specifications
`Retail Availability
`27]
`
`270
`27]
`
`Summary
`
`272
`
`273
`References
`273
`Books
`273
`Periodicals
`Internet Resources
`
`273
`
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`

`

`
`
`276
`
`Chapter 13 OpenCable Architectural Model
`OpenCable History
`
`275
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`
`278
`OpenCable Process
`Specification Development
`Interoperability
`279
`
`278
`
`OpenCable Reference Diagram 280
`Specified Interfaces
`281
`Specified Components
`286
`
`287
`Standards
`Relevant Standards Bodies
`
`287
`
`Summary
`
`290
`
`291
`References
`291
`Books
`Internet Resources
`
`291
`
`Chapter 14 OpenCable Device Functional Requirements
`Goals
`296
`
`Provide for Integrated Service Environments
`Open and Interoperable
`297
`Portability
`297
`Renewable Security
`User Interface
`298
`Scaleable
`299
`
`298
`
`295
`
`296
`
`Efficient Application and Network Design
`Operational Compatibility
`299
`Backward Compatibility
`299
`
`299
`
`Goals for the OpenCable Set—Top Terminal
`
`300
`
`OpenCablc Device Models
`Leased
`301
`Retail
`302
`Core Services
`
`304
`
`300
`
`30—1
`Core Functions and Features
`306
`The Cable Network Interface
`Conditional Access System 310
`Video and Graphics ProcessingY 310
`Audio Processing
`31 l
`‘
`lVIicroprocessor Subsystem 31 1
`Remote Control
`31 l
`
`
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0016
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`
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`

`

`xvii
`
`Extension Requirements
`
`311
`
`Performance
`
`31 1
`
`Summary
`
`312
`
`312
`References
`312
`Book
`312
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`313
`
`Chapter 15 OpenCable Headend Interfaces
`OCI—Hl
`316
`Goals
`317
`Issues
`317
`Reference Architecture
`
`318
`
`315
`
`Development Status
`
`323
`
`Reference Architecture
`
`324
`
`Development Status
`
`325
`
`OCI~H3
`Goals
`Issues
`
`326
`326
`326
`
`Development Status
`
`327
`
`Summary
`
`327
`
`References
`Book
`
`327
`327
`
`328
`Papers
`Standards
`328
`Internet Resources
`
`328
`
`Chapter 16 OCl—N: The Network Interface
`
`331
`
`Scope ol‘OCl»N 332
`
`Issues
`
`332
`
`The Frequency-Domain View 334
`
`Channel Types
`
`335
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0017
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0017
`
`

`

`Chapter17
`
`:,._‘
`
`»-
`
`VII
`
`—
`
`_
`
`:4 /
`
`.,.-
`
`'_
`
`if:
`2::
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`
`
`'JC:-C: :r f“
`74‘
`fl
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`Chapter18
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`
`-.,:—
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0018
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0018
`
`

`

`xix
`
`
`One—Way Operation
`DOCSIS Operation
`
`378
`379
`
`380
`The POD Module
`380
`POD Module Variants
`POD Module Architecture
`
`38!
`
`382
`PCMCIA Compliance
`MPEG—2 Transport Stream Interface
`Out—of—Band Interface
`382
`CPU Interface
`384
`
`382
`
`Content Protection
`
`385
`
`Why Is Content Protection Required?
`The Content Protection System 385
`Content Protection System Integrity
`POD Interface Copy Protection
`387
`Host Revocation
`388
`
`385
`
`387
`
`389
`Applications
`389
`Digital Set—Top
`Digital Set—Top with DOCSIS Cable Modem
`Cable Ready Digital Television
`393
`Issues for Cable Ready Devices
`398
`
`39l
`
`Summary
`
`399
`
`399
`References
`399
`Standards
`Internet Resources
`
`400
`
`Glossary 402
`
`
`
`DISH, EXh.1020, p.0019
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0019
`
`

`

`OPENCAB LE
`5 llBlRlell CTURE
`
`O 006 618 1
`
`89 3
`
`of a revolutionhExisting
`:d for broadcast television
`
`6
`
`Michael Adams is the principal network architect for Time
`Warner Cable, responsible for all aspects of networking in
`the Pegasus Digital Program. He has served as the co-chair
`of the JEC Digital Standards Sub—Committee and as chair of
`the Working Group 3 for the SCTE Digital Video Standards
`Committee. He is one of the primary architects of the
`OpenCable initiative, the co-author of the point—of~deployment
`module interface (OCl—CZ) specification, and he is the primary
`author of the network interface (OCl-N) specification. He is
`a founding member of the OpenCable Technical Team.
`
`_
`cat,-,
`
`1
`
`,
`
`I Examine the new architec-
`
`tures being developed by the
`
`cable industry as part of the
`
`OpenCable initiative
`
`l Review the recent history of
`
`interactive TV, including the
`Time Warner Full Service
`
`Network and Pegasus program
`
`I Understand the concepts of
`
`hybrid fiber coax architecture
`
`,I Learn how the cable TV
`
`industry is evolving and
`converging with the data
`
`networking industry
`
`Foreword by Jim Chiddix,
`Chief Technology Officer of
`Time Warner Cable
`
`This book is a part of the
`Cisco Press Core Series that offers
`networking professionals valuable
`information for constructing
`efficient networks, understanding
`new technologies, and building
`successful careers.
`
`Category: Networking
`Covers: OpenCable and Digital TV
`
`Cisco 3mm
`
`M®
`
`C I s c o P R E s s
`
`www.ciscopress.com
`
`are being called on to support a host of new applications
`and services which require upgrading those cable systems to
`high—speed, two—way communications networks. Consumers,
`industry analysts, and policy observers are asking: Where
`is digital TV headed? Will i be able to get it on cable? Is
`interactive TV for real? What new services will be offered?
`
`OpenCable Architecture is the first book to focus on this new
`
`technology, answering these questions and describing how the
`components of an OpenCable network interconnect.
`
`Written by one of the primary architects of the OpenCable
`initiative, this book explains key concepts in practical terms.
`It describes the digital headend, optical transport, distribution
`hub, hybrid-fiber coax, and set—top terminal equipment and
`how these components are interconnected.
`
`Whether you’re a television, data communications, or
`
`telecommunications professional, or an interested layperson,
`OpenCable Architecture will help you understand the technical
`and business issues surrounding,interactive television services.
`It will provide you with an inside look at the combined efforts
`of the cable, data, and consumer electronics industries to
`develop those new services.
`
`5 $50.00 USA
`
`$74.95 CAN
`I¢I
`ISBN 1-57870-135-X
`
`5
`
`9 781578 701353
`
`ill
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0020
`
`19472 70135
`
`DISH, Exh.1020, p.0020
`
`